聚苯胺电致变色薄膜的红外发射特性研究

为实现聚苯胺电致变色薄膜红外发射率的大幅度调制,在柔性PET-ITO薄膜基底上恒电位沉积硫酸-磺基水杨酸共掺杂的聚苯胺薄膜.采用扫描电镜和傅立叶红外光谱仪表征了薄膜的形貌和结构,用红外比辐射率测试仪和紫外-可见分光光度计测量薄膜的红外发射率和可见光透过率.在优化电解液浓度配比的基础上,通过建立薄膜红外发射率与方块电阻之间的关系曲线(R-E曲线),深入探讨了影响聚苯胺红外发射特性的关键因素.研究结果表明,在薄膜中聚苯胺厚度和电导率的影响下,红外发射率和方块电阻之间遵循对数函数的变化特征.随着中间态发射率E0的增加,氧化态和还原态的红外发射率呈阶梯状上升,红外发射率调制幅度ΔE先增大后减小,在0.71处达到最大值.同时,红外发射率调节对薄膜的可见光电致变色性能无消极影响,可见光平均透过率之差可达43.8%.     

胶原接枝改性用于制备红外低发射率涂层的研究

用甲基丙烯酸甲酯在硝酸铈铵和偶氮二异丁腈的联合引发下对胶原进行接枝共聚改性,并用制得的胶原接枝共聚物颗粒与氧化铟纳米粒子复合制成涂层.研究了接枝反应温度及萃取剂对胶原接枝共聚物及其复合物涂层的红外发射率的影响,同时对复合物涂层红外发射率的降低机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明,在反应温度为50～55℃时,先后用丙酮和水作为萃取剂,可制得粒径为40～80nm的胶原接枝共聚物颗粒,该颗粒与氧化铟纳米粒子复合后,涂层的红外发射率(8～14μm)较单一的胶原接枝共聚物和氧化铟纳米粒子的红外发射率明显降低,胶原接枝共聚物纳米颗粒和氧化铟纳米粒子之间显示出较强的复合协同效应.     

3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷对聚氨酯/Al-Sm_2O_3复合涂层自然老化性能的影响

通过硅烷偶联剂3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)改性聚氨酯(PU)/Al-Sm_2O_3复合涂层,从功能特性和力学性能角度系统研究了改性前后涂层自然老化性能的变化规律。结果表明,改性后PU/Al-Sm_2O_3复合涂层的红外发射率对自然老化的稳定性得到明显增强,在同等条件下改性后的涂层发射率要明显低于未改性的涂层发射率。改性后涂层表面的Sm_2O_3颗粒分散更加均匀,对近红外光的吸收强度有所增强,从而使改性后涂层对1.06μm近红外光的反射率要明显低于未改性涂层。改性前后涂层的硬度对自然老化具有良好的稳定性,其硬度可保持在3 H;未改性涂层的附着力和耐冲击强度受自然老化影响明显,但改性后涂层的附着力和耐冲击强度得到明显加强,经自然老化4个月后仍然可保持在1级和50 kg·cm。     

薄壳型手性配体交换HPLC填料的合成及用于DL-氨基酸拆分

将含有少量二乙烯苯的丙烯酸甲酯涂敷于聚二乙烯苯珠体表面上进行聚合，得到了表面涂层树脂，通过红外光谱估算出涂层厚度为~2μm。涂层树脂依次与乙醇胺、环氧氯丙烷和L-脯氨酸反应，得到薄壳型手性配体交换树脂，此树脂的Cu（Ⅱ）络合物作为高效液相色谱的填料对DL-氨基酸进行了拆分。     

c-BN对绝缘高导热硅橡胶性能的影响

采用聚二甲基硅氧烷基础胶、含氢硅油交联剂、立方氮化硼(c-BN)导热填料,制备了绝缘高导热硅橡胶;研究了c-BN的不同含量对硅橡胶导热性能、绝缘性能、物理性能的影响。结果表明:填充改性c-BN粉体可以大幅度提高硅橡胶体系的导热性能,在c-BN用量为80%时导热系数为7.16 W/(m·k),热阻为3.39 cm~2K/W;c-BN粉体会降低硅橡胶体系的绝缘性能和力学弹性,但当用量不超过80%时,击穿强度大于6 k V/mm、体积电阻率大于1×1012Ω·cm、硬度小于55、压缩永久变形小于30%,符合实际使用中的绝缘需要,符合产品安装和使用的条件,不易被压碎、压裂而且具有一定弹性。     

