生物检材中氯胺酮及其代谢物的分析方法研究进展

综述了生物检材中氯胺酮及其代谢物分析技术的进展,评述了液相萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、顶空固相微萃取、微波辅助萃取等技术在分析中的应用,以及薄层色谱、气相色谱、高效液相色谱、毛细管电泳及其联用检测技术、酶联免疫分析技术和太赫兹时域光谱等检测技术在分析生物检材中氯胺酮的优势和局限性,并展望了该领域研究的发展趋势.     

微波辅助萃取及其联用技术在有机污染物分析中的应用

微波萃取已经发展成为一种常用的快速、高效、污染小的样品的前处理技术。结合有机污染物的气相色谱测定方法,对近年微波萃取技术的研究进展进行了总结,并指出微波与固相微萃取、微固相萃取、顶空萃取、膜分离方法、蒸汽蒸馏萃取、微波催化和消解等方法的联用技术将是微波萃取的重要发展方向。     

样品制备与处理的进展——无溶剂萃取技术

本文讨论了现代分析化学的重要领域之一, 样品制备及前处理技术的进展--无溶剂萃取技术。包括气相萃取、超临界流体萃取、膜萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取等方法。简述了这些方法的原理及其应用, 探讨了样品制备与前处理技术的发展动向。     

离子液体在样品预处理中的应用

离子液体具有一些独特的物理和化学性质,作为一种可设计的绿色溶剂被应用于液液萃取、液相微萃取、固相微萃取和膜分离等样品预处理技术中。本文综述了离子液体在样品预处理中应用的研究进展。     

低共熔溶剂在样品前处理中的应用

在化学分析过程中,为了浓缩复杂样品中的微量分析物,去除基质干扰,通常需要进行样品前处理,开发一种简单、高效、快速且环境友好的样品前处理技术至关重要.低共熔溶剂(DESs)作为一种新兴的绿色溶剂,与传统有机溶剂相比,具有低挥发性、可生物降解、环境友好、成本低和组合灵活等特点,可结合各种萃取技术如超声辅助萃取、微波辅助萃取、中空纤维萃取和固相萃取等,广泛应用到样品前处理中.该技术不仅提高了萃取效率,而且可以降低常规分析的成本,减少对人类健康和环境污染影响.本文综述了近5年DESs在食品、环境、生物、天然产物以及石油化工等领域的样品前处理过程中的应用.     

兽药残留分析中样品前处理技术研究进展

样品前处理是兽药残留分析中的关键步骤,直接影响检测的结果.近年来,出现了一些新的样品前处理技术,如固相萃取、基质固相分散萃取、固相微萃取、搅拌棒吸附萃取、膜萃取、液相微萃取、超临界流体萃取、加速溶剂萃取、分子印迹、微波辅助萃取.这些技术能够有效地减少分析过程中由样品前处理过程带来的误差,具有前处理快速、简便的优点,同时可与分析仪器联用,实现分析的自动化.本文对这些新技术的基本原理、特点及在兽药残留分析中的应用进行了综述,并对样品前处理的前景进行了展望.     

动态微波辅助顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定芹菜叶中的化学成分

采用动态微波辅助顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱法测定芹菜叶中的挥发性和半挥发性化学成分。对水蒸气蒸馏、顶空固相微萃取、微波辅助顶空固相微萃取、动态微波辅助顶空固相微萃取等4种不同的前处理方法进行了比较,通过气相色谱-质谱分析,分别鉴定出20,17,36,41种化学成分,主要化合物为α-月桂烯、柠檬烯、β-顺式罗勒烯、β-芹子烯和(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇等。结果表明:动态微波辅助顶空固相微萃取是一种简单、快速、易操作,无需净化步骤,消耗样品量少,对于沸点较高的半挥发性物质的萃取效果优于微波辅助顶空固相微萃取的方法,可用于分析各类植物中的挥发性和半挥发性化学成分。     

固相微萃取技术在形态分析中的应用进展

形态分析比传统的元素分析能提供更为丰富的信息，成为当今分析化学领域前沿课题之一，而固相微萃取（SPME)是近十年来发展起来的新型分离富集技术，简便快速、无污染、易于和其它技术联用．近几年来才开始将固相微萃取应用到形态分析，二者结合对形态分析的发展具有促进作用，本文就固相微萃取技术在元素有机化合物形态分析中的应用进行了评述．     

