染料的生物污泥吸附

综述了活性污泥、厌氧污泥、干污泥、不同方法失活的污泥等对42种染料的吸附结果,并对生物污泥吸附过程中适用的吸附等温线进行了总结,同时讨论了pH、温度、染料初始浓度、干污泥的粒径、离子强度、生物污泥有无活性等因素对生物污泥吸附的影响,并对今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

碳纳米管的纯化──电化学氧化法

用电化学氧化法对碳纳米管进行纯化,从稳态极化曲线出发,对反应的可行性进行了分析,考察了支持电解质、电流密度、时间等因素对反应的影响,确定了最佳实验条件,同时对纯化机理进行了解释.     

杯芳烃包合作用的研究进展

综述了杯芳烃包合作用的研究进展,详细介绍了其对碱金属离子、过渡金属离子、副族金属离子等离子的包合作用和对染料、卟啉、富勒烯、聚合物等有机中性分子的包合作用,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

二甲基烯丙基对甲基苄基氯化铵的合成与表征

以对甲基氯化苄与二甲基烯丙基胺为原料合成了二甲基烯丙基对甲基苄基氯化铵,考查了光照、氮气保护、避光、温度、原料配比、反应时间和不同溶剂等因素对反应的影响,通过四苯硼钠的定量分析确立了最佳反应条件,并对产物的结构进行了表征.     

日本拟调整进口食品、农产品药残标准

<正>日本此次对食品、农产品药残标准进行调整,有放宽的部分,例如参照美国标准,放宽了大白菜、花菜、西兰花中烯酰吗啉的最高残留限量(MRL值),但增加了我国出口日本数量较大的菠菜、芹菜、蘑菇中MRL值,还将干辣椒设为强制检测项目;对鱼虾贝类增加灭藻醌残留要求,并对所有产品提高了残留限量标准;对杏子、樱桃等增加了四环素类抗生素限量要求;对所有蔬菜、水果增加了吡唑酰胺的限量要求。日本对瘦肉精等调整了检测方法,调整后检测方法要     

不同形貌纳米FeNi合金的制备

纳米FeNi合金因其独特的电磁及催化性能在磁记录、催化剂、吸波材料及生物医学等领域存在广阔的应用前景。由于材料的形貌对其性能有着重要的影响,本文重点介绍了不同形貌(球形、一维形貌、纳米点阵、纳米环、纳米片、纳米花、树枝状及无特定形貌)纳米FeNi合金的制备方法,叙述了各方法制备纳米FeNi合金的基本原理及调控规律,并对各方法的优缺点作出了简要评价。同时,对材料形貌与尺寸对其性能影响的机理及规律作出了简要说明,阐述了其形貌及结构特征对材料性质的影响,指出了不同形貌纳米FeNi合金的优势应用领域。最后,对该领域未来的研究方向作出了展望。     

黄曲霉毒素检测方法研究

介绍了目前国内外对黄曲霉毒素的一些检测方法,包括薄层色谱法、高效液相色谱法、溴化荧光分光光度法、免疫分析法、微柱法,并对这些方法的优缺点进行了比较。对黄曲霉毒素的测定提出了一种较快速、简单的方法。     

N-羧甲基壳聚糖的制备及其对重金属离子吸附研究

采用氯乙酸和壳聚糖为原料制备了N-羧甲基壳聚糖,并研究了其对重金属离子Pb2+、Co2+、Ni2+、Cd2+的吸附行为。采用了XRD、FT-IR、1H-NMR对N-羧甲基壳聚糖进行了表征,对N-羧甲基壳聚糖的4种金属离子配合物进行了FT-IR表征。结果表明,N-羧甲基壳聚糖对Pb2+、Co2+、Ni2+、Cd2+的吸附能力优于壳聚糖,分子中羧基是主要的螯合基团。     

植物纤维/不饱和聚酯树脂复合材料的研究进展

综述了近年来以不饱和聚酯树脂为基体、各种植物纤维为增强体的复合材料的研究进展,包括麻纤维、木纤维、竹纤维和其他植物纤维,对不同种类的复合材料的力学性能、吸水性能、热性能等进行了简要说明,对碱处理、偶联剂处理等对复合材料性能的影响进行了阐述,同时对此类复合材料的开发前景进行展望。     

18O8+离子辐照胸腺嘧啶N2O饱和水溶液产物的分析

利用UV、HPLC、GC、GC-MS、GC-FT-IR等分析仪器对中能18O8+离子辐照胸腺嘧啶N20饱和水溶液进行了分析,对羟基加成产物、二聚体等十几种产物进行了鉴别,计算了各种产物的G值,对重离子辐照与γ射线辐照的结果进行了比较,最后对重离子作用机制进行了探讨.     

