极性—非极性双液体系汽液平衡盐效应参数的测定与计算

测定了苯—甲醇— 1_1型电解质 (LiCl、NaBr、KI)、四氯化碳—甲醇— 1_1型电解质 (LiCl、NaBr、KI)两个体系在恒压 ( 1 0 1 .3kPa)条件下的汽液平衡盐效应参数。理论计算以Pierotti的定标粒子理论为基础 ,硬球作用项采用Masterton -Lee方程计算 ,软球作用项采用胡英等人建议的简化的径向分布函数 ,分子间力在Lennard -Jones位能函数基础上计入极性分子间偶极—偶极、偶极—诱导偶极 ,离子与极性分子间的电荷—偶极以及离子与分子间的电荷—诱导偶极的贡献 ,并根据溶剂性质和溶液结构作出一些合理的假设。在此基础上 ,理论计算与实验结果基本相符。     

微扰理论非原始模型用于1:1价单一电解质水溶液

本文采用微扰理论非原始模型, 以带电硬球混合物为参考体系, 考虑粒子间各种作用能(色散、静电、偶极、四极、诱导), 首次取相对介电常数为1, 拟合了12处1:1价电解质水溶液的渗透系数, 获得了成功, 得到了7种1价离子Na^+,K^+, Rb^+, Cs^+, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-的微观参数(软球直径σ和色散能常数ε/k)。计算得到的电解质水溶液渗透系数的总平均绝对偏差是0.041。这些离子的微观参数在不同体系中维持不变。计算中未引入混合参数。     

定标粒子理论计算非水溶液的盐效应常数

本文应用定标粒子理论计算了非电解质溶质在盐(NaI、或KI)和环丁砜组成的非水电解质溶液中溶解度的盐效应常数。硬球作用项采用Masterton-Lee的方法。软球作用项采用胡英等的径向分布函数处理方法, 并考虑进了偶极-偶极、偶极-诱导偶极、电荷-偶极和电荷-诱导偶极等相互作用。分子的硬球直径σ和能量参数∈/k由经验方程计算。由理论值和实验结果比较得出: 当σ_2取0.563 nm、离子半径取电子密度标度时, 理论值与实验值符合得较好。     

两性聚电解质溶液的分子热力学模型和分子动力学模拟

从带电硬球混合物出发采用化学缔合理论建立了聚电解质和两性聚电解质溶液的分子热力学模型.用考虑溶剂的粘滞力和热浴随机力作用的分子动力学(MD)方法模拟了聚电解质和两性聚电解质溶液的渗透系数.对模型预测结果和MD模拟结果进行了比较,表明基于化学缔合理论的分子热力学模型可以用于聚电解质溶液和两性聚电解质溶液热力学性质的预测,对于均聚电解质溶液效果令人满意,对由直径不同的离子构成的聚电解质溶液,模型的预测效果变差,有待进一步改进.该模型对两性聚电解质溶液渗透系数的预测效果比对聚电解质溶液的预测效果更好.     

定标粒子理论预测乙醇—水体系汽液平衡盐效应

测定了７０℃下３个１－１型电解质在各种不同浓度的乙醇－水体系中的汽液平衡盐效应参数，并给出用定标粒子理论计算盐效应参数的方法，硬球作用项采用Ｍａｓｔｅｒｔｏｎ－Ｌｅｅ方程，软球作用项采用胡英的径向分布函数。分子间力在Ｌｅｎｎａｒｄ－Ｊｏｎｅｓ位能函数基础上计入偶极－偶极、偶极－诱导偶极、电荷－偶极、电荷－诱导偶极的贡献，其中离子－分子间的静电作用项仅限于规则排列的第一配位圈之内、将混合溶剂的局部介     

定标粒子理论预测乙醇－水体系汽液平衡盐效应

测定了７０℃下３个１－１型电解质（ＮａＣｌ、ＮａＢｒ、ＫＣｌ）在各种不同浓度的乙醇－水体系中的汽液平衡盐效应参数，并给出用定标粒子理论计算盐效应参数的方法。硬球作用项采用Ｍａｓｔｅｒｔｏｎ－Ｌｅｅ方程，软球作用项采用胡英的径向分布函数。分子间力在Ｌｅｎｎａｒｄ－Ｊｏｎｅｓ位能函数基础上计入偶极－偶极、偶极－诱导偶极、电荷－偶极、电荷－诱导偶极的贡献，其中离子－分子间的静电作用项仅限于规则排列的第一配位圈之内。将混合溶剂的局部介电常数视为液相浓度的函数，函数关系由实验拟合。在乙醇浓度变化的很大范围内，３个体系的预测与实验结果基本相符。     

