新版高中化学教科书视觉表征的文本研究*

以人民教育出版社和山东科学技术出版社2019年出版的4本化学必修教科书为研究对象,借鉴Gkitzia等人开发的分析框架,运用内容分析法对4本教科书中的视觉表征进行分析。从表征的类型、表面特征的注释、表征与文本的关联情况、是否存在合适标题、多重表征内各层表征间连接情况等5个维度对教科书进行编码统计,获得新版化学教科书中视觉表征的信息。     

化学三重表征的研究与展望*——基于CiteSpace的可视化分析

基于CiteSpace软件,运用知识图谱、关键词聚类分析等方法,分析国内化学三重表征领域的研究现状和前沿热点,将信息可视化,为我国学者进一步完善化学三重表征的研究提供帮助和借鉴。放眼于国际科学教育的趋势和我国化学核心素养的落地,期望将“化学三重表征”思维方式及策略嵌入日常的教学,成为化学课堂教学的未来景观。     

化学微观表征的方法与教学策略

将化学宏观现象进行形象、直观与动态的微观表征,能激发学生的学习兴趣,协助学生理解化学原理与规律。在几种不同形式的微观表征方法中,微观表征图能有效地消除相异构想,是建构化学三重表征的突破口,有利于化学三重表征的转化与融合。     

“四重表征”化学教学模式与“手持技术”整合的案例研究——以“浓度对硫代硫酸钠与硫酸反应速率的影响”为例

以"浓度对硫代硫酸钠与硫酸反应速率的影响"为内容,将"四重表征"化学教学模式与手持技术结合,发挥手持技术数字化实验仪器的优势,从"数据采集"到"数据分析",逐步引导学生收集必要数据探究浓度对该反应速率的影响,并从"四重表征"模式的4个维度深入探究浓度对反应速率的影响,提高学生运用"四重表征"分析问题的能力。     

提升三重表征融合能力的教学策略研究——以高中化学“电解质的电离”教学为例

结合高中化学"电解质的电离"中丰富的教学活动,以感知体验化、微观可视化、知识本源化、认识观念化和符号意义化为教学策略,丰富和深化宏观表征和微观表征,实现化学三重表征的高度融合。     

新加坡现行中学化学教科书视觉表征的文本研究*

借鉴Gkitzia等人编制的分析框架,采用内容分析法对新加坡现行中学化学教科书All About Chemistry ‘O' Level(2017年,Hodder Education出版)中的视觉表征进行文本分析。从视觉表征的类型(C1)、表面特征的注释(C2)、视觉表征与文本的关联(C3)、标题的存在与性质(C4)、多重表征的连接程度(C5)等5个维度进行编码统计分析,获得该教科书中的视觉表征信息。以期为我国后续中学化学教科书的编写提供借鉴与启示。     

整合多重表征 促进概念深度理解——以“原电池”为例

有效整合多重表征,是促进学生科学概念深度理解的一种有效策略。本研究整合了科学教育领域中的3个多重表征框架的内容,对高中必修模块的“原电池”进行了教学设计。首先引导学生依次学习原电池的宏观装置、微观原理和电极符号,初步建构原电池概念,之后基于氢氧燃料电池关联表征,让学生建构原电池的装置原理二维模型图,理解原电池概念,最后依托生活中的纽扣电池应用二维模型图实现表征转换,解决实际问题,实现对原电池概念的深度理解。     

三重表征视域下的化学学习研究考查

梳理了三重表征研究范式下部分化学学习研究成果。基于三重表征,研究者细致考查学生在宏观表征、微观表征和符号表征等单维度化学学习中遇到的困难;结合信息加工模型,解释了化学学习机制,形成对化学学习的动态认识,指出以上研究中尚待完善之处,以期为化学学习的深入研究提供借鉴。     

化学三重表征的界定及其关系分析

化学三重表征具有内部表征和外部表征两重含义。从外部表征看,化学三重表征是指化学宏观世界、微观世界和符号世界知识的外在呈现形式;从内部表征看,化学三重表征是指这3种水平的知识在个体头脑中的加工和呈现形式。三重表征是一个互有联系的整体,对化学学习具有重要意义。     

高中生化学学习中“映象表征”、“符号表征”及其转换能力的调查分析

为了了解中学生化学学习中"映象表征"的能力以及"映象表征"向"符号表征"的转换能力,采用自编问卷对江苏8所四星级高中的高一学生进行了调查。结果表明,学生"映象表征"能力中的"宏观表征"能力强于"微观表征"能力;"映象表征"向"符号表征"转换能力较弱。提出了化学学习中提高学生表征能力的建议。     