酯交换反应对PBT/PC/Al_2O_3复合材料导热性能的影响

以聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)与双酚A型聚碳酸酯(PC)为基体、氧化铝(Al2O3)作为导热填料,通过熔融共混法制备了PBT/PC/Al_2O_3导热复合材料,采用亚磷酸三苯酯(TPPi)作为酯交换反应抑制剂调节材料中树脂基体的相态结构,并通过红外光谱分析(FTIR)、激光导热仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、示差扫描量热仪(DSC)及力学性能测试仪等对材料中的酯交换反应、导热性能、相态结构、结晶参数及力学性能进行了表征.实验结果表明,TPPi的加入可有效抑制体系中酯交换反应的发生,使PBT/PC共混物的相态结构改变,进而对填料的分布状态产生影响.当PBT/PC配比为1/1时,向其中加入1 wt%的TPPi可使体系的相态结构趋向于形成双连续相态结构,并有效提升材料的导热系数;在该体系中加入60 wt%的Al_2O_3后,材料的导热系数达到0.89 W/(m·K),相对于未加入TPPi的相同体系提升了13%.     

高红外发射率和高导电率聚苯胺薄膜的制备

通过研究无机盐和麦芽糊精(maltodextrin)等助剂对电化学聚合的导电聚苯胺膜的红外发射率和电导率的影响,制备了同时具有高发射率和高电导率的聚苯胺膜.研究表明,采用合适的助剂可以调节聚苯胺膜的粗糙度,进而调节聚苯胺膜的发射率.以体积较小的无机盐(NaCl或LiCl)为助剂时,可在一定程度上增加膜的粗糙度,红外发射率则可增加0.16~0.26,而采用体积较大的有机分子如麦芽糊精为助剂时可大幅增加聚苯胺膜的粗糙度,红外发射率增加了0.53,达到0.84.探讨了采用麦芽糊精(maltodextrin)助剂合成的聚苯胺具有高发射率的原因,指出麦芽糊精中含有不同分子量和体积大分子,使聚苯胺的微孔具有分形结构,有利于吸收不同波长的红外辐射,进而提高了膜的发射率.同时研究了助剂对聚苯胺膜电导率的影响,指出采用麦芽糊精作为助剂时,聚苯胺膜同时具有高发射率(ε=0.84)和高电导率(σ=109 S/cm).     

聚合物的分子结构与吸声性能研究

以甲苯二异氰酸酯和聚乙二醇为原料合成了聚氨酯,同时以乙烯基聚二甲基硅氧烷和含氢硅油为原料合成了硅橡胶.然后,以上述合成的硅橡胶和聚氨酯橡胶分别作为消声涂层的基体材料,研究了聚合物分子结构对涂层吸声性能的影响.采用傅利叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征了聚合物的分子结构,用驻波管法测量了涂层的吸声系数,用拉伸法和剪切法测定涂层的拉伸模量和剪切模量,并利用有限元程序ANSYS8.0模拟分析了涂层在水压下的形变.测试结果表明,不同结构的聚合物,在常压和高压下呈现出不同的吸声性能.具有柔性链状结构的硅橡胶基涂层,在水压作用下形变较大,吸声系数随水压增大而迅速减小;而含氢键结构的聚氨酯基涂层,在水压作用下形变较小,吸声系数随水压增大而升高.分析认为聚合物自由体积的大小和运动可能是影响涂层吸声性能的重要因素.橡胶体积压缩后,在一定程度上减少了自由体积的大小,限止了自由体积的运动,因此,选择刚性结构的聚合物作为涂层基体,调节自由体积,是制备在高压下具有高吸声性能涂层的重要途径.     

热塑性淀粉材料的表面疏水化反应

用反应性试剂 (TDI/蓖麻油预聚体 )对热塑性淀粉材料 (TPS)表面进行了疏水化处理。研究了预聚体与 TPS表面的反应性、涂层的疏水性能以及涂层的形貌。红外光谱 (IR)分析结果表明 ,预聚体与 TPS之间发生了反应 ,为反应性涂层 ;样品表面的接触角变化速率由原来的 3 .90°/ min变为 0 .3～ 0 .4°/ min,表明 TDI/蓖麻油体系涂层样品表面的疏水性能与 TPS相比有了很大的改善。涂层液的粘度及 n(— NCO) / n(— OH)比例对材料厚度等性能有很大的影响 ,n(—NCO) / n(— OH)为 2时 ,涂层表面光滑透明 ,韧性好 ,具有良好的综合性能 ;n(— NCO) / n(— OH)大于 2时 ,涂层表面粗糙且脆。涂层厚度可以通过改变涂层预聚体的粘度来进行调节。     

