二氧化硅/木质素多孔碳复合材料的制备及作为锂离子电池负极材料的性能

将来源于造纸黑液中的碱木质素(AL)通过水热反应与纳米二氧化硅(SiO_2)复合,制备了二氧化硅/季铵化碱木质素复合物(SiO_2/QAL),再经过碳化和酸洗后得到二氧化硅/木质素多孔碳复合材料(SiO_2/PLC).形貌与结构表征结果表明,SiO_2/PLC的比表面积达到1069 m~2/g,具有平均孔径约20 nm的介孔结构.二氧化硅纳米颗粒均匀分散在三维网络结构的木质素多孔碳内部.电化学性能测试结果表明,SiO_2/PLC作为锂离子电池负极材料具有良好的倍率性能和循环性能,在100 mA/g电流密度下经过100周循环后放电比容量为820 mA·h/g,在5 A/g大电流密度下嵌锂容量达到235 mA·h/g.     

从SiCl4合成多孔硅/碳复合材料及储锂性能研究

以Li13Si4和SiCl4为原料,通过简单的机械球磨法合成多孔硅/碳复合材料,通过控制Li13Si4颗粒的尺寸可以有效调节产物的比表面积。分别研究了包覆碳含量、多孔硅/Super P(导电碳)比表面积以及极片活性物质负载量对多孔硅/碳复合材料电化学性能的影响。结果表明:多孔硅/Super P比表面积为100.9 m2·g-1,化学气相沉积(CVD)包覆碳含量为25.3wt%(约6 nm厚)的复合材料具有最高的电化学活性,在300 mA·g-1的电流密度下,循环可逆比容量达到1 900 mAh·g-1,50次循环后容量仅衰减7.6%。     

氢键诱导的聚吡咯/苯磺酸功能化多壁碳纳米管的制备及其电化学行为

采用原位芳基重氮化反应对碳纳米管进行苯磺酸功能化, 进而制备了聚吡咯/苯磺酸化碳纳米管复合材料(PPy/f-MWCNTs), 通过透射电镜(TEM)及扫描电镜(SEM)测试发现, 氢键诱导使聚吡咯成功地包覆在碳纳米管表面. 循环伏安和恒流充放电测试结果表明, 复合材料具有良好的电化学电容性能, 当聚吡咯与苯磺酸化碳纳米管质量比为1:1时, 复合材料在1.0 A·g-1的电流密度下的比容量达266 F·g-1, 而且聚吡咯利用率比未功能化聚吡咯/碳纳米管(PPy/p-MWCNTs)和纯聚吡咯(PPy)提高了1倍以上.     

电化学混合电容器用新型聚吡咯/介孔碳纳米复合电极

采用介孔碳CMK-3作为载体,通过化学原位聚合的方法制备出一种新型的聚吡咯/介孔碳(PPy-CMK-3)纳米复合材料.将该纳米复合材料作为正极,配以介孔碳CMK-3为负极和1.0mol·L-1NaNO3中性电解液,组装成为电化学混合电容器.电化学测试表明:在5.0mA·cm-2电流密度和1.4V充放电电位条件下,其放电比容量达57F·g-1,电容器功率密度为2.5×102W·kg-1,能量密度达17Wh·kg-1.当电流密度从5.0mA·cm-2增加至50mA·cm-2时,电容器的容量保持率在80%以上,显示高倍率充放电特性优异.此外,聚吡咯-介孔碳/介孔碳电化学混合电容器易活化,并具有优异的充放电效率和良好的循环稳定性能.     

聚吡咯纳米线凝胶的模板制备及储能与电化学传感性能

以配位聚合物凝胶为模板, 构筑均一的聚吡咯纳米线网络, 聚合后经简单处理除去模板, 得到性能优异的聚吡咯凝胶. 结果表明, 模板法合成的聚吡咯凝胶为由均一纳米线组成的三维网络结构, 具有良好的力学性能、 较大的比表面积及优异的电化学特性, 在0.28 A/g电流密度下, 比电容可达450 F/g, 在2.8 A/g电流密度下充放电1000次, 比电容仍可保持88.6%. 聚吡咯纳米线网络凝胶经葡萄糖氧化酶负载后得到柔性传感电极, 对低浓度(0.2 mmol/L)的葡萄糖具有快速响应性能, 有望用于超级电容器及生物电化学传感器等领域.     

