聚环氧琥珀酸对污泥中锌的萃取

研究了环境友好高分子聚环氧琥珀酸(PESA)对污水厂污泥中重金属锌的萃取作用.结果表明,PESA对污泥中的重金属锌具有良好的萃取效果,利用改进的BCR法对萃取前后污泥中的锌进行了形态分析.结果表明.被PESA萃取的锌主要来自水溶态、酸溶态和可还原态等3种结合态.随着萃取体系pH值的升高.锌的萃取效率逐渐下降;在实验范围内,PESA与污泥中重金属总量的摩尔比为1:1～10:1时,随着PESA浓度的增加.锌的萃取效率逐渐提高,且对萃取体系pH值的依赖性减小.在pH=4时,在PESA与污泥中重金属总量的摩尔比为3:1～10:1范围内,锌的萃取效率均大于70%.     

七种香烟中锌,铜,铁,锰,镍含量的分析

用原子吸收法测定了７种香烟的５种微量元素的含量，结果表明，７种香烟中锌，铜，锌，锰，镍的含量存在的较大差异，其中以铁，锰含量较丰富，镍含量较少，本测定为探讨香烟中的微量元素与疾病的关系提供了有用数据。     

澳大利亚高盐煤中钠在热解过程中的形态变迁

通过对高钠煤进行水洗以及0.1 mol/L的HCl洗涤,并在固定床上考察了不同洗煤热解后的半焦中Na的挥发性及其形态变迁。热解后的半焦用水和0.1 mol/L的HCl逐级萃取,将热解半焦中的钠分为水溶态钠,水不溶但酸溶态钠以及酸不溶态钠。研究结果表明,实验煤中的钠大部分是以水溶态的NaCl盐形式存在,在500℃~550℃由于以羧酸盐形式存在的有机钠以钠原子的形式释放使得在该温度范围内钠的挥发性出现极大值,而酸洗煤由于在600℃以上有一部分酸不溶态的钠转化为水不溶但酸溶态的钠,使得钠的挥发性又有所增加。原煤中的可挥发钠热解后少部分在高温下会转化为水溶态的钠,而水洗煤中的钠随着热解温度的升高与SiO2反应转化为硅酸盐形式存在的酸不溶态的钠。     

十七种香烟中九种金属元素的含量分析

用原子吸收法测定了十七种香烟中锌、铜、铁、锰、铬、镍、钾、钙、镉的含量。结果表明,不同种类香烟中所含九种金属元素有一定的差异,低档香烟所含金属元素的量比高、中档香烟高,烤烟型香烟比外香型香烟低。本结果为烟草的栽培,炮制以及探讨香烟中金属元素对人体危害的研究提供了有用数据。     

穿心莲中7种微量元素的形态分析

采用传统煎煮法对穿心莲中的铁、锰、铜、锌、铝、硼和锶7种微量元素进行提取,用0.45 μm微孔滤膜分离提取液中的可溶态与悬浮态;用LSA-10大孔吸附树脂分离可溶态中的有机态与无机态;并用正辛醇-水分配体系在模拟人体胃肠酸度的条件下,将可溶态中各待测元素分离为醇溶态和水溶态;采用电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱法(ICP-A...     

固相萃取光度法测定烟草中的挥发酚

研究了用Waters Sep-Park-C18固相萃取小柱萃取测定烟草样品中的挥发酚的方法。用自动水蒸汽蒸馏仪蒸馏出烟草样品中的挥发酚，4-氨基安替比林显色，显色产物可用Waters Sep-Park-C18固相萃取小柱萃取，以乙醇洗脱后用分光光度法测定，该方法可用于烟草样品中挥发酚的测定。     

中草药及其生长土壤中6种重金属元素含量相关性初探

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定了中草药中重金属元素(铁、锰、铜、锌、镉、铅)的含量,并对中草药的生长环境土壤中重金属元素的化学形态及其分布进行了研究。文中提出了中草药样品用硝酸-过氧化氢-水(5+2+1)混合溶液消解,并叙述了土壤样品中元素的各种形态(水溶态、可溶态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物态、有机质结合态)的提取方法和试液。结果表明:所测中草药中重金属元素含量明显低于土壤中元素的含量;土壤中铁、锌、铜主要以有机质结合态存在,锰以铁锰氧化物态为主。几种药材中均含有较高量的铁、锰、锌,土壤中也含有较高量的有效态铁、锰、锌,说明中草药与土壤中重金属之间存在有生物迁移作用。     

麦饭石对香烟诱发蚕豆根尖细胞微核的抑制作用

研究了中华麦饭石浸液对香烟烟雾水溶物引起的蚕豆根尖细胞微核率的影响。结果表明，中华麦饭石浸液能显著降低由香烟烟雾水溶物引起的微核率，可能具有减轻由吸烟引起遗传损伤的作用。此外对上述结果的意义进行了讨论。     