微扰理论状态方程预测高温高压电解质水溶液的密度

由于实验条件的限制，高温高压电解质水溶液密度的测定具有一定困难，现有文献中有关该类体系的实验数据很少．Lvov和Wood[1]采用Blum－Wei的电解质水溶液非原始模型的平均球近似（MeanSphericalApproximation，简称MSA）方程，对NaCl水溶液建立了状态方程，该方程中离子的硬球     

纳滤膜对电解质溶液分离特性的理论研究(I): 单一电解质溶液

电解质溶液在纳滤膜中的截留率对于膜法海水淡化和重金属离子的脱除非常重要. 本文假定膜具有狭缝状孔, 采用扩展Nernst-Planck方程、Donnan平衡模型和Gouy-Chapman理论来描述电解质溶液中离子在膜孔内的传递现象. 使用纯水透过系数、膜孔径及膜表面电势来表征纳滤膜的分离特征, 这三个参数可通过Levenberg-Marquardt方法由实验数据关联得到. 本文使用该模型计算了两种商用纳滤膜(NF45和SU200)对1-1型(NaCl, KCl, LiCl), 2-1型(K₂SO₄)和2-2型(MgSO₄)单一电解质溶液的截留率, 并与实验数据进行了比较, 两者吻合较好. 计算结果表明电解质溶液中离子在纳滤膜孔内传递的主要机理是离子的扩散和电迁移, 纳滤膜对电解质溶液中离子的分离效果主要由空间位阻和静电效应决定. 该模型在低浓度时对电解质溶液通过纳滤膜的截留率计算结果较准确, 但对高浓度电解质溶液则偏差较大.     

纳滤膜对电解质溶液分离特性的理论研究(Ⅰ):单一电解质溶液

电解质溶液在纳滤膜中的截留率对于膜法海水淡化和重金属离子的脱除非常重要.本文假定膜具有狭缝状孔,采用扩展Nernst-Planck方程、Donnan平衡模型和Gouy-Chapman理论来描述电解质溶液中离子在膜孔内的传递现象.使用纯水透过系数、膜孔径及膜表面电势来表征纳滤膜的分离特征,这三个参数可通过Levenberg-Marquardt方法由实验数据关联得到.本文使用该模型计算了两种商用纳滤膜(NF45和SU200)对1-1型(NaCl,KCl,LiCl),2-1型(K2SO4)和2-2型(MgSO4)单一电解质溶液的截留率,并与实验数据进行了比较,两者吻合较好.计算结果表明电解质溶液中离子在纳滤膜孔内传递的主要机理是离子的扩散和电迁移,纳滤膜对电解质溶液中离子的分离效果主要由空间位阻和静电效应决定.该模型在低浓度时对电解质溶液通过纳滤膜的截留率计算结果较准确,但对高浓度电解质溶液则偏差较大.     

电解质溶液自扩散系数的布朗动力学模拟

采用布朗动力学方法对电解质溶液进行了模拟,在传统布朗动力学的基础上综合考虑了流体力学的影响,并且引入SmartMonteCarlo方法的接受概率,避免了离子不现实的移动和位型重叠,这样不仅可以将模拟过程中的时间步长大幅度提高,而且还可使溶质在相空间的演化过程更接近实际.模拟过程以电解质溶液的原始模型为基础,将溶剂看作连续介质,溶质分子之间的相互作用采用软核加静电的势能函数模型,长程静电力采用Ewald加和的处理方法.模拟得到KCl和NaCl溶液的径向分布函数g+-(r),g++(r)和g--(r),并与文献中HNC计算以及模拟的结果进行比较,使用推广的Green-Kubo公式模拟计算溶液中各种离子的自扩散性质,计算结果与实验数据吻合良好.     

Supercritical fluid chromatography with post-column addition of supporting electrolyte solution for electrochemical determination of tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers

A supercritical fluid chromatography with electrochemical detection system was developed for the simultaneous determination of tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers. The supercritical fluid chromatography with electrochemical detection system was connected with an additional pump to create a flow path to add a supporting electrolyte solution. The supporting electrolyte solution was mixed with a mobile phase in a post-column fashion, enabling the independent control of the separation and detection. After optimization of the measurement conditions, vitamin E isomers and an internal standard substance (2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-hydroxychroman) were separated within 30 min using a mixture of supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol (99:1, v/v) as a mobile phase and a cyanopropyl column (4.6 mm inner diameter × 250 mm length, 5 μm). For the electrochemical detection, methanol containing 1.0 mol/L ammonium acetate was used as a supporting electrolyte solution, and the applied potential was set at +0.8 V. This analytical method showed good linearity (5–100 μg/mL) and repeatability (less than 2.5% relative standard deviation, n = 6) and was applicable to the determination of tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers in nutrition supplements.     