Contributions to the Chemistry of the Binary Compounds of the Transition Elements

Phase and structural relationships of the sulfur, selenium, and tellurium compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups IV to VII of the periodic system are discussed. Homologous elements behave very similarly with respect to the chalcogens, and this is particularly the case for niobium and tantalum, and for molybdenum and tungsten. However, zirconium, niobium, and molybdenum have a greater tendency towards formation of chalcogen-poor phases than their homologues hafnium, tantalum, and tungsten. Subchalcogenides are known only for zirconium and niobium. The number of phases and the tendency towards formation of solid solutions are considerably smaller among the tellurides than among the sulfides and selenides. The crystal structures of the telluride phases also differ from those of the sulfide and selenide phases of analogous composition. In addition, a review of the phase and structural relationships of the arsenic and antimony compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups V to VII is given.     

生物光化学

生物光化学研究光在动植物体内所引起的生化现象。例如:经过各种不同波长的光辐照后的生命现象,生长规律,某些生理和病理过程,疾病的产生和治疗机理,细胞的辐射损伤和自然防御,以及光合色素在生物进化中的作用等。本文就光引起的现象:视觉、生物钟(光周期性)、植物的光合作用、辐射损伤及其修复、牛皮癣的治疗、新生儿黄疸病的治疗机理,以及光合色素——藻胆蛋白等七种现象,做了综述性的介绍。     

宝日希勒褐煤在合成气与复合溶剂系统下的液化性能研究

在合成气（CO+H₂）与复合溶剂（水+有机溶剂）液化系统下研究了气氛、温度、催化剂类型对宝日希勒褐煤转化率、油气水产率和CO转化率等液化特征的影响,从而探讨其液化性能。结果表明,在高含水复合溶剂系统中,合成气气氛、反应温度430-450℃适宜宝日希勒褐煤液化转化,转化率可达到81.15%,油气水产率达到71.53%。该液化系统下,含铁、碱和硫复合型催化剂能有效地提高液化转化率和油气水产率,在430℃催化液化下褐煤转化率达92.27%,油气水产率达79.39%。该催化剂有效促进了煤中大分子的裂解和系统中水煤气变换反应进程,沥青质减少,油含量增多。液化油中多环芳烃衍生物在催化液化过程中向单环芳烃衍生物和烷烯烃转化,分子量降低,提高了油品质量。     

生物热化学和热动力学研究进展

生命相关过程伴随着极其复杂的化学和物理过程,包含着物质变化和能量转换,其中部分能量不可避免地会以热的形式表现出来。用微量热技术和热动力学方法,研究复杂生命体系和相关反应的热动力学过程,可宏观地、本质地反映生命相关过程的内在规律。本文综述了生物量热学方法和技术在生命科学中的应用,介绍了生物量热技术在生态系统、生物组织和器官、细胞水平、亚细胞水平和分子层面等不同生物层次和结构水平上的研究现状和进展。     

纳米粒子的精准组装

纳米材料由于其独特的光、电、磁、力学等性质,成为了构建功能材料与器件的理想基元。实现纳米粒子的精确组装,是探究粒子之间的耦合聚集性质和制备宏观功能器件的基础。但是由于纳米粒子的小尺寸以及在溶液中运动的随机性与复杂性,精准控制纳米粒子组装体的形貌以及在空间中的相对位置仍存在巨大挑战。为了将纳米粒子组装成理想的有序结构,许多控制粒子组装的策略与方法得到发展。本文首先概述了纳米粒子自组装的控制方法与典型形貌,着重分析了影响粒子精准排布的因素与控制方法,并对纳米粒子及其组装体的光学性质与器件应用的最新研究进展进行了讨论,最后对目前纳米粒子精准组装所面临的挑战以及未来发展的方向进行了展望。     

液体弹珠：制备策略、物理性质及应用探索

Liquid marbles (LMs) are liquid droplets coated with a layer of lyophobic particles at the air-liquid interface. Since the pioneering work by Aussillous et al. in 2001, LMs have attracted significant attention owing to their facile fabrication, flexibility in the choice of the constituent particles and liquids, intriguing properties such as non-wetting and non-adhesive nature, satisfactory elasticity and stability, as well as promising applications in microfluidics, sensors, controlled release, and microreactors. The classical strategy for the preparation of LMs involves rolling a small volume of a droplet on a lyophobic powder bed for complete encapsulation of the liquid by the particles. In addition, various innovative methods, including electrostatic and coalescent approaches, have been developed for preparing special LMs with a complicated structure or morphology. Diverse materials such as water, surfactant solutions, liquid metals, reagents, blood, and even viscous adhesives have been employed as the internal liquid for the fabrication of LMs. Theoretically, any particulates such as lycopodium, polytetrafluoroethylene, Fe₃O₄, SiO₂, and graphite grains can be employed as the outer coating, but they are usually required to be lyophobic with sizes of less than hundreds of microns. The unique structure of the particle-covered droplet and the dual solid-liquid characteristics endow LMs with some unique and interesting properties, especially the non-wetting and non-adhesive nature. As the lyophobic coating particles restrain the internal liquid from contacting the substrate, LMs can move easily across either solid or liquid surfaces, neither wetting the substrate nor contaminating the internal liquid. An equally fascinating property of LMs is their satisfactory stability, which is necessary for most of their applications. The high stability of LMs stems from the protection of the coating powders and is embodied in both good mechanical stability (remaining intact after being released from a certain height or under a certain compression) and long lifetime (greatly suppressing the evaporation of the internal liquid). These extraordinary properties make LMs promising candidates for use in multitudinous fields, especially droplet microfluidics and microreactors. The potential application of LMs in microfluidics is ascribed to their non-wetting, non-adhesive nature and other features such as an ability to float on a liquid surface, coalescence, split, a small force of rolling friction, and response to external forces. Notably, LMs hold great promise for applications in microreactions, because they can create a confined reaction microenvironment, minimize reagent usage, facilitate unhindered gas exchange between the internal liquid medium and the surrounding environment, and allow the entry/exit of the reactants/products. We herein review the recent advances in LMs, such as manufacturing techniques, formation mechanisms, physical properties, and emerging applications. In particular, much attention is paid to the factors affecting the stability of LMs and the potential strategies to increase their stability. Moreover, this review discusses the challenges in the future development of LMs, suggests several possible ways of addressing these challenges, and forecasts the future development directions. We believe that this review can help researchers gain a better understanding of LMs and promote their further advances.     