高效液相色谱分析样品处理技术进展

综述高效液相色谱样品处理技术.液–液萃取在常温常压下开展,处理能力强,回收率高;固相萃取所需样品量少,耗费溶剂少,操作简单,重复性好;固相微萃取在固相萃取的基础上,简化样品制备与分析过程;微波辅助萃取则利用高频电磁波的穿透和电磁场作用缩短萃取时间,提高萃取效率;超临界流体萃取凭借超临界流体萃取剂的惰性、低毒、纯净、无残留,实现样品处理的高效、环保、节能;加速溶剂萃取通过提高温度和增大压力,提升萃取效率,减少溶剂用量;浊点萃取利用加入表面活性剂后产生的增溶和浊点现象实现提取,安全低毒,操作简便,富集倍数高.这些前处理技术在食品、药品、环境、生物等领域得到了广泛的应用.在保证待测组分选择性好、回收率高的前提下,使用绿色、环保、经济的设备及试剂减少引入误差、简化处理过程、提高处理效率是现代高效液相色谱分析样品处理技术的发展方向.     

固相萃取技术在食品痕量残留和污染分析中的应用

食品痕量残留和污染分析中,样品的前处理极为重要,也是其难点所在。由于食品和农产品样品的多样性和复杂性,目前还没有一种前处理技术能够适合所有情况下的所有样品。本文对近年来发展起来的新型固相萃取技术如固相微萃取、搅拌棒吸附萃取、基质固相分散萃取、分子印迹固相萃取、免疫亲和固相萃取、整体柱固相萃取、碳纳米管固相萃取等在食品痕量残留和污染分析中的应用进行了综述,对未来的发展前景作了展望。     

“In situ” extraction of essential oils by use of Dean–Stark glassware and a Vigreux column inside a microwave oven: a procedure for teaching green analytical chemistry

One of the principal objectives of sustainable and green processing development remains the dissemination and teaching of green chemistry in colleges, high schools, and academic laboratories. This paper describes simple glassware that illustrates the phenomenon of extraction in a conventional microwave oven as energy source and a process for green analytical chemistry. Simple glassware comprising a Dean-Stark apparatus (for extraction of aromatic plant material and recovery of essential oils and distilled water) and a Vigreux column (as an air-cooled condenser inside the microwave oven) was designed as an in-situ extraction vessel inside a microwave oven. The efficiency of this experiment was validated for extraction of essential oils from 30 g fresh orange peel, a by-product in the production of orange juice. Every laboratory throughout the world can use this equipment. The microwave power is 100 W and the irradiation time 15 min. The method is performed at atmospheric pressure without added solvent or water and furnishes essential oils similar to those obtained by conventional hydro or steam distillation. By use of GC-MS, 22 compounds in orange peel were separated and identified; the main compounds were limonene (72.1%), β-pinene (8.4%), and γ-terpinene (6.9%). This procedure is appropriate for the teaching laboratory, does not require any special microwave equipment, and enables the students to learn the skills of extraction, and chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis. They are also exposed to a dramatic visual example of rapid, sustainable, and green extraction of an essential oil, and are introduced to successful sustainable and green analytical chemistry.     

Green chemistry: Analytical and chromatography

Nowadays, the environment protection and the personal health and safety are given more consideration in the field of chemistry, thus resulting in an increased number of published researches about how to work according to green instructions, to follow up the recommendations of environmental agencies and to obtain better clean handling of chemistry. In this review, green chemistry definition, importance, principles, and some recent applications in the field of green chemistry were discussed. In addition, the review summarizes the evolution of green analytical chemistry (GAC) with its specific principles and how to make the analytical process more environmentally benign with special emphasis on recent applications of GAC. Moreover, the green chromatography, its methods, and some of its applications were outlined. Finally, different techniques available up till now for the assessment of greening of the methods were also presented.     

