生物油TG-FTIR分析与热解气化特性研究

以稻壳快速热解产物生物油为对象,在对其进行热重红外检测的基础上,结合生物油及其轻质、重质组分的热解气化实验,研究了生物油热解气化过程及气体产出特性。结果表明,生物油的热解气化分为两个阶段,一是轻质组分的快速挥发热解;二是重质组分的裂解气化与缩合缩聚,活化能分别为35~38 kJ/mol和15~22 kJ/mol。温度升高,热解气化效率增加,以H₂和CO为主的合成气产量增多,但气体产物热值降低。气体中H₂主要来自轻质组分的热解气化,而重质组分则裂解产生较多的CO、CH₄等物质。     

薄层色谱-氢火焰离子检测分析重质油的族组成

报道了薄层色谱—氢火焰离子检测法在重质油的族组成分析中的应用。方法可有效分离和检测重质油的族组成(饱和烃、芳香烃、胶质等)。该方法具有快速、准确、样品及溶剂用量少等特点。在一定试验条件下，原油的种类和实际点样量不影响氢火焰离子检测的响应值。     

催化剂对原油低温氧化的影响

在模拟地下油藏条件下,加入催化剂进行重质原油低温氧化反应实验研究,对氧化前后的气体组成及含量变化、原油组分变化进行分析.结果表明,加入催化剂后在150℃以下显著提高了原油低温氧化效率,且与未加入催化剂的低温氧化反应对比,加入催化剂后氧气消耗更多,生成二氧化碳含量增加.200℃以下原油重质组分含量下降,饱和烃、芳香烃轻质组分含量增加.     

扎赉特旗油砂在氮气气氛下的热解制油研究

油砂是一种含有沥青或其他重质石油的沉积岩，主要用于提取油砂沥青，以生产合成原油。中国拥有相当数量的油砂资源，目前还未开采，仅处于初步研究阶段。加拿大在20世纪初期就展开了油砂的开采及制油研究工作，并于20世纪70年代由加拿大合成油公司实现了工业化生产。油砂生产的沥青和合成油已占其石油总产量的1／4以上。     

薄层色谱-火焰离子检测技术在重质油族组成分析中的应用

报道了ＴＬＣ－ＦＩＤ技术在重质油族组成分析中的应用。在本文提供的方法下,可对重质油中族组成（饱和烃,芳香烃写,胶质等）进行有效分离和检测。方法的重复性优于经典柱色谱。该技术居有快速,准确,样品及溶剂用量少等特点。在给定试验条件下,原油的种类和实际点样量不影响ＦＩＤ的响应值。     

红外光谱法研究重质油分子的轻度热转化

为了从分子水平快速经济地分析重质油在热转化过程中的变化规律，利用四种模型化合物萘、四氢萘、十氢萘和正庚烷组成的混合体系来模拟重质油及其热转化缩合产物分子的基本组成，研究其红外吸收特性与平均分子参数（亚甲基和甲基的数目之比 N CH2/NCH3、芳氢率faH、芳香环系氢碳原子比NHar/NCar等）的关系。将重质油焦化重蜡油馏分进行轻度热转化，利用不同强度的系列溶剂将热转化产物的重质馏分顺序分离成系列溶剂族组分，将这些族组分进行红外分析。结果表明，混合物系列模拟体系的〖ＷＴＢＸ〗f〖ＷＴＢ１〗aH同其红外吸收在2750cm－1～3100cm－1的3000cm－1～3100cm－1强度分率（S3000~3100/S2750~3100）之间存在良好的线性关系，同时NCH2/NCH3 同2920cm－1和2960cm－1处的吸光度比值A2920/A2960之间也存在良好的线性关系。依据这些关系式可以合理解释重质油分子在热转化过程中分子结构的变化规律。随着重质油热转化的进行，NCH2/NCH3 饱和烃分子先增大后减小，芳香性族组分分子则持续降低；faH或NHar/NCar芳香性族组分分子呈现升高的趋势。     