Electrostatic behavior of the charge-regulated bacterial cell surface

The electrostatic behavior of the charge-regulated surfaces of Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus brevis was studied using numerical modeling in conjunction with potentiometric titration and electrophoretic mobility data as a function of solution pH and electrolyte composition. Assuming a polyelectrolytic polymeric bacterial cell surface, these experimental and numerical analyses were used to determine the effective site numbers of cell surface acid-base functional groups and Ca(2+) sorption coefficients. Using effective site concentrations determined from 1:1 electrolyte (NaCl) experimental data, the charge-regulation model was able to replicate the effects of 2:1 electrolyte (CaCl(2)), both alone and as a mixture with NaCl, on the measured zeta potential using a single Ca(2+) surface binding constant for each of the bacterial species. This knowledge is vital for understanding how cells respond to changes in solution pH and electrolyte composition as well as how they interact with other surfaces. The latter is especially important due to the widespread use of the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory in the interpretation of bacterial adhesion. As surface charge and surface potential both vary on a charge-regulated surface, accurate modeling of bacterial interactions with surfaces ultimately requires use of an electrostatic model that accounts for the charge-regulated nature of the cell surface.     

Surface and electrochemical analysis for the understanding of TiO2 nanopores/nanotubes changes in post‐elaboration treatment

The electrochemical stability of TiO₂ nanoarchitecture fabricated in fluoride electrolyte presented in this paper is related to 2D and 3D geometries that present a shift from nanopores toward nanotubes. The fabrication conditions involve a 60 V applied voltage for 2 hours of anodizing in order to create the ordered structures, in a mixture of low‐water glycerol electrolyte and fluoride. With the use of different ultrasonication times, a variety of nanotubes/nanopores were observed. The surface interfacial aspects were investigated mainly by surface microscopy and hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance for the grown structures ultrasonicated at various periods of time. The electrochemical behavior of the nanotube‐structured surface was performed by potentiodynamic evaluation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a simulated body fluid solution. As a most important result, all surface analysis and electrochemical data interpretation permitted the proposition of a model for elaboration of different nanostructures from nanopores to nanotubes. These different surface nanoarchitectures were obtained as a result of ultrasonication at various periods of time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamics of Electrochemical Noise of the Lithium Electrode in Aprotic Organic Electrolytes

Processes that occur on the lithium electrode under open-circuit conditions and when polarized cathodically and anodically are studied by means of the electrochemical-noise method. The study is carried out in such aprotic organic electrolytes as 1 M solution of LiClO₄ in 1,3-dioxolane; 1 M solution of LiPF₆ in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate; and 1 M solution of LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂ in 1,3-dioxolane. An analysis of the noise characteristics of the polarized electrode confirms that the electrochemical process is localized under the passivating film. Potential fluctuations of the electrode polarized at high current densities depend on the electrolyte nature. The amplitude of the electrochemical noise is maximum in the electrolyte system 1 M LiPF₆ in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate. The fluctuation intensity is found to correlate with the electrode stability when cycled. This fact suggests that the method can be used for express assessment of organic electrolytes intended for lithium batteries.     

Effect of 15-crown-5 on the charge transfer resistance at the polymer electrolyte/modified Li-electrode interface

The effect of 15-crown-5, which is applied immediately to pure and modified surface of a lithium electrode, on the charge transfer resistance at the electrode/polymer electrolyte interface is studied. The polymer electrolyte consists of a 1: 1 mixture of oligourethan dimethacrylate and polypropylene glycol monomethacrylate (20 wt %), an initiator (azobisisobutyronitrile) (2 wt %), and a 1 M LiClO₄ solution in gamma-butyrolactone (78 wt %). The conductivity of this gel electrolyte is 3 × 10^?3 S cm^?1. The temperature dependence of the impedance of the Li/gel electrolyte/Li electrochemical cells is measured for electrodes of four types. The activation energies for the charge transfer at the Li/electrolyte interface are calculated. It is found that, after treating the test lithium electrodes with 15-crown-5, the charge transfer resistance decreases, and in the case of the modified lithium surface, the activation energy for the process decreases by 1.8 times.     

Comparison of n-tetradecane/electrolyte emulsions properties stabilized by DPPC and DPPC vesicles in the electrolyte solution