有序介孔C-Al2O3纳米复合材料的合成及其红外发射率

以嵌段共聚物F127(PEO106PPO70PEO106, MW=12600)为模板剂, 异丙醇铝为铝源, 低分子量的酚醛树脂为碳源, 通过溶胶-凝胶三元共组装法合成了C-Al2O3纳米复合材料. 用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及N2吸脱附法对该复合材料进行结构与性能表征, 结果显示复合材料MC5A5具有较好的有序介孔结构, 其比表面积可达175 m2·g-1, 孔容0.22 cm3·g-1. 又以三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)为粘结剂, 与介孔纳米复合材料混合制备涂层. 随着复合材料中Al2O3质量分数从30%增加到70%, 该涂层的红外发射率从0.575降至0.456, 表明Al2O3能有效降低复合材料的红外发射率, 预示该复合材料在军事装备隐身需求领域将具有较好的应用前景.     

Preparation and Performance of HGM/PPENK-based High Temperature-resistant Thermal Insulating Coatings

Novel high temperature-resistant coatings with high mechanical strength and thermal-insulating performance were prepared with poly(ether nitrile ketone)(PPENK) resin as matrix and hollow glass microspheres(HGMs) as thermal-insulating filler. The corresponding mechanical and thermal-insulating study indicated that the mechanical properties of the coatings decreased with the increase of HGM content,and were improved after surface modification of HGM by KH570 resulting in enhancement of interaction between HGM and PPENK resin. The thermal conductivity of HGM/PPENK thermal-insulating coating decreased with the increase of HGM content and coating thickness, along with the decrease of the true density. It also showed slight increase trend due to HGMs surface modification. The HGM/PPENK coating filled with modified HGMs showed better thermal resistance than that of unmodified HGM/PPENK coating. The thermal decomposition temperature at 5%weight loss of the coating containing modified HGMs was 10 °C lower than that of pure PPENK, and 40 °C higher than that of neat HGM/PPENK coating. The coating exhibited commendable appearance after 400 °C for 30 min. The merits of HGM/PPENK-based thermal coatings obviously demonstrated promising prospect in thermal protection fields.     

Synthesis, infrared stealth and corrosion resistance of organically modified silicate-polyaniline/carbon black hybrid coatings

Hybrid coatings based on organically modified silicate-polyaniline/carbon black (Ormosil-PANI/CB) were synthesized through a sol-gel technique with different carbon black (10-30 wt%) and PANI/CB (10-30 wt%) contents. These hybrid films were deposited via spin coating onto an aluminum alloy in order to improve the corrosion protection and to act as infrared stealth coatings. The effects induced by the PANI/CB composites on the chain dynamic, thermal properties, infrared stealth, and anticorrosion performances of the coated samples were investigated. The rotating-frame spin-lattice relaxation times and scale of the spin-diffusion path length indicated that the configuration of the hybrid films was highly cross-linked and dense. Thermal properties of these Ormosil-PANI/CB hybrids have been improved over the pure Ormosil analyzed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermal extinction of the hybrid coatings increased with the increase in the carbon black and PANI/CB content. Potentio-dynamic and salt-spray analysis revealed that the hybrid films provided an exceptional barrier and corrosion protection in comparison with untreated aluminum alloy substrates.     

Infrared stealth and anticorrosion performances of organically modified silicate‐NiZn ferrite/polyaniline hybrid coatings

Hybrid coatings based on organically modified silicate‐Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄/polyaniline were synthesized through a sol–gel technique with different NiZn ferrite/polyaniline weight ratio (1/1, 1/2, 1/5). These hybrid films were deposited via spin coating onto an aluminum alloy to improve the corrosion protection and to act as infrared stealth coatings. The effects induced by the NiZn ferrite/polyaniline hybrids on the chain dynamic, ferromagnetic behavior, infrared stealth, and anticorrosion performances of the coated samples were investigated. The rotating‐frame spin‐lattice relaxation times and scale of the spin‐diffusion path length indicated that the configuration of the hybrid films was highly cross‐linked and dense. The thermal extinction of the hybrid coatings increased with the increase in the polyaniline content. Potentio‐dynamic and salt‐spray analysis revealed that the hybrid films provided an exceptional barrier and corrosion protection in comparison with untreated aluminum alloy substrates. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 926–935, 2008     