焦炭与重质油共气化联产烯烃技术研究

针对中国乙烯、丙烯等低碳烯烃生产原料供需日益尖锐的矛盾和重质油利用技术的不足，提出焦炭与重质油共气化联产烯烃技术。阐述了焦炭与重质油共气化联产烯烃的技术原理及过程设计，并以固定床为反应器，焦炭和常压渣油为原料进行实验模拟。结果表明，当裂解温度为750℃~800℃，停留时间τ＜0.5s时，渣油在焦炭介质中裂解，其低碳烯烃含量最高；渣油在模拟气化裂解区、750℃下裂解时，得到出口气体中低碳烯烃（C2H4＋C3H6）、烷烃（CH4＋C2H6）及合成气（H2＋CO）的体积分数分别为20%、28%及46%。应用扫描电镜观察了焦炭介质表面上结焦生成物的形貌，发现通氧气后结焦生成物残留量较少。实验模拟结果证明，焦炭与重质油共气化技术可以制备低碳烯烃并联产合成气，且能有效地解决重质油裂解造成的结焦问题。     

橄榄石基固体热载体影响褐煤热解产物分布的分析

为了提高固体热载体煤热解工艺中焦油的品质,降低焦油中沸点大于360 ℃的重质组分含量,本实验采用固定床反应器,在450~600 ℃下进行褐煤固体热载体快速热解反应.分析对比了橄榄石基和石英砂固体热载体对褐煤热解产物收率、焦油馏分、气体组成的影响.结果发现,Co能改变煤内部挥发分氢元素的分布,橄榄石负载Co热载体能将焦油中重质组分转化为轻质焦油和热解气.热解温度为550 ℃时,与橄榄石相比,负载Co的橄榄石固体热载体使焦油收率提高了19.2%.与石英砂相比,负载Co的橄榄石固体热载体使焦油中重质组分含量降低了17.0%,轻质组分收率达5.1%,其中,轻油、酚油和萘油分别提高了19.6%、17%和15.2%,气体产物中H₂、CH₄含量下降.     

重质油国家重点实验室专刊:重质油化学

正密度或黏度较大的天然石油或常规石油中的重质组分在石油工业界通常被称为"重质油".重质油是未来世界石油能源的主要来源之一,也是非常重要的化工资源,高效利用重质油是国家石油资源发展战略的重要方向.重质油国家重点实验室是一个以重质油加工利用为主要研究内容的国家重点实验室.实验室建设在中     

OCS表面活性剂在弱碱、无碱条件下的界面张力性能研究

研究了OCS表面活性剂中试产品在弱碱NaCO33及无碱条件下应用于不同油田原油的油-水界面张力特性。结果表明：对于大庆采油四厂原油，当表活剂浓度为0．1％-0．3％，Na2CO3浓度为0．6％-1．2％时，油-水界面张力可达到超低(-l0^-3mN／m数量级)；对于大庆采油二厂原油，当表面活性剂浓度为0．1％-0．3％，Na2CO3浓度为0．8％-1．4％时，油-水界面张力可达到超低；对于华北油田古-联原油，当表面活性剂浓度为0．2％，NaCO3浓度为0．6％-1．2％时，油-水界面张力可达到超低；对于胜利油田孤东采油厂原油，当表面活性剂浓度为0．2％，NaCO3浓度为0．8％-1．4％时，油-水界面张力可达到超低。在无碱条件下，对于大港油田枣园1256断块原油，当OCS表面活性剂浓度达到0．1％时，油-水界面张力即可达到超低；对于江苏油田原油，当OCS表面活性剂浓度在0．1％以上时，油-水界面张力均可以达到10^-2mN／m数量级。聚丙烯酰胺聚合物的加入对油-水超低界面张力的形成和稳定具有促进作用。     

克拉玛依减渣热转化前后的溶解度参数研究

对克拉玛依减渣进行适度热转化，确定了其裂解深度最大且不结焦的条件。利用超临界萃取分馏技术，将克拉玛依减渣及其热转化残渣油分离成一系列窄馏分和萃余残渣，对窄馏分及萃余残渣的性质（相对分子质量、密度、残炭、C、H、N、S元素和金属元素等）进行了表征。用改进的方法测定了萃余残渣的溶解度参数，并根据性质计算了各个窄馏分的溶解度参数，克拉玛依减渣及其热转化残渣油萃余残渣的溶解度参数分别为18.27 MPa1/2和19.79 MPa1/2；从溶解度参数的角度解释了渣油加工过程中的分相、结焦等问题。     