褐煤基多孔炭/CoNi_2S_4复合材料的制备及电容特性研究

以宝清褐煤为原料,使用KOH溶液萃取、活化后制得煤基多孔炭,并利用简单的水热法将褐煤基多孔碳与CoNi_2S_4复合,制备复合电容电极材料。考察了不同碳添加量对褐煤基多孔碳/CoNi_2S_4复合材料电化学性能的影响,结果表明,碳添加量过高或过低都不利于复合材料比电容的提升,而碳添加量为37%的褐煤基多孔碳/CoNi_2S_4复合材料具有较高的比电容和良好的循环性能,该复合电极在4 A/g电流密度下,比电容达到1318.2 F/g,在4000次充放电循环后电容保持率为80.9%。     

氮杂碳原位包覆Cu2O/Co3O4@C异质结构复合材料的设计构筑及高效储锂性能

通过液相法合成了Cu₂O纳米立方体, 并在其基础上利用金属有机框架化合物(MOFs)的自组装形貌调控, 进一步构建了层级多孔Co₃O₄和氮杂碳双壳层的Cu₂O/Co₃O₄@C异质结构复合材料. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 热重分析(TGA)、 BET比表面积及孔径分析、 拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段证实了Cu₂O/Co₃O₄@C异质结构复合材料的成功构筑. 双壳层结构设计和丰富的层级孔道结构有效抑制了材料在充放电循环过程中的体积膨胀, 材料在循环100次后仍保持了原有的形貌和构造. 表面多孔结构对电解液的充分浸润、 异质结构的界面内建电场以及缺陷氮杂碳的表面包覆有效提升了材料的电子和离子导电能力. 异质结构设计、 形貌调控、 多孔特性和氮杂碳的协同作用, 使得Cu₂O/Co₃O₄@C复合材料呈现出优异的电化学性能, 在0.1 A/g电流密度下的首次放电比容量达到2065 mA·h/g, 在 2 A/g电流密度下的可逆放电比容量高于360 mA·h/g, 在1 A/g电流密度下循环350次后仍有530 mA·h/g的高可逆放电比容量.     

碳包覆硅/石墨复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

本文以工业硅粉(600目)为原料,通过高能球磨和热解包碳方法制备了碳包覆纳米硅,在此基础上采用简单的机械球磨方法制备了碳包覆/石墨复合材料,并系统研究了碳包覆量及硅/石墨比例对碳包覆硅/石墨复合材料电化学性能的影响.与商业纳米硅粉/石墨复合材料相比,工业硅粉/石墨复合材料的循环性能及倍率性能均得到改善.通过高能球磨和热处理法得到的碳包覆材料为无定形碳和晶态硅材料的复合,所获碳包覆硅材料一次颗粒的粒径在100～200 nm左右.碳包覆量对材料的电化学性能有着重要影响,Si/C-2-1复合材料表现出高的可逆比容量、良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性,在0.1C倍率下,可逆比容量高达492.6 mA h·g~(-1),循环100周后容量保持率达85.8%,1C电流密度下放电比容量达369.7 mAh·g~(-1),为0.1C的73.9%.提高碳包覆硅/石墨复合材料中硅含量的比例可以提升其比容量,当硅含量达到20%时,Si/C-2-3复合材料在0.1C倍率下可逆比容量达到600.4 mAh·g~(-1),但材料循环性能有所下降,说明石墨在稳定硅/碳复合材料循环性能方面发挥着非常重要的作用.     

静电纺氧化锰复合碳纳米纤维柔性膜的电化学性能

采用一步法静电纺丝技术制备了具有超亲水特性的氧化锰/碳纳米纤维(MnO_x/CNFs)复合柔性膜电极材料,并通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等对复合材料进行了表征.电化学性能测试结果表明,复合材料的电容性能优于单一材料,醋酸锰质量分数为40%时制得的复合纳米纤维电极(MC-4)在1 A/g电流密度下,于2 mol/L KOH电解液中的比电容高达1112.5 F/g,10 A/g电流密度下循环3000次比容量保持在93.4%,具有很好的稳定性.MnO_x/CNFs复合材料电化学性能增强一方面是由于三维超亲水纤维膜结构有利于电解液的快速浸润渗透,从而极大缩短了传输到材料基质的有效路径;另一方面是由于碳和MnO_x的协同效应,包裹在MnO_x粒子周围的碳层避免了MnO_x在充放电过程中的体积膨胀效应,这2种叠加机制促进了电化学性能的提升.     

从SiCl4合成多孔硅/碳复合材料及储锂性能研究

以Li₁₃Si₄和SiCl₄为原料,通过简单的机械球磨法合成多孔硅/碳复合材料,通过控制Li₁₃Si₄颗粒的尺寸可以有效调节产物的比表面积。分别研究了包覆碳含量、多孔硅/SuperP(导电碳)比表面积以及极片活性物质负载量对多孔硅/碳复合材料电化学性能的影响。结果表明:多孔硅/SuperP比表面积为100.9m₂·g^-1,化学气相沉积(CVD)包覆碳含量为25.3wt%(约6nm厚)的复合材料具有最高的电化学活性,在300mA·g^-1的电流密度下,循环可逆比容量达到1900mAh·g^-1,50次循环后容量仅衰减7.6%。     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.