绿色分析化学

绿色分析化学是把绿色化学的原理使用在新的分析方法和技术的设计方面,旨在减轻分析化学对环境的影响。无污染或少污染的绿色分析化学技术将是今后分析化学的一个发展方向。文中介绍了分析化学与环境的关系,绿色分析化学的特点及其方法的发展。     

微波技术在分析化学中的应用

对微波技术在现代分析化学中的应用作了综述，主要涉及在试样干燥，试样消解，微波萃取，微波雾化等方面的应用，微波技术的优点反映在高效、快速，操作控制较简单，及无化学污染等。对该技术的未来应用的展望也作了简述（引用文献46篇）。     

绿色分析化学技术研究进展

绿色分析化学是受到广泛关注的一门前沿科学,它是把绿色化学的基本原理应用在新的分析方法和技术方面.对绿色分析样品前处理技术、绿色分析分离富集技术和绿色分析测试技术进行了综述.     

Miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion and solid-phase clear-up combined with capillary electrophoresis for efficient determination of trace bioactive components in complicated sample matrix: Take Wubi Shanyao Pill as an example

Accurate quantitative analysis of trace analytes in a complicated matrix is a challenge in modern analytical chemistry. An appropriate analytical method is considered to be one of the most common gaps during the whole process. In this study, a green and efficient strategy based on miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion and solid-phase extraction combined with capillary electrophoresis was first proposed for extracting, purifying and determining target analytes from complicated matrix, using Wubi Shanyao Pill as an example. In detail, 60 mg of samples were dispersed on MCM-48 to obtain high yields of analytes, then the extract was purified with a solid-phase extraction cartridge. Finally, four analytes in the purified sample solution were determined by capillary electrophoresis. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of matrix solid-phase dispersion, purification efficiency of solid-phase extraction and separation effect of capillary electrophoresis were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, all analytes demonstrated satisfactory linearity (R²>0.9983). What's more, the superior green potential of the developed method for the determination of complex samples was confirmed by the Analytical GREEnness Metric Approach. The established method was successfully applied in the accurate determination of target analytes in Wubi Shanyao Pill and thus provided reliable, sensitive, and efficient strategy support for its quality control.     

绿色化学实验

绿色化学实验的研究和设计将实现对环境没有或只有很少负作用的理想与目标 ,微型实验、小量 -半微量实验、微波化学实验和计算机辅助的绿色化学实验设计是实现这一目标的一些可能途径。     

Green analytical chemistry in sample preparation for determination of trace organic pollutants

The principles of green chemistry are applied to not only chemical engineering and synthesis, but also increasingly analytical chemistry. We describe environment-friendly analytical techniques applied to isolate and to enrich trace organic pollutants from solid and aqueous samples. Amounts of organic solvents used in analytical laboratories are reduced by applying solventless extraction, extraction using other types of solvent, assisted solvent extraction and miniaturized analytical systems.     

Green Synthetic Approach: An Efficient Eco-Friendly Tool for Synthesis of Biologically Active Oxadiazole Derivatives

Green synthetic protocol refers to the development of processes for the sustainable production of chemicals and materials. For the synthesis of various biologically active compounds, energy-efficient and environmentally benign processes are applied, such as microwave irradiation technology, ultrasound-mediated synthesis, photo-catalysis (ultraviolet, visible and infrared irradiation), molecular sieving, grinding and milling techniques, etc. Thesemethods are considered sustainable technology and become valuable green protocol to synthesize new drug molecules as theyprovidenumerous benefits over conventional synthetic methods.Based on this concept, oxadiazole derivatives are synthesized under microwave irradiation technique to reduce the formation of byproduct so that the product yield can be increased quantitatively in less reaction time. Hence, the synthesis of drug molecules under microwave irradiation follows a green chemistry approach that employs a set of principles to minimize or remove the utilization and production of hazardous toxic materials during the design, manufacture and application of chemical substances.This approach plays a major role in controlling environmental pollution by utilizing safer solvents, catalysts, suitable reaction conditions and thereby increases the atom economy and energy efficiency. Oxadiazole is a five-membered heterocyclic compound that possesses one oxygen and two nitrogen atoms in the ring system.Oxadiazole moiety is drawing considerable interest for the development of new drug candidates with potential therapeutic activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticonvulsant, anticancer, antimalarial, antitubercular, anti-asthmatic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiparkinsonian, analgesic and antiinflammatory, etc. This review focuses on different synthetic approaches of oxadiazole derivatives under microwave heating method and study of their various biological activities.