神华煤直接液化残渣萃取残渣焦气化动力学研究

在热天平上分别考察了甲苯、苯及乙醇萃取液化残渣热解焦在水蒸气和CO2气氛下的气化动力学,并对比了液化残渣热解焦在相同条件下的气化反应性。结果表明,温度是影响残渣焦气化反应速率的重要因素;超临界溶剂对残渣的萃取使得残渣焦中碳基质的有序度有所降低,并在一定程度上增加了残渣焦的孔结构,因此,提高了残渣焦的气化反应性;残渣焦孔结构不发达,可以使用化学反应控制未反应收缩核模型预测残渣焦的气化反应过程。     

Studies of gunshot residue

The deposits resulting from the discharge of 0.22 calibre ammunition have been studied by neutron activation analysis and autoradiography. Material ejected forward with the bullet, and material ejected between a revolver cylinder and barrel, have been collected, both on filter paper an on a variety of clothing fabrics. The extent of the deposits has been studied visually, by soft X-ray radiography, and by autoradiography following neutron activation; the latter revealed features not visible by other techniques. The elemental composition of a number of discreet features of the deposit pattern was then determined by neutron activation analysis and compared with the composition of deposits obtained by primer firings alone, from the burning of propellant, and from the analysis of bullet lead. The preliminary identification of the various deposit components is discussed, together with the forensic implications.     

Pesticide residue analysis

The review covers broadly the field of analysis for traces of pesticides and discusses the problems of separation, detection and confirmation. Clean-up procedures and GLC methods receive more detailed attention. Some 200 references are quoted.     

Automation of pesticide residue analysis

Summary The routine analysis of pesticide residue levels in biological tissue by gas-liquid chromatography is greatly facilitated by the use of computers to reduce computation time. Modern systems can be readily adapted to small computers. The nature of gas chromatographic signals permits the insertion of digitizers between the gas chromatograph and the computer. The resulting system permits completely automatic retrieval of data; thus time is saved and operating efficiency of the analytical laboratory is increased.

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Die Automatisierung der Analyse von Pestizid-Rückständen

Zusammenfassung Die Routineanalyse des Gehalts an Pestizid-Rückständen in biologischem Gewebe durch Gas-Flüssig-Chromatographie wird durch den Einsatz von Computern zur Einsparung von Rechenzeit wesentlich erleichtert. Modeme Systeme können leicht an kleine Computer angepaßt werden. Die Art der gas-chromatographischen Signale gestattet die Einfügung von Digitalisierungs-Gliedern zwischen Gas-Chromatographen und Computer. Mit dem entstandenen System läßt sich die Datensuche vollständig automatisieren; auf diese Weise wird Zeit gespart, und die Leistungsfähigkeit des analytischen Labors wird erhöht.

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Automatisation de l'analyse des résidus de pesticides

Sommaire La determination de routine des teneurs en résidus de pesticides dans des tissues biologiques par chromatographie gaz-liquide est notablement facilitée par l'emploi d'ordinateurs; ceci réduit la durée du calcul. Des systèmes modernes sont faciles à adapter à de petits ordinateurs. La nature des signaux émis en chromatographie en phase gazeuse permet l'insertion de membres de digitalisation entre le chromatographe en phase gazeuse et l'ordinateur. Le système ainsi obtenu permet la recherche tout à fait automatique des données; ainsi on gagne du temps, et l'efficacité du laboratoire analytique est augmentée.

     

The economics of residue analysis

Since the onset of residue analysis some 40 years ago, much attention has been paid to several analytical aspects [e.g., the fight to achieve lower limits of detection (LODs), the gain in specificity, and quality assurance]. In recent years, “omic approaches” have also been introduced to accomplish these purposes. However, when reviewing the literature, one “omic” of residue analysis is not represented: the economic.Residue analysis covers a broad working area, including banned (group A) substances and registered veterinary drugs (group B). Some 40 years ago, only thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography with electron-capture detection were used for A substances, in combination with laborious sample clean-up and thus small sample throughput. The nominal or money price of such an analysis remained relatively stable from 1970 to 2010. However, the operational costs of analysis increased considerably over the years, in particular, personnel and equipment costs. But, higher operational costs were countered by much greater sample throughput, although this phenomenon remains limited.For B substances, the strategy of screening with microbiological inhibition tests at a very low price competes with sophisticated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with (high-resolution) mass spectrometry systems, where the number of analytes/run can theoretically reach 122,500.The question that we address in this contribution from an economics point of view is: “How do laboratories keep the balance between price of analysis, specificity, LOD, number of analytes, quantification and quality assurance?”     

