室温无溶剂条件下醋酸锌催化的Knoevenagel缩合反应

以醋酸锌作为催化剂, 在室温无溶剂条件下催化芳香醛与活泼亚甲基化合物发生Knoevenagel缩合反应, 其反应条件温和, 产率最高可达100%, 产品纯度好, 操作和后处理简单.     

含柔性侧链苯并菲衍生物合成研究的进展

系统地综述了含柔性侧链苯并菲衍生物的合成方法的研究进展. 根据苯并菲取代基的特点来划分合成苯并菲衍生物的方法, 并选取具有代表性的实例对苯并菲衍生物的结构和合成方法进行详细的阐述.     

2-氧代-2-[(2-氯-5-吡啶甲氨基)(芳基)甲基]-4-芳基-5,5-二甲基-1,3,2-二氧膦杂环己烷的合成及其生物活性研究

通过类Mannich 反应“一锅法”合成了10个未见文献报道的含吡啶基的环状α-氨基膦酸酯, 其结构经¹H NMR, ³¹P NMR, IR, MS和元素分析确证. 测定了该系列化合物的杀虫、杀菌和除草活性, 结果表明, 所测化合物的杀虫活性不太好, 但所有化合物在药液浓度为1.0×10^－4 g/mL 时都具有较好的除草活性, 部分化合物在5.0×10^－5 g/mL时显示出良好的杀菌活性.     

CO2在纳米SiO2/TiO2悬浮体系中的光催化还原

用水热法合成了氧化硅改性的具有高比表面积、高催化活性的锐钛型二氧化钛, 并在其悬浮体系中将CO₂光催化还原合成甲醇. 采用XRD, TEM, 物理吸附, UV-Vis吸收光谱和FTIR等表征手段对催化剂结构特征进行了研究. 结果表明: 添加氧化硅后, 氧化硅和二氧化钛之间形成Si—O—Ti键, 抑制了TiO₂晶粒生长, 提高了锐钛型TiO₂的比表面积, 且随着含硅量的增加, SiO₂/TiO₂的UV吸收逐步蓝移, 禁带宽度增加. 还原反应结果表明: SiO₂/TiO₂具有光催化还原活性, 且随着含硅量的增加先增加后减小, 当SiO₂质量分数为3.5%时, SiO₂/TiO₂复合催化剂反应活性最强, 5 h内甲醇产量可达到21.0 mg/L, 并有少量甲醛生成.     

CO2在纳米SiO2/TiO2悬浮体系中的光催化还原

用水热法合成了氧化硅改性的具有高比表面积、高催化活性的锐钛型二氧化钛, 并在其悬浮体系中将CO₂光催化还原合成甲醇. 采用XRD, TEM, 物理吸附, UV-Vis吸收光谱和FTIR等表征手段对催化剂结构特征进行了研究. 结果表明: 添加氧化硅后, 氧化硅和二氧化钛之间形成Si—O—Ti键, 抑制了TiO₂晶粒生长, 提高了锐钛型TiO₂的比表面积, 且随着含硅量的增加, SiO₂/TiO₂的UV吸收逐步蓝移, 禁带宽度增加. 还原反应结果表明: SiO₂/TiO₂具有光催化还原活性, 且随着含硅量的增加先增加后减小, 当SiO₂质量分数为3.5%时, SiO₂/TiO₂复合催化剂反应活性最强, 5 h内甲醇产量可达到21.0 mg/L, 并有少量甲醛生成.     

水-盐酸两步法分离瓜环混合物

根据各元瓜环在水和盐酸两种溶剂中溶解度的不同, 提出了一种通过水-盐酸两步分离混合瓜环的方法. 探讨了溶剂用量、盐酸浓度等因素对分离效果的影响, 确定了最佳的分离工艺条件, 使CB[5], CB[6], CB[7]和CB[8]的分离产率分别达到78.9%, 92.0%, 88.0%和75.0%. 分离得到的瓜环单体经核磁共振检测, 纯度在95%以上, 其中CB[5]的纯度达到98%. 研究结果表明, 本工艺是一种简单有效的分离混合瓜环的方法.     

