糖原合成酶激酶-3和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂paullones的研究进展

对抑制剂paullones的来源、合成,以及与激酶相互作用的分子机理、选择性、细胞效应进行了综述.指出糖原合成酶激酶-3(GSK-3)是参与糖代谢的主要限速酶之一,人类多种疾病均与其活性调节异常有关;细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(CDKs)是一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,能够促使细胞进行有序的生长、增殖、休眠或进入凋亡.以CDKs为靶点的药物可以阻断细胞周期,控制癌细胞增殖,从而达到抗肿瘤的目的.Paullones对CDKs和GSK-3均具有良好的选择性,是CDKs和GSK-3的有效抑制剂;迄今为止,文献报道的paullones化合物接近120个.     

基于Topomer CoMFA和Surflex-dock的GSK-3β抑制剂的3D-QSAR与作用模式研究

GSK-3β的过度表达可导致人脑神经细胞内Tau蛋白的过磷酸化,从而介导阿尔兹海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的发生.本文旨在研究GSK-3β的马来酰胺类抑制剂的三维定量构效关系(3D-QSAR)及新抑制剂分子与GSK-3β的作用机制.采用基于R基团搜索技术的Topomer CoMFA建立了49个马来酰胺类GSK-3β抑制剂的3D-QSAR模型,并用包括25个样本的测试集验证模型的外部预测能力.所得优化模型的拟合、交互验证以及外部验证的复相关系数分别为0.928,0.790和0.725.采用Topomer search在ZINC分子数据库中进行虚拟搜索,设计了28个可能具有更高活性的新抑制剂.借助Surflex-dock分子对接研究了新抑制剂与GSK-3β作用模式与机制.结果显示,新抑制剂与GSK-3β的Asp133,Tyr134,Val135和Pro136等位点作用显著.     

以糖原合成酶激酶-3为靶标的抗老年痴呆新药研究进展

阿尔茨海默病是导致痴呆的主要诱因,它可以对老年人的记忆以及认知能力造成破坏性的损伤,并最终导致死亡.糖原合成酶激酶-3(GSK-3)的过度表达与阿尔茨海默病的发生发展有着密切的关系,因而成为研发阿尔茨海默病治疗药物的热点.综述了近五年报道的GSK-3抑制剂,主要有腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(ATP)竞争性抑制剂、非ATP竞争性抑制剂、底物竞争性抑制剂、变构抑制剂、不可逆抑制剂和天然产物产物来源的GSK-3抑制剂.就其来源、化学结构、作用机制进行介绍,并展望了GSK-3抑制剂未来的研究方向.     

蛋白-蛋白相互作用小分子抑制剂研究进展

蛋白-蛋白相互作用在生物过程中扮有非常重要的角色,并且与人类疾病息息相关.因此,基于蛋白-蛋白相互作用的小分子抑制剂的研究为新药研发提供了更好的思路与方向.对近几年来合成的几类蛋白-蛋白相互作用小分子抑制剂的设计、化学结构、生物活性及研究进展进行了较为详细的综述,对其发展趋势进行了展望.     

mTOR抑制剂的研究概况

mTOR是哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白,是一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶.在细胞中,mTOR以mTORC1和mTORC2的催化亚基形式存在,这两种复合物参与细胞基因转录、蛋白质翻译起始、核糖体生物合成、细胞凋亡等过程.mTOR信号通路调控异常与肿瘤发生密切相关.抑制mTOR通路可以有效阻断各种生长因子异常信号的转导,从而抑制癌症的发生、发展.传统的mTOR抑制剂主要是雷帕霉素及其衍生物,其中坦西莫司和依维莫司已被批准用于治疗肾细胞癌,雷帕霉素和ridaforolimus正在进行临床评价.此外,人们发现了许多mTOR小分子抑制剂,包括一些PI3K/mTOR双重抑制剂,其中NVP-BEZ235,PKI587,PKI179,GSK2126458,AZD8055,WYE-354等小分子抑制剂已进入临床阶段.     