五彩湾煤中钠在热解过程中的形态变迁

采用不同萃取液进行了新疆准东五彩湾高钠煤萃取实验,并利用微波消解仪和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪,分析了原煤和不同萃取过程下制得的煤样中的钠元素,确定了五彩湾煤中钠的存在形式。在氮气氛围下进行了原煤及不同萃取过程下煤样的热解实验,分析了热解半焦中钠的存在形式并确定煤中不同存在形式钠在热解过程中的演变规律。结果表明,五彩湾煤中钠主要为水溶钠,有机钠主要以羧酸盐形式存在。450~650℃时,实验煤样热解过程中部分水溶钠和盐酸溶钠会转化为醋酸铵溶钠。在热解过程中,实验煤样中水溶钠和醋酸铵溶钠的析出主要集中于650~850℃,1050℃时则有部分盐酸溶钠析出,此时,在实验条件下钠的挥发达到最大值。煤样半焦中的钠主要以不可溶钠形式存在。     

富硒酵母中硒的连续浸提原子荧光法形态分析

采用连续浸提、氢化物发生一原子荧光法测定研究了富硒酵母中硒的赋存形态。结果表明，富硒酵母中不同形态的硒所占比例从高到低顺序为：碱溶态，水溶态，盐溶态，醇溶态，残渣态；酵母硒中有机态硒达78％以上，主要以碱溶态形式存在。     

Characterization of Indian cigarette tobacco and its smoke aerosol by nuclear and allied techniques

Forty brands of tobacco used in Indian cigarettes, 20 brands of bidis (tobacco rolled in wrapper leaves), 15 brands of chewing tobacco and 15 brands of snuff tobacco were analyzed by nuclear and allied techniques. The elements measured into tobacco can be grouped into seven categories from less than 1 ppm to 5% by weight. Concentration level varied from 0.5-5% for (Ca, K, Cl), 400-1500 ppm (Fe), 200-600 ppm (Na), 100-300 ppm (Ti, Mn, Br and Sr), 10-100 ppm (Cu, Zn and Rb), 1-10 ppm (Cr, Ni, Pb and La) and less than 1 ppm (As, Co, Cd, Sb, Hg and Eu). Among the above elements Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb, Hg and Sb are considered toxic. The percentage transfer of the elements from cigarette tobacco to smoke particles during smoking was also estimated using a smoking machine and collecting the smoke particles on a filter paper. The results show that Br, Cr, Sb and Zn have high percentage transfer from tobacco to its smoke of the order of 2-15%. Out of these Sb has the highest 15%. Cobalt, Fe and Sc have lowest percentage of transfer of the order of less than 1%. The percent transfer of these elements from tobacco to tobacco smoke is higher in case of bidis (1.5-3.0 times) as compared to cigarettes. In cigarettes also non-filter cigarettes have higher transfer (2-3 times) as compared to filter tip cigarettes.     

Trace elements in tobacco and tobacco smoke by X-ray fluorescence technique

Trace elements in tobacco and tobacco smoke of a large number of commonly available brands of cigarettes were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. This work supplements the data on same samples gathered by INAA and reported earlier. Data on some toxic elements like Pb, Cu and Ni that could not be measured by INAA are presented here. A number of chewing and snuff tobacco samples were also analyzed. The concentrations of Ca, K, Cl, Br, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Ti and Zn in all these samples are presented and their relative hazards are discussed.     

Determination of the elemental distribution in cigarette components and smoke by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Cigarette smoking is a major source of particles released in indoor environments. A comprehensive study of the elemental distribution in cigarettes and cigarette smoke has been completed. Specifically, concentrations of thirty elements have been determined for the components of 15 types of cigarettes. Components include tobacco, ash, butts, filters, and cigarette paper. In addition, particulate matter from mainstream smoke (MS) and sidestream smoke (SS) were analyzed. The technique of elemental determination used in the study is instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results show that certain heavy metals, such as As, Cd, K, Sb and Zn, are released into the MS and SS. These metals may then be part of the health risk of exposure to smoke. Other elements are retained, for the most part, in cigarette ash and butts. The elemental distribution among the cigarette components and smoke changes for different smoking conditions.     