Conductivity and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of flaky Ni/Ni-Cu-coated glass fiber/epoxy resin composite coating

Flaky Ni/Ni-Cu-coated glass fiber/epoxy resin composite coatings were prepared using the glass fibers and flaky nickel powders as fillers and epoxy resin as binder. The conductivity and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the coatings are as follows: (1) the appropriate content of Ni-Cu-coated glass fibers is 6 wt % in the composite filler and the optimum ratio of the filler to epoxy resin is 4: 1; (2) electrical conductivity of the coating with a thickness of 300 μm has a minimum value of 0.72 Ω cm; (3) shielding effectiveness of the coatings is up to 50.21–55.43 dB in the frequency range of 0.3–1000 MHz. This offers a new idea to enhance the added value of the glass fibers and raise the level of electromagnetic radiation protection.     

Preparation and Characterization of Optically Active Polyurethane from Rotatory Binaphthol Monomer and Polyurethane Prepolymer

Optically active polymers are promising multifunctional materials with great application potentials. Herein, environmentally friendly optically active polyurethanes (OPUs) were obtained by introducing rotatory binaphthol monomer to polyurethane. The influence of binaphthol monomer content on the structure, mechanical properties, infrared emissivity, and thermal insulation of OPUs was studied intensively. Structure characterization indicated that the optically active polyurethanes have been successfully synthesized. The OPU synthesized with BIMOL and BDO at the mole ratio of 1:1 presented better thermal resistance. In addition, OPUs showed enhanced tensile strength and stretchability with the increase of BINOL content to a certain extent due to its rigid structural features and high molecular weight. The optically active polyurethanes showed lower infrared emissivity values (8–14 μm) than waterborne polyurethane (WPU), and the infrared emissivity decreased from 0.850 to 0.572 as the content of the BINOL monomer increased. Moreover, OPU4 exhibited the best heat insulation and cooling ability with about a 7 °C temperature difference. The thus-synthesized optically active polyurethanes provide an effective solution for developing highly effective thermal insulation materials.     

Heat and moisture transfer in sol–gel treated cotton fabrics

Cotton fabrics have been treated by sol–gel processes in order to produce an inorganic coating on fibres, able to modify their thermal conductivity under an irradiating flow. To this aim, fabric specimens with different silica content have been tested following the ISO 6942 standard in order to establish the effect of the coating on coupled heat and moisture transfer through the cotton fibres. The collected results have been compared with those obtained by an optimized method using a cone calorimeter as the heating source. By this latter approach, it has been demonstrated that sol–gel cotton treated fabrics with high moisture uptake possess a significantly lower thermal conductivity with respect to cotton alone.     

Self‐assembly of Carbon Particles as a Heat Sink Coating to Promote Radiative Cooling

Novel composite carbon particles are developed that can self‐assemble as a coating on a substrate without a binder. These carbon particles were used as a coating to enhance thermal dissipation and their thermal conductivity, surface emissivity and cooling performance were measured. Carbon particles with both thiol and epoxy functional groups self‐assembled to form a coating on the surface of a heat sink without a binder, which greatly improved the thermal conductivity of the coating. Coating a heat sink with the carbon particles yielded a higher thermal conductivity and emissivity than could be obtained with the addition of binder in the conventional approach, and significantly enhanced the cooling performance. In addition, the cooling performance of the carbon nanotube outperformed all other particles when coated on a substrate, because it had the highest thermal conductivity and good radiation emissivity. We developed an equation to describe the various parameters affecting the cooling performance of the thermally dissipative coating. This equation was confirmed by the experimental data.     

聚乙二醇/氮化硼复合材料相变导热性能及其结晶行为

本文采用熔融共混浇筑的方法制备了聚乙二醇/氮化硼(PEG/BN)相变复合材料,并研究了不同尺度片状BN对相变复合材料导热性能和结晶行为的影响。 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热常数分析仪、红外热成像分析仪和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了相变复合材料的微观形貌、导热系数和相变过程,并利用莫志深法对DSC结果进行了非等温结晶动力学分析。 结果表明,较大片状直径(50 μm)的BN可以更有效地提高聚乙二醇的导热系数,当BN填料质量分数为40%时,相变复合材料的导热系数可达到5.04 W/(m·K)。 在快速降温条件下,片径为50 μm的BN填料可以缩短PEG的半结晶时间,提高结晶速率,使相变复合材料具有较大的相变焓。