嘧啶衍生物类PI3K/mTOR双重抑制剂的3D-QSAR及分子对接研究

PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在癌细胞的生长和增殖中异常激活,对PI3K和mTOR位点的抑制可有效阻断信号通路的传导,是药物设计的理想靶点.本文选择38个嘧啶类小分子抑制剂进行3D-QSAR和分子对接研究.采用比较分子力场分析(CoMFA)和比较分子相似性指数分析(CoMSIA)方法,建立了三维定量构效关系模型,结果表明,该模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力,可运用分子对接研究小分子抑制剂与PI3K和mTOR蛋白受体的作用模式.通过对QSAR模型的三维等势图以及受体与配体的相互作用模式分析后,优化出10个小分子化合物并预测其活性,发现一些小分子化合物活性提高,这为PI3K/mTOR双重抑制剂的设计筛选提供了借鉴.     

原癌蛋白KRas的表达和纯化及其与小分子抑制剂ZCL1688的分子对接分析

经过特殊设计的小分子抑制剂可共价结合KRas蛋白的催化结构域,从而抑制KRas与下游效应蛋白的结合.本研究采用镍柱亲和层析、酶切标签、凝胶过滤层析等步骤制备了高纯度的KRas催化结构域(氨基酸残基1-169)蛋白;等温滴定量热(ITC)实验证明了KRas蛋白通过K42残基与小分子抑制剂ZCL1688进行结合;通过分子对...     

小分子IL-6/STAT3信号通路抑制剂

IL-6是细胞内广泛存在的一种细胞因子,参与细胞内大量的生物应答。研究表明所有IL-6家族的细胞因子均能激活STAT3蛋白,同时,STAT3被认为是介导IL-6功能的主要因子。IL-6与其受体结合,激活JAKs,从而使STAT3磷酸化激活,活化的STAT3二聚化,向细胞核内转移并与其靶基因特定位点结合从而调节基因的转录活性。大量的证据表明细胞中异常活化的STAT3在肿瘤生成与恶性转化中具有重要作用。研究显示STAT3蛋白也是抗肿瘤药物设计的有效靶点。到目前为止,多种药物设计方法,如基于结构的虚拟筛选、高通量筛选、基于片段的药物设计等被用于STAT3抑制剂的筛选以及设计;文献也已经报道了许多具有抗肿瘤活性的STAT3抑制剂。本文主要介绍了近年来小分子IL-6/STAT3信号通路抑制剂,尤其是作用于STAT3蛋白的小分子抑制剂的研究进展。     

阻断铜离子介导神经毒性的小分子抑制剂研究

过量的铜离子介导淀粉样蛋白异常聚集被认为是导致淀粉样蛋白变性病的主要因素之一. 基于淀粉样蛋白聚集机理及金属铜离子的氧化还原机理, 我们选用β-淀粉样蛋白Aβ1-40作为蛋白模型, 设计并合成出由硫代黄素 T衍生出来的小分子抑制剂. 该小分子抑制剂可以螯合淀粉样蛋白周围过量的一价铜离子, 阻止有害的氧化还原循环过程, 抑制活性氧物质的产生, 从而达到保护细胞的目的. 这为治疗铜离子介导的淀粉样蛋白错误折叠所造成的疾病提供了新的策略.     

分子对接技术用于马来酰亚胺类GSK-3α抑制剂的作用特征分析

糖原合酶激酶-3α(GSK-3α)是治疗阿尔兹海默症(AD)的关键靶点之一.采用基于R基团的搜索组合分子对接研究了GSK-3α抑制剂的作用特征.以45个马来酰亚胺类GSK-3α抑制剂分子为训练集,采用Topomer CoMFA建立3D-QSAR模型,其拟合与留一法交互验证的复相关系数和标准差分别为r2=0.797,SD=0.210,q2cv=0.611,SDcv=0.280,对22个测试集样本外部预测的复相关系数与标准差分别为r2pred=0.703,SDpred=0.213.以Topomer Search搜索技术设计了25个理论上具有更高活性的新型分子.分子对接对比研究表明,新设计的分子与建模样本同GSK-3α的作用位点具有类似的作用特征,且与对比文献一致.该研究为AD治疗的分子设计与研发提供了新的思路.     