The properties of n-tetradecane/electrolyte emulsions with DPPC or DPPC vesicles in the electrolyte solution were investigated. The DPPC molecules form different aggregates, which possess different surface affinity, size and structure, and therefore we assumed some differences in the adsorption at the oil droplet/water interface. The n-tetradecane emulsions in 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 electrolytes were prepared by mechanical stirring in the presence of DPPC at natural pH. Electrokinetic properties of the systems were investigated taking into account the effective diameter and multimodal size distribution of the droplets as well as the zeta potentials using the dynamic light scattering technique. The zeta potential of the droplets was negative in all systems with NaCl. In the emulsions with CaCl(2) at a higher concentration of electrolyte and emulsions with LaCl(3) with all investigated concentrations, positive values were observed. Similar measurements were performed for DPPC vesicles in the electrolyte solution. The pH and ionic strength changes induce those in the electrical charge of DPPC layer or vesicle surface. This is due to the fact that the DPPC molecule contains -PO(-) and -N(CH(3))(3) groups, which are in equilibrium with H(+) and OH(-), as well as other ions present in the solution, i.e. Na(+), Ca(2+), La(3+) or Cl(-). In the n-tetradecane/electrolyte emulsion stabilized by DPPC or DPPC vesicles the zeta potential may be also related to acid-base interactions. The effect of the ions from the solution on the DPPC layer adsorbed on n-tetradecane droplets or DPPC vesicles is discussed.     

Determination of cefepime in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with direct sample injection

A simple micellar capillary electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with UV detection is described for analysis of cefepime in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by direct injection without any sample pretreatment. The separation of cefepime from biological matrix was performed at 25 degrees C using a background electrolyte consisting of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) buffer with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the electrolyte solution. Under optimal MEKC condition, good separation with high efficiency and short analyses time is achieved. Several parameters affecting the separation of the drug were studied, including the pH and concentrations of the Tris buffer and SDS. Using cefazolin as an internal standard, the linear ranges of the method for the determination of cefepime in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were 1-50 and 1-20 microg/mL, respectively; the detection limits of plasma (signal-to-noise ratio = 3; injection, 5 kV, 5 s) and cerebrospinal fluid (signal-to-noise ratio = 3; injection, 0.5 psi, 3 s) were 0.2 microg/mL and 0.3 microg/mL, respectively. Application of the proposed method for determination of cefepime in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid collected after intravenous administration of 2 g cefepime in patients with meningitis was demonstrated.     

Determination of panaxadiol and panaxatriol in ginseng and its preparations by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC).

Capillary supercritical fluid chromatographic (SFC) method has been developed for the determination of panaxadiol and panaxatriol in ginseng and its preparations. 0.1 g ginseng or an appropriate amount of its preparations was hydrolysed by 15% H2SO4 in an ethanol:water (1:1 v/v) solution for 4 h followed by 15% NaOH for 0.5 h. The mixture was extracted by cyclohexane. The cyclohexane extracts were purified by a partition column and concentrated by an adsorption column and then analysed by SFC. Methyltestosterone was used as the internal standard.     

Voltammetric Studies of Parallel Electrode Processes Under Low Ionic Strength Conditions. Influence of Convection

It is known that either a very strong enhancement or an almost complete depression of the height of one of two waves can be obtained when two analytes (one appropriately charged and one uncharged) are present in a quiet solution containing no supporting electrolyte. In this paper we examine whether these effects can be extended for solutions with forced convection. Three two‐analyte mixtures were examined voltammetrically under conditions of no added supporting electrolyte and added convection. The first mixture (1,1′‐ferrocenedimethanol and ferrocenesulfonate anion) changes its total charge from ?1 to +1 after electrooxidation of both components. Under all applied conditions, the introduction of convection caused an increase of both waves without changing the wave height ratio. A similar behavior was observed for the mixture of ferrocene and 1,1′‐ferrocenedimethanol. For this system the total charge changes from 0 to +2. A substantial influence of convection on the ratio of two waves was found for the third mixture: ferrocene and ferrocenylmethyltrimethylammonium cation (total charge changes from +1 to +3). For this system the convection strongly depressed the migrational effects. The obtained experimental results were verified with simulations using software MIOTRAS. This software is capable of modeling diffusion, migration, convection and following homogenous reactions. The agreement between experiment and simulations was fairly good.     

High-performance quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell based on an electrospun PVdF-HFP membrane electrolyte

An electrospun membrane was prepared from a 16 wt % solution of poly(vinylidenefluoride- co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) in a mixture of acetone/ N, N-dimethylacetamide (7:3 wt %) at an applied voltage of 12 kV. It was then activated by immersing it in 0.6 M 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide, 0.1 M LiI, 0.05 M I 2, and 0.5 M 4- tert-butylpyridine in ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate (1:1 wt %) to obtain the corresponding membrane electrolyte with an ionic conductivity of 10 (-5) S cm (-1) at 25 degrees C. On the basis of this electrospun membrane electrolyte, quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated, which showed an open-circuit voltage ( V oc) of 0.76 V, a fill factor of 0.62, and a short-circuit current density ( J sc) of 15.57 mA cm (-2) at an incident light intensity of 100 mW cm (-2). This yields a light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 7.3%. Moreover, this cell possessed better long-term stability than that fabricated with conventional liquid electrolyte.