Aldisin及其衍生物的合成和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性研究

以三氯氧磷为环化试剂, 回流状态下, N-(2-吡咯甲酰基)-β-丙氨酸经分子内酰化环化反应, 合成了吡咯[2,3-c]氮杂二酮稠环化合物Aldisin及其衍生物1-Methylaldisin和3-Bromoaldisin, 通过¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR, FABMS和元素分析对其结构进行了表征. 以X射线衍射法研究了3-Methylaldisin的晶体结构. 测定了三个化合物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用.     

两个闭式十一顶钌硼烷簇合物[(PPh3)(p-BrC6H4CO2)2RuB10H8]和[(PPh3)2Ru(p-BrC6H4CO2)(PPh3)RuB10H9]的合成与晶体结构

[RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃],B₁₀H₁₀^2-与p-BrC₆H₄COOH在CH₂Cl₂中回流, 得到两个闭式十一顶钌十硼烷簇合物: [(PPh₃)(p-BrC₆H₄CO₂)₂RuB₁₀H₈] (1) 和 [(PPh₃)₂Ru(PPh₃)(p-BrC₆H₄CO₂)RuB₁₀H₉] (2), 并进行了元素分析、红外光谱、¹H核磁共振谱、¹³C核磁共振谱、X-射线单晶衍射表征. 簇合物1属于单斜晶系，空间群为C2/c, a = 2.569(4) nm, b=1.546(2) nm, c=1.927(3) nm, β=95.11(2)°, Z=8, V=7.622(21) nm³, D_c=1.533 Mg/m³, F(000)=3472, S=1.009, R=0.0418, wR=0.0775; 簇合物2属于三斜晶系, 空间群为P-1, a = 1.3142(3) nm, b=1.3761(3) nm, c=1.8503(4) nm, α=90.445(4)°, β=105.950(4)°, g=108.980(4)°, Z=2, V=3.0251(12) nm³, D_c=1.434Mg/m³, F(000)=1316, S=1.007, R=0.0464, wR=0.1175. 单晶结构分析表明, 两个簇合物的中心都具有一个闭式1:2:4:2:2堆砌结构的十一顶{RuB₁₀}金属硼烷骨架, 硼笼开口处具有船式构象的环状的六个硼原子对Ru(1)原子呈h⁶船式配位. 在簇合物1中, 钌原子有三个簇外配体, 一个三苯基膦, 两个对溴苯甲酸根. 对溴苯甲酸根上另外的两个氧原子分别取代了B(2)和B(3)上的氢原子, 从而在簇合物的两侧形成两个对称的Ru-O-C-O-B五员环. 簇合物2是一个双金属钌硼烷簇合物, Ru(2)通过一个Ru-Ru键和两个{RuH_mB}桥键与簇合物中心{RuB₁₀}相连, 从而在簇外形成了一个变形的Ru(1)-Ru(2)-B(3)-B(6)四面体结构.     

N,N'-二芳基硫代草酰胺与1,2-二溴乙烷的反应的研究

以N,N'-二芳基二硫代草酰胺与1,2-二溴乙烷进行S烷基化反应, 合成了一系列2,3-双芳基亚氨基-1,4-二硫杂环己烷, 反应在4 h内完成, 产率52%～62%. 产物结构经元素分析, IR, ¹H NMR及MS表征, 并以单晶X射线衍射分析进一步确证.     

左旋异松蒎酮的合成

研究了以(－)-α-蒎烯为原料合成(－)-异松蒎酮的反应. 以四氢呋喃为溶剂, 硼氢化钠与三氟化硼乙醚溶液生成的硼烷不经分离直接与α-蒎烯发生反马氏加成反应, 生成二异松蒎烷基硼; 采用四水合过硼酸钠或NaOH-H₂O₂氧化硼氢化物得到(＋)-异松蒎醇, 产率为89.5%, 纯度97.4%, 熔点为55～56 ℃, 比旋光度 ＋28.31 (c 5.55, CH₃OH). 以钒磷氧化物为催化剂、双氧水作氧化剂, 将(＋)-异松蒎醇氧化得到(－)-异松蒎酮, 产率88% 以上, 纯度96.0%, 比旋光度为 －10.58 (c 5.51, CH₃OH). 采用IR, MS, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR等对(＋)-异松蒎醇和(－)-异松蒎酮结构进行了表征.     