Selective small molecule inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 modulate glycogen metabolism and gene transcription

BACKGROUND: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase, the activity of which is inhibited by a variety of extracellular stimuli including insulin, growth factors, cell specification factors and cell adhesion. Consequently, inhibition of GSK-3 activity has been proposed to play a role in the regulation of numerous signalling pathways that elicit pleiotropic cellular responses. This report describes the identification and characterisation of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of GSK-3. RESULTS: SB-216763 and SB-415286 are structurally distinct maleimides that inhibit GSK-3alpha in vitro, with K(i)s of 9 nM and 31 nM respectively, in an ATP competitive manner. These compounds inhibited GSK-3beta with similar potency. However, neither compound significantly inhibited any member of a panel of 24 other protein kinases. Furthermore, treatment of cells with either compound stimulated responses characteristic of extracellular stimuli that are known to inhibit GSK-3 activity. Thus, SB-216763 and SB-415286 stimulated glycogen synthesis in human liver cells and induced expression of a beta-catenin-LEF/TCF regulated reporter gene in HEK293 cells. In both cases, compound treatment was demonstrated to inhibit cellular GSK-3 activity as assessed by activation of glycogen synthase, which is a direct target of this kinase. CONCLUSIONS: SB-216763 and SB-415286 are novel, potent and selective cell permeable inhibitors of GSK-3. Therefore, these compounds represent valuable pharmacological tools with which the role of GSK-3 in cellular signalling can be further elucidated. Furthermore, development of similar compounds may be of use therapeutically in disease states associated with elevated GSK-3 activity such as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative disease.     

GSK-3-selective inhibitors derived from Tyrian purple indirubins

Gastropod mollusks have been used for over 2500 years to produce the "Tyrian purple" dye made famous by the Phoenicians. This dye is constituted of mixed bromine-substituted indigo and indirubin isomers. Among these, the new natural product 6-bromoindirubin and its synthetic, cell-permeable derivative, 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO), display remarkable selective inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Cocrystal structure of GSK-3beta/BIO and CDK5/p25/indirubin-3'-oxime were resolved, providing a detailed view of indirubins' interactions within the ATP binding pocket of these kinases. BIO but not 1-methyl-BIO, its kinase inactive analog, also inhibited the phosphorylation on Tyr276/216, a GSK-3alpha/beta activation site. BIO but not 1-methyl-BIO reduced beta-catenin phosphorylation on a GSK-3-specific site in cellular models. BIO but not 1-methyl-BIO closely mimicked Wnt signaling in Xenopus embryos. 6-bromoindirubins thus provide a new scaffold for the development of selective and potent pharmacological inhibitors of GSK-3.     

Comparison of [18F]F-CNBI and [18F]F-CNPIFE as Positron Emission Tomography Probes for Noninvasive Imaging of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 in Normal Mice

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 α/β is involved in dysregulation of neuronal tau protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is an unmet clinical need for a blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeable positron emission tomography (PET) probe for imaging of GSK-3α/β in the brain to understand the pathogenesis of AD. Herein, we synthesized two PET probes, [¹⁸F]F-CNBI and [¹⁸F]F-CNPIFE, and evaluated their BBB permeability and affinity towards GSK-3α/β. [¹⁹F]F-CNPIFE showed higher in-vitro binding towards GSK-3α/β (IC₅₀=19.4±2.5 nM; n=3, for GSK-3α, IC₅₀=19.4±3.8 nM; n=3, for GSK-3β) compared to [¹⁹F]F-CNBI (IC₅₀=107.6±26.0 nM; n=4, for GSK-3α, IC₅₀=105.3±18.2 nM; n=3, for GSK-3β). [¹⁸F]F-CNPIFE showed 9.5-fold higher brain uptake than [¹⁸F]F-CNBI, in normal FVB/NJ mice, which was increased by additional 1.5-fold on co-administration of [¹⁹F]F-CNPIFE with respect to [¹⁸F]F-CNBI. Overall, [¹⁸F]F-CNPIFE is a promising PET probe for GSK-3α/β imaging and warrants further evaluation in an AD mouse model.     

Chromenone-based GSK-3β inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases: In silico study,molecular dynamics,and ADMET profiles

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) regulates glycogen metabolism and many different cellulars, including apoptosis, signaling, and neural. It is a crucial therapeutic receptor in heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's. In this study, using computational methods, flavonoid compounds were investigated for potential inhibitors against GSK-3β. Virtual screening was utilized to investigate flavonoid compounds obtained from the PubChem database. Structure of human heart mitochondria of GSK-3β receptor constructed by homology modeling. Best binding poses were discovered via in silico molecular docking simulation. We surveyed noncovalent interactions among amino acid residues involved in the active site of the modeled Protein and compounds via molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD).Moreover, ADMET characteristics of best docking conformers have been investigated. The obtained results revealed that compound 1 containing chromenone moiety with binding energy H-bond ?11.4 kcal/mol inhibited effectively binding pocket of the GSK-3β receptor. Moreover, MD simulation analysis (RMSD and radius of gyration indicated complex of the compound and GSK-3β receptor remained stable throughout 100 ns MD simulation, and also analysis of ADMET profiles revealed that selected compounds had good drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties. Hence, it was suggested that compounds with chromenone scaffold could potentially inhibit GSK-3β. Structural modification of the chromenone derivatives may result in the discovery of promising candidates for identifying novel drugs as GSK-3β inhibitors.     