"Decoking" of a "coked" zeolite catalyst in a glow discharge

'Decoking' of a 'coked' zeolite catalyst in a glow discharge in oxygen is investigated. The 'decoking' process involves reactions of atomic oxygen (O atoms) with 'coke' and yields gases such as CO, CO₂ as well as other gaseous products that could be easily pumped out.Three different modes of discharge were investigated including a static mode, a flowing-gas mode, and a periodic-purge mode where the oxygen and other gaseous products of the discharge were replaced by fresh O₂ gas after short but regular intervals of time. In some cases, additional heating was also used to provide base temperatures of the order of 100 °C to facilitate penetration of oxygen atoms into the inner layers and cages of the zeolite catalyst.This paper presents some results of spectroscopic analytical techniques used to monitor the atomization of oxygen, oxidation of 'coke', and to confirm the process of 'decoking'. More specifically, radiation emission on the 3 s ⁵S– 3p ⁵P transitions of O around 777.2–777.5 nm were selected for monitoring the atomization of O₂. On the other hand, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the amount of residual carbon and extent of 'decoking'. Furthermore, evolution of CO and CO₂ gases as a function of time was systematically monitored in real time. For CO, the 451.1 nm band head belonging to the B¹ - A¹ bands of the Angstrom system of the CO spectrum was used, while for CO₂, the band head at 353.4 nm belonging to the CO₂⁺ spectrum was used. The rates of evolution of CO and CO₂ were related to the rate of 'decoking' of the catalyst. It is noted that in the periodic-purge mode, about 63% of the total yield of CO from a given sample of the catalyst appears in the first 3-min exposure to discharge whereas it takes up to 15 min to remove nearly 94% of the removable carbon under our experimental conditions.     

A "renaissance" in radical trifluoromethylation

This Minireview highlights recent developments in radical trifluoromethylation reactions. The trifluoromethyl group belongs to the privileged moieties in medicinal chemistry. Many drugs and drug candidates contain a trifluoromethyl substituent. Also in agrochemicals, the CF(3) moiety often appears. The present article addresses the radical trifluoromethylation of alkenes and arenes mainly focussing on recent achievements. However, important earlier work in this field is also covered.     

Switching "on" and "off" the expression of chirality in peptide rotaxanes

The hydrogen-bond-directed synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, and optical properties of the first chiral peptide rotaxanes are reported. Collectively these systems provide the first examples of single molecular species where the expression of chirality in the form of a circular dichroism (CD) response can selectively be switched "on" or "off", and its magnitude altered, through controlling the interactions between mechanically interlocked submolecular components. The switching is achievable both thermally and through changes in the nature of the environment. Peptido[2]rotaxanes consisting of an intrinsically achiral benzylic amide macrocycle locked onto various chiral dipeptide (Gly-L-Ala, Gly-L-Leu, Gly-L-Met, Gly-L-Phe, and Gly-L-Pro) threads exhibit strong (10-20k deg cm(2) dmol(-1)) negative induced CD (theta;) values in nonpolar solvents (e.g. CHCl(3)), where the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between thread and macrocycle is maximized. In polar solvents (e.g., MeOH), where the intercomponent hydrogen bonding is weakened, or switched off completely, the elliptical polarization falls close to zero in some cases and can even be switched to large positive values in others. Importantly, the mechanism of generating the switchable CD response in the chiral peptide rotaxanes is also determined: a combination of semiempirical calculations and geometrical modeling using the continuous chirality measure (CCM) shows that the chirality is transmitted from the amino acid asymmetric center on the thread via the macrocycle to the C-terminal stopper of the rotaxane. This understanding could have important implications for other areas where chiral transmission from one chemical entity to another underpins a physical or chemical response, such as the seeding of supertwisted nematic liquid crystalline phases or asymmetric synthesis.     

材料科学中的点击化学

近年来,点击(click)化学反应以其高产率、高选择性以及对各种官能团和反应条件优异的耐受性成为材料科学家们手中有力的研究工具.本文综述了点击化学的概念、特点、反应机理及应用.重点介绍了点击化学反应在聚合物、表面修饰、纳米材料方面的研究进展,并分析了点击化学目前存在的不足及今后发展趋势.     

“树脂-捕获-释放”技术在有机合成中的应用

“树脂-捕获-释放”技术使用功能化聚合物清除剂选择性地吸附目标产物,液 相组合合成小分子化合物库。这一技术结合了固相和液相的优点,操作简便、快捷 ,反应容易控制,产物易分离,且产率高,纯度好。     

"Alpha"-, "beta"- and "delta"-anhydrodigitoxigenin

The syntheses of 3β-hydroxy-5β-carda-14, 20:22-dienolide (= «β»-anhydro-), 3β-hydroxy-5β-carda-8:14, 20:22-dienolide (= «α»-anhydro-) and «δ»-anhydro-digitoxigenin (= probably 3β-hydroxy-5β, 14β-carda-8, 20:22-dienolide) by the best ways known to date, have been described. «δ»-Anhydro-digitoxigenin represents the thermodynamically most stable isomer. In this isomer the double bond in position 8 is unaffected by hydrogenation with Pt in acetic acid; with perbenzoic acid an epoxide results from which, on hydrogenation, the double bond can be regenerated in its original position. Analogous reactions are known to occur in the 8:14-epoxides.     

基于现代信息技术的结构化学一维势箱理论和HMO法“翻转课堂”教学设计

In the article, we presented an instructional design of "Particle in One-Dimensional Box Theory" and "HMO Theory" application based on flipped classroom teaching. The students are instructed to use both "Particle in One-Dimensional Box Theory" and "HMO Theory" to solve the electronic structure of olefins and enhance their understanding of quantum mechanics theory via comparison of "Particle in One-Dimensional Box Theory" and "HMO Theory".