Cyclodextrin Molecular Reactors

The ability of cyclodextrins to form inclusion complexes with hydrophobic species in aqueous solution makes them well-suited to the development of molecular reactors, to be used as miniature reaction vessels in order to control the outcomes of chemical transformations at the molecular level. In this manner, reaction rates can be increased and products may be obtained that are different to those normally accessible from reactions in free solution. Examples used to illustrate these effects include: the application of cyclodextrins to control the regioselectivity of bromination of aromatic substrates with pyridinium dichlorobromate: the use of a metallocyclodextrin to increase the rate of hydrolysis of a phosphate triester by almost five orders of magnitude; the development of modified cyclodextrins to increase the rates and reverse the regioselectivity of nitrile oxide cycloadditions ; and the use of a cyclodextrin dimer to change the ratio of formation of indigoid dyes by a factor of more than 3500.     

和医学相关有机化合物绿色鉴别实验的设计*

为了将医用化学实验中“有机化合物的鉴别”实验更加密切地与医学相关专业结合,并提高实验操作的安全性,降低化学试剂的毒性与刺激性,甄选出一系列与医学密切相关的有机化合物作为待鉴别试剂,同时设计绿色环保、安全低毒、现象明显、操作简便、成本低廉的鉴别方法,为学生实验方案的设计提供指导。以期提高医学生学习的积极性与主动性,促进学生灵活运用知识分析问题、解决问题,为相关教学工作的改进提供借鉴意义。     

Emerging analytical methods to determine gluten markers in processed foods—method development in support of standard setting

The availability of analytical methods to detect and determine levels of markers of priority allergens in foods is of the utmost importance to support standard setting initiatives, the development of compliance and enforcement activities, as well as to provide guidance to industry on implementation of quality control practices, ensuring the effectiveness of allergen-related sanitation techniques. This paper describes the development and implementation of a mass-spectrometry-based technique to determine markers for individual sources of gluten in beer products. This methodology was shown to answer the requirements of Health Canada’s proposed labeling standard for individual gluten source declaration, in order to achieve its policy objectives (i.e., protection of sensitive consumers, while promoting choice). Minimal sample work-up was required and the results obtained by ELISA were further complemented using the LC-MS/MS method. This paper aims to demonstrate the feasibility of alternative techniques to ELISA-based methodologies to determine allergen and gluten markers in food.     

Optimization of mass spectrometry acquisition parameters for determination of polycarbonate additives,degradation products,and colorants migrating from food contact materials to chocolate

The interest towards “substances of emerging concerns” referred to objects intended to come into contact with food is recently growing. Such substances can be found in traces in simulants and in food products put in contact with plastic materials. In this context, it is important to set up analytical systems characterized by high sensitivity and to improve detection parameters to enhance signals. This work was aimed at optimizing a method based on UHPLC coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry to quantify the most common plastic additives, and able to detect the presence of polymers degradation products and coloring agents migrating from plastic re‐usable containers. The optimization of mass spectrometric parameter settings for quantitative analysis of additives has been achieved by a chemometric approach, using a full factorial and d‐optimal experimental designs, allowing to evaluate possible interactions between the investigated parameters. Results showed that the optimized method was characterized by improved features in terms of sensitivity respect to existing methods and was successfully applied to the analysis of a complex model food system such as chocolate put in contact with 14 polycarbonate tableware samples. A new procedure for sample pre‐treatment was carried out and validated, showing high reliability. Results reported, for the first time, the presence of several molecules migrating to chocolate, in particular belonging to plastic additives, such Cyasorb UV5411, Tinuvin 234, Uvitex OB, and oligomers, whose amount was found to be correlated to age and degree of damage of the containers.     

半夏淀粉的理化特性

研究了不同产地的4种半夏淀粉的理化特性,包括直链淀粉含量、膨胀度、溶解性、持水性、淀粉粒大小和形貌、结晶类型、热特性和糊化特性等。结果表明,这些半夏淀粉中直链淀粉含量为18.60%～23.91%;膨胀度21.53%～23.09%;溶解度11.5%～32.3%;持水性100.3%～119.0%。淀粉粒单粒球形,卵形或圆半球形,直径2～20μm,复粒由2～3个分粒组成,其结晶类型均为C型,结晶度15.0%～37.9%。用差示扫描量热仪测得的转变温度TO、TP和TC分别为71.58～77.75℃、83.03～83.84℃和89.41～90.99℃,热焓为4.316～5.809 J/g。用快速粘度分析仪测定了4种半夏淀粉的糊化特征值:峰值粘度、热糊粘度、冷糊粘度、稀懈值和回复值分别为149.5～226.2、97.7～127.2、141.8～194.3、50.4～99.0和44.2～67.2 RVU。糊化温度77.8～79.9℃,峰值时间8.3～8.7 min。     