A new protocol for predicting novel GSK-3β ATP competitive inhibitors

Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a potential therapeutic target for cancer, type-2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. This paper proposes a new lead identification protocol that predicts new GSK-3β ATP competitive inhibitors with topologically diverse scaffolds. First, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) models were built and validated. These models are based upon known GSK-3β inhibitors, benzofuran-3-yl-(indol-3-yl) maleimides, by means of comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). Second, 28?826 maleimide derivatives were selected from the PubChem database. After filtration via Lipinski's rules, 10?429 maleimide derivatives were left. Third, the FlexX-dock program was employed to virtually screen the 10?429 compounds against GSK-3β. This resulted in 617 virtual hits. Fourth, the 3D QSAR models predicted that from the 617 virtual hits, 93 compounds would have GSK-3β inhibition values of less than 15 nM. Finally, from the 93 predicted active hits, 23 compounds were confirmed as GSK-3β inhibitors from literatures; their GSK-3β inhibition ranged from 1.3 to 480 nM. Therefore, the hits rate of our virtual screening protocol is greater than 25%. The protocol combines ligand- and structure-based approaches and therefore validates both approaches and is capable of identifying new hits with topologically diverse scaffolds.     

Structure-based design leads to the identification of lithium mimetics that block mania-like effects in rodents. possible new GSK-3beta therapies for bipolar disorders

More than two million American adults, or approximately one percent of the population 18 years or older, suffer from bipolar disorder. Current treatments include the so-called "mood stabilizers," lithium and valproic acid. Both are relatively dated drugs that are only partially effective and produce various undesirable side effects including weight gain. Based upon continued efforts to understand the molecular target for lithium, it now appears that specific inhibitors of the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) may mimic the therapeutic action of mood stabilizers and might therefore allow for the design of improved drugs for treating patients with bipolar disorder as well as certain neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the pro-apoptotic properties of the GSK-3 enzyme suggest the possible use of such inhibitors as neuroprotective agents. In fact, neuroprotection may contribute to the treatment of mood disorders. The present chemistry, modeling, and biology efforts have identified 3-benzofuranyl-4-indolylmaleimides as potent and relatively selective GSK-3beta inhibitors. The best ligand in this series (having a Ki value of 4.6 nM against GSK-3beta) was studied in a novel mouse model of mania that has recently been validated with several clinically effective mood stabilizers. This study presents the first demonstration of the efficacy of a GSK-3beta inhibitor in this mouse model of mania. Selective brain penetrable GSK-3 ligands like those described herein become valuable research tools in better defining the role of this multifaceted kinase in both physiological and pathophysiological events.     

分子动力学模拟研究结构金属镁离子在GSK-3β激酶磷酸化中的作用

糖原合成酶激酶-3β(GSK-3β)是一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶, 调节糖原合成酶的活性, 并在生物体内的多条信号通路中发挥作用. GSK-3β是糖尿病, 肿瘤, 急性炎症, 早老性痴呆等多种复杂疾病的药物作用靶标.Mg²⁺是GSK-3β激酶的保守结构金属离子, 与三磷酸腺苷(ATP)分子作用, 在激酶的磷酸化中扮演重要的角色,本文阐明了两个Mg²⁺离子(Mg²⁺_I , Mg²⁺_II)在激酶磷酸化中的作用: Mg²⁺稳定GSK-3β与ATP的构象. 缺乏Mg²⁺离子, GSK-3β结构的柔性增强, 同时ATP的构象发生改变, 相对Mg²⁺_II离子而言, Mg²⁺_I离子在磷酸化反应中的作用更突出, 但Mg²⁺_II离子也是必不可少的, 如果没有Mg²⁺_II离子, Lys183 无法独立稳定ATP的合适构象. 当两个Mg²⁺离子都不存在时, ATP形成分子内的氢键, 成为一种折叠的构象.