固相微萃取气质联用技术对卷烟烟丝和卷烟烟气总粒相物中挥发性和半挥发性成分的研究

采用固相微萃取－气相色谱－质谱（SPME－GC－MS）法对成品卷烟烟丝和卷烟烟气总粒相物中挥发性和半挥发性成分进行了分析鉴定，并对鉴定出的70种成分和96种成分进行了比较。     

Determination of trace elements in Iranian cigarette tobacco by neutron activation analysis

The concentration of 24 trace elements in the tobacco of two different brands of Iranian cigarettes, “Zarrin” and “Oshnoo”, has been measured by neutron activation analysis employing a high-resolution Ge(Li) detector. These elements are: Na, K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, Ag, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Hf, Au, Hg and Th.     

Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry and different types of data analysis for the investigation of cigarette particulate matter

In tobacco research, the comparison of different tobacco blends as well as the puff-dependent behaviour of cigarettes is a matter of particular interest. For the investigation of smoke characteristics, GC x GC offers different ways for data analysis, namely, compound target analysis, automated peak-based compound classification and comprehensive pixel-based data analysis. This study will show the application as well as the pros and cons of these types of data analysis for very complex matrices like cigarette particulate matter. In addition, new aspects about the recently discovered puff-dependent behaviour of compounds in cigarette smoke will be presented. Automated peak-based compound classification including mass spectrometric pattern recognition is used for the classification of tobacco particulate matter samples and the puff-dependent investigation of different compound classes. This compound group specific analysis is further reinforced by applying an even more comprehensive pixel-based analysis. This kind of analysis is used to generate fingerprints of different types of cigarettes. The combination of fast feature reduction methods like analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test with multivariate feature transformation methods like partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLSDA) for feature selection provides a powerful tool for a detailed inspection of different types of cigarettes.     

Effects of fingerprint development reagents on subsequent DNA analysis

A variety of evidences are found at crime scenes. Fingerprint and DNA evidences are especially important in the process of identifying personal sources. Among evidences found at crime scenes, cigarette butts are important because they might contain both fingerprints and DNA. In this study, latent fingerprints were detected in cigarette butts using 1,8‐diazafluoren‐9‐one (DFO) and 1,2‐Indanedione/zinc chloride (1,2‐IND/Zn). Next, DNA extraction and real‐time qPCR were performed to quantify and identify the DNA present. Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling was also performed. The results showed that the quantity of DNA recovered was decreased by 16% in DFO‐treated cigarettes and by 27% in 1,2‐IND/Zn‐treated cigarettes when compared to untreated controls. When the STR profiling results were compared with those of the control sample, DFO, and 1,2‐IND/Zn reagent‐treated DNA samples showed individualized genotyping at several loci. Results of this study showed that when cigarette butts were found, DFO and 1,2‐IND/Zn reagents could be used for DNA profiling after fingerprint identification. However, the effect of DFO on STR profiling was less than that of 1,2‐IND/Zn. Therefore, we recommend the use of DFO for fingerprinting cigarette butts if further DNA processing is planned.     

Urinary volatomic profile of traditional tobacco smokers and electronic cigarettes users as a strategy to unveil potential health issues

Many harmful and potentially harmful constituents are present in tobacco products. Cigarette smoke is known to cause different forms of cancer and trigger the development of chronic diseases. In the last decade, electronic cigarettes have emerged as a healthier alternative associated to less harmful effects in comparison to traditional tobacco. However, the lack of standardization of electronic cigarettes products makes it difficult to establish and compare the real effects on health of products from different manufacturers. To better understand the impact of smoking and vaping, the volatomic composition of urine samples from traditional tobacco smokers and electronic cigarette users was established and compared with nonsmokers (control group), using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A total of 45 urinary volatile organic metabolites belonging to different chemical families were identified in the urine of the studied groups. Benzene derivatives, terpenes, and aromatics were the chemical families that contributed the most to the urinary profile of smokers. The vapers urinary volatomic pattern was also dominated by terpenes and aromatics, in addition to alcohols. The orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis of the data obtained indicated that the urinary profile of vapers is more closely related to the control group, reinforcing the hypothesis of the lowest harmfulness of electronic cigarettes. Further studies recruiting a higher number of subjects are therefore necessary to consolidate the data obtained.     

Residue and dissipation of zinc thiazole in tobacco field ecosystem

A high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) detection method after derivatisation was developed for the first time for the novel fungicide zinc thiazole residue in tobacco samples. Field trials in two different locations were conducted to investigate the dissipation and residue of zinc thiazole in tobacco leaves and soil. The average recoveries of zinc thiazole were in the range of 82.5%–93.9% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.2%–9.1%. The zinc thiazole showed a rapid dissipation rate in fresh tobacco leaves with the half-lives of 1.1–1.6 days. The terminal residues of zinc thiazole in cured tobacco leaves and soil were 2.8–28.0 mg kg^?1and <0.05 mg kg^?1, respectively. The results could be used to establish the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and provide guidance for the scientific use of zinc thiazole in agriculture.