NMR spectroscopic study of the Murex trunculus dyeing process

It is widely accepted that indigo dyes derived from Murex trunculus were used to produce the biblical dyes tekhelet and argaman. We describe a method of following the debromination of natural leucoindigos and their binding to wool using NMR spectroscopy. Debromination is observed prior to reaction with the wool and prior to oxidation. Binding to the wool is shown to occur prior to oxidation. NMR allows the dyeing process to be followed. This, in principle, could be used to correct problems during dyeing that would increase the reliability of the process.     

Thermal degradation of vinylidene chloride/4-vinylpyridine copolymers

Vinylidene chloride polymers are prominent in the barrier plastics packaging industry. They display good barrier to the transport of oxygen (to prevent spoilage of food items) and flavor and aroma constituents (to prevent 'scalping' on the supermarket shelf). However, these polymers undergo thermal dehydrochlorination during processing. This can lead to a variety of problems including the evolution of hydrogen chloride which must be scavenged to prevent its interaction with the metallic walls of process equipment. Such interaction leads to the formation of metal halides which act as Lewis acids to facilitate the degradation. A potentially effective means to capture hydrogen chloride generated might be to incorporate into the polymer a mild organic base. Accordingly, copolymers of vinylidene chloride and 4-vinylpyridine have been prepared and subjected to thermal aging. Results suggest that the pyridine moiety is sufficiently basic to actively promote dehydrochlorination in the vinylidene chloride segments of the polymer.     

Formation of Neutral Peptide Aggregates as Studied by Mass‐Selective IR Action Spectroscopy

The spontaneous aggregation of proteins and peptides is widely studied owing to its relation to neurodegenerative diseases. To understand the underlying principles of peptide aggregation, elucidation of structure and structural changes upon their formation is key. This level of detail can be obtained by studying the peptide self‐assembly in the gas phase. Structural characterization of aggregates is mainly done on charged species, as adding charges is an intrinsic part of the technique to bring molecules into the gas phase. Studying neutral peptide aggregates will complement the existing picture. These studies are restricted to dimers due to experimental limitations. Herein, we present advances in laser desorption molecular beam spectroscopy to form neutral peptide aggregates consisting of up to 14 monomeric peptides in the gas phase. The combination of this technique with IR–UV spectroscopy allowed us to select each aggregate by size and subsequently characterize its structure.     

What is and what should never be: artifacts,improbable phytochemicals,contaminants and natural products

Abstract

The scope of this review is to sensitize the natural product chemists to the underestimated problem related to artifact, comprising contaminants and improbable natural compounds. This review wants to give an overview about the various facets of this problem and to provide some hints to avoid incurring these situations. It does not pretend to report exhaustively about all the cases available in literature. The issue of artifacts has always existed and is quite impossible to completely eliminate because the results of phytochemical analysis are known only at the end of the work and in many cases there is not the possibility to compare the results. Therefore, it is important to take the necessary precautions during the workout in order to minimize the possibility that an unexpected event may occur. In second instance, anyone involved in these studies should increase the level of self-criticism with respect to the obtained experimental results.     

Improving Activity of Salt-Lyophilized Enzymes in Organic Media

Lyophilization with salts has been identified as an important method of activating enzymes in organic media. Using salt-activated enzymes to transform molecules tethered to solid surfaces in organic phase requires solubilization of enzymes in the solvents. Methods of improving performance of salt-lyophilized enzymes, further, via chemical modification, and use of surfactants and surfactants to create fine emulsions prior to lyophilization are investigated. The reaction system used is transesterification of N-acetyl phenylalanine ethyl ester with methanol or propanol. Initial rate of formation of amino acid esters by subtilisin Carlsberg (SC) was studied and found to increase two to sevenfold by either chemical modification or addition of surfactants in certain solvents, relative to the salt (only)-lyophilized enzyme. The method to prepare highly dispersed enzymes in a salt-surfactant milieu also improved activity by two to threefold. To test the effect of chemical modification on derivatization of drug molecules, acylation of bergenin was investigated using chemically modified SC.