Convenient introduction of a bisecting GlcNAc residue into multiantennary N-glycans as the ultimate residue

A straightforward chemical synthesis was developed for multiantennary N-glycans of the complex-type containing a bisecting GlcNAc moiety. It was found that a bisecting GlcNAc can be introduced as the final residue despite considerable steric hindrance of the buried 4-hydroxyl group of the N-glycan acceptor. This approach circumvents the need for a temporary protecting group on the primary hydroxyl group of the central β-mannoside resulting in a shorter and more flexible synthesis. Thus the generation of N-glycans with an optional bisecting GlcNAc can be accomplished by a unified synthetic path using the same precursors and intermediates.     

Treatment with lignin residue

Acid hydrolysis of lignocellulose to hydrolysates intended for production of fuel ethanol results in the formation of byproducts in addition to fermentable sugars. Some of the byproducts, such as phenolic compounds and furan aldehydes, are inhibitory to the fermenting microorganism. Detoxification of the hydrolysates may be necessary for production of ethanol at a satisfactory rate and yield. The lignin residue obtained after hydrolysis is a material with hydrophobic properties that is produced in large amounts as a byproduct within an ethanol production process based on lignocellulosic raw materials. We have explored the possibility of using this lignin residue for detoxification of spruce dilute-acid hydrolysates prior to fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Three dilute-acid hydrolysates of spruce were treated with lignin residue, which in all cases resulted in improved fermentability in terms of productivity and yield of ethanol. The effect was improved by washing the lignin before treatment, by using larger amounts of lignin in the treatment, and by performing the treatment at low temperature. Treatment with the lignin residue removed up to 53% of the phenolic compounds and up to 68% of the furan aldehydes in a spruce dilute-acid hydrolysate. A larger fraction of furfural was removed compared to the less hydrophobic 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.     

煤加氢液化残渣的流变特性研究

采用从煤直接液化实验装置取得的液化残渣，研究了它的流变性及温度和油、沥青质、固体含量对其流变性的影响。液化残渣是剪切变稀的非牛顿型假塑性流体，非牛顿指数随温度升高而不断减小，温度越高越接近牛顿流体行为。液化残渣对温度非常敏感，在升温过程中其表观黏度下降很快，且没有出现黏度峰。在液化残渣中加入少量的循环油后其表观黏度大幅下降；而在加入少量沥青质后则表现出低温下黏度变大，高温下黏度变小的现象；固体含量则始终是黏度增大的因素，表明其黏度与油、沥青质和固体含量关系密切。液化残渣的黏度－温度关系符合Arrhenius关系式，但在升温过程中出现了拐点，低温段的黏流活化能比高温段的要大。     

Quantitative analysis of precious metals in automotive shredder residue/combustion residue via EDX fluorescence spectrometry

The recovery of precious metals from automotive shredder residue (ASR) dust/combustion residue is an option that is not usually considered due to the lack of available information. Therefore, before any disposal or recovery application can be considered, it is necessary to determine the significance of the levels and distribution of precious metal in ASR dust/ASR combustion residue. In the present study, quantitative analysis of precious metals (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag and Cu) in the ASR residue samples was performed using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) fluorescence spectrometer. With the fundamental parameter (FP) method, the X-ray intensity is obtained and the quantitative analysis is performed using theoretical calculation. This method is very effective for quantitative analysis of unknown samples without standard samples. Further, in order to analyse the precious metal distribution within the ASR combustion residues, the microstructural characterisation and elemental mapping were also carried out with the aid of field emission scanning election microscopy combined with electron dispersive spectroscopy (FE-SEM EDS). Significant amount of Pt, Pd, Au, Ag and Cu element concentrations in the ASR residue were identified. Total precious (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag and Cu) metals obtainable values are representing about 12.23 wt% from its initial ASR dust/combustion residues. Considering their relevant concentrations, these metals should be properly recovered for recycling purposes before to dispose or landfill.