Synthesis of polymer–inorganic patchy microcapsules with tunable patches

We introduce a facile and versatile approach for the formation of ball-like polymer–inorganic patchy microcapsules with a tunable shell by combining sol–gel chemistry of silica precursor and phase separation between the polymer and the precursor. Firstly, chloroform-in-water emulsion droplets containing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), silica precursor [tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)] and co-surfactant sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT or AOT) were prepared by shaking the mixture by hand. Due to the added AOT, water molecules diffuse into the chloroform droplets, and the tiny water droplets would coalesce gradually, triggering the formation of double emulsion droplets. Upon further solvent evaporation, the concentration of the polymer and the silica precursor in the oil shell of the double emulsions increases, leading to the phase separation between the polymer and the precursors (and partially formed silica through the hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS). Because of the confined geometry of the oil shell in the double emulsions, polymeric disc-like structures, stabilized by AOT, were dispersed in the silica precursors. Meanwhile, the silica precursor hydrolyzed and condensed when brought in contact with the aqueous solution, ultimately leading to the formation of a mineralized shell around the polymer domains and the hybrid patchy microcapsules. Effect of synthesis conditions, such as the amount of TEOS, AOT, and PMMA used, the pH value, and solvent evaporation rate on interfacial behavior of the solvent/water; and the morphology of the patchy microcapsules were investigated. Patchy microcapsules with tunable patch size and shape can be generated through tailoring the experimental parameters. Our study indicates that the hybrid patchy microcapsules can be formed by taking advantage of the sol–gel chemistry and the phase separation process, and the underlying generality of the synthesis procedure allows for a variety of applications, including drug storage, coatings, delivery, catalysis, and smart building blocks in self-assembling systems.     

转基因产品分析方法的研究进展

简要介绍了转基因产品的发展历程、优缺点以及对转基因产品进行检测分析的迫切性,着重综述了近期基于DNA、蛋白质、生物传感器以及联用技术检测转基因产品的分析方法,最后对转基因产品的分析方法进行了展望.     

载体对包埋酶微环境的影响分析

包埋法固定化酶过程中,酶固定化载体的选择和设计是酶固定化过程的关键因素,适宜的载体微环境对酶活性和稳定性的影响尤为重要。论文首先分析并提出了影响固定化酶所处载体微环境的主要因素,包括载体的亲疏水性、结构形态和反应活性。载体的亲疏水性决定固定化酶微环境中的水分含量。载体的结构形态对酶形成的笼效应,以及载体的反应活性,包括共价键合、静电和氢键等的结合能力,影响酶构象的稳定性和运动性。另外,底物／产物的扩散速率和酶的可及性也同样受到载体的孔结构、孔分布以及载体反应活性的影响。本文介绍了常用的酶包埋载体,包括sol-gel二氧化硅、高分子水凝胶以及高分子－二氧化硅杂化凝胶固定化酶过程,结合上述影响酶微环境的因素,分析比较了三类载体固定化酶的包埋率、活性和稳定性,综述了为改善固定化酶微环境所进行改进研究的进展。     

半导体光催化研究进展与展望

评述了目前半导体光催化在国内外的研究概况,并对存在的问题和未来的发展动向进行简要分析.列举了近30年来关于光催化研究的部分成果,内容涉及光催化剂的制备(包括新催化剂的开发, TiO2、 ZnO、 CdS等光催化剂的各种改性或修饰)、光催化作用机理研究、光催化技术的工程化、光催化技术的各种应用研究和产品开发等等从基础到应用研究的各个方面.总体上来看,半导体光催化基本上是一个没有选择性的化学过程,所以再进行大量的不同反应物的光催化活性的评价研究意义已不是很显著,认为未来的半导体光催化研究应该集中在机理的深刻认识、光响应范围宽和量子效率高的催化剂制备、半导体光催化技术工程化及新型光催化产品开发方面.