电磁感应加热与原子荧光光谱联用测定海产品中的无机汞和有机汞

研制了电磁感应加热装置和磁感应加热柱,并将其应用于有机汞的在线氧化。与冷蒸汽发生-原子荧光光谱法联用,在线测定了海产品中的无机汞和有机汞。样品溶液与K2S2O8在线混合后流经磁感应加热柱,在较低功率(15W)时快速升温将有机汞氧化为无机汞,测定总汞含量;加热柱为室温时,测定无机汞含量,二者之差为有机汞。对各种实验参数和干扰情况进行了详细研究。无机汞的检出限为0.036μg/L;样品分析精密度(RSD)为2.4%(n=11);有机汞的检出限为0.043μg/L,样品分析精密度(RSD)为3.6%(n=11)。     

冷原子吸收光谱法结合热解-原子吸收光谱法快速测定废水样中痕量无机汞和总有机汞

提出以冷原子吸收光谱法结合热解-原子吸收光潜法测定废水样中的痕量无机汞和总有机汞、水样经0．45μm膜过滤后不需消化处理,直接用冷原子吸收光谱法测定无机汞含量．用热解法测定总汞含量,二者之差为总有机汞含量。方法简便快速,干扰少．经加标回收实验验征,回收率为90％～103％．相对标准偏差(n=11)为3．8％。     

水中微量汞的快速测定

本文提出了一种快速测定水中微量汞的新方法。采用KBrO_3-HCl-HNO_3体系在室温下破坏水样中的有机汞,产生的无机汞用自制的KBH_4片剂还原,用测汞仪测定。此法具有简便、快速、精密度和灵敏度较好等优点,适合大批量水样的分析。     

反相液相色谱法测定化工废水中的无机汞和有机汞

用反相离子对色谱对无机汞和3种有机汞化合物进行了形态分析。以65%甲醇作流动相,加入四丁基溴化铵（TBA）做离子对试剂,用紫外检测器在230nm进行检测。对影响汞化合物吸收强度和保留时间的因素如甲醇和四丁基溴化铵的浓度进行了优化。在不同的线性范围内对无机汞和3种有机汞化合物作了工作曲线,4种化合物均成良好的线性关系。     

汞的形态分析研究：（Ⅰ）萃取—液相色谱分离测定不同形态汞

本文报道了有机汞及无机汞与二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸盐形成络合物，经氯仿萃取后用反相高效液相色谱法进行分离测定的方法，对实验的最佳条件进行了探讨，用于测定加标西湖水样和海水中不同形态的汞含量，回收率为９３．２％－１１４％，相对标准偏差为甲基汞３．７％，乙基汞３．６％，苯基汞３．２％和无机汞３．０％，检测下限为０．２５、０．２１、０．１９和０．７２ｎｇ。     

冷原子荧光光谱法测定南宁市邕江支流水域中无机汞和总汞

采用氢化物发生-冷原子荧光光谱法,测定了南宁邕江支流水域中无机汞和总汞.实验结果表明,南宁邕江支流水域中汞含量均小于国家规定的地表水Ⅰ类水域的标准,水质良好.同时对样品的测量检出限及方法回收率进行实验,结果表明在优化的实验条件下检出限为0.021 ng/L,相对标准偏差为2.24％,无机汞和总汞的加标回收率分别为90....     

天然水中痕量无机汞和有机汞的氢化物原子荧光光谱法分析

建立了天然水中溶解的痕量无机汞和有机汞的氢化物原子荧光光谱法分析方法,该方法经标准物质(PACS-1)和加标回收实验研究表明重现性好、准确度高。在此基础上,应用该方法分析了该校人工湖水中的无机汞和有机汞,发现无机汞和有机汞的含量均低于0.1 礸/L。     

汞在人体中累积情况的调查（一）

自五十年代初,日本水俣湾发生汞中毒事件以来,人们已经了解到汞的许多化合物是剧毒物质,这些物质对人体健康有极大危害。为了弄清楚汞在人体中是否会产生储集,我们对某体温计厂职业性汞接触工人进行了汞中毒情况的调查。１材料和方法人体中的含汞量一般是以尿液、血液或者毛发中含汞的多少来表示。此次调查采用的是人发中汞的含量测定分析。我们对该厂两大不同工种的不同工龄的工人进行头发的采集。对发中汞的测定采用的是氧瓶燃烧——无焰原子吸收法。即人发在充氧条件下充分燃烧,使有机汞无机化,然后用高锰酸钾一一硫酸吸收液进行吸…     

介质阻挡放电微型化-长光程原子吸收光谱测定汞及甲基汞

以介质阻挡放电(DBD)为低温原子化器并引入长光程吸收检测池, 建立了微型化原子吸收光谱系统. 在顺序注射系统中产生的汞及甲基汞蒸气依次经过气液分离器、玻璃棉除水微柱和原子化器然后进入长光程吸收检测池, 进行原子吸收光谱测定. 当DBD原子化器关闭时, 通过冷原子吸收测得无机汞的吸光度, 而当DBD原子化器开启时, 得到无机汞和甲基汞的总吸光度. 在本体系中两种汞形态的吸光度具有很好的加合性, 从而有利于实现无机汞和甲基汞的分别测定. 当进样体积为1.0 mL时, 无机汞与甲基汞的检出限分别为0.3和0.4 μg·L^-1, 相对标准偏差均小于4%. 用本微型化原子吸收光谱系统测定了实际样品中的汞及其形态, 证明了该系统的可靠性.     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定中药材中无机汞、甲基汞、乙基汞

目的 建立中药材中无机汞、甲基汞、乙基汞的高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定方法,考察106批次根及根茎类中药材中3种汞形态化合物的含量,积累基础数据,为中药饮片的质量安全性监管提供技术支撑。方法 选用人工胃液作为提取液,经水浴加热提取后,以甲醇-乙酸铵为流动相,采用C18反相色谱柱对样品溶液进行分离,最后经ICP-MS测定3种汞形态化合物的含量。结果 3种汞形态化合物在0.5～5ng/mL范围内均获得良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999。通过加标回收的方法进行准确性评价,回收率为75.5%～118.0%,RSD为2.4%～9.7%。测定的106批次中药材中,均未检出甲基汞、乙基汞。无机汞检出率为88.7%,合格率为100%。结论 该方法能够准确、高效的测定中药材中3种汞形态化合物的含量。106批次中药材中的汞存在形态主要是以无机汞为主。     

Indirect Mercury Speciation in Biological Tissues by Closed‐Vessel Microwave‐Assisted Digestion and Flow‐Injection Cold‐Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Detection

Abstract

A simple and rapid method based on closed vessel microwave‐assisted extraction was developed to determine total, inorganic mercury and organomercury in biological tissues. Total mercury was extracted using HNO₃:H₂O₂ (4:1) mixture. In a separate subsample, extraction of mercury species was carried out with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). The total and inorganic mercury analyses were carried out by flow‐injection cold‐vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry (FI‐CV‐AFS). The organomercury concentration was calculated by difference. Considering a sample amount of 0.2 g, the detection limits were 4 and 26 ng/g for total and inorganic mercury, respectively. The accuracy of the procedures was checked by analyzing certified reference materials and recovery studies of spiked fish tissues.     

A new vapor generation system for mercury species based on the UV irradiation of mercaptoethanol used in the determination of total and methyl mercury in environmental and biological samples by atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A new vapor generation system for mercury (Hg) species based on the irradiation of mercaptoethanol (ME) with UV was developed to provide an effective sample introduction unit for atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). Preliminary investigations of the mechanism of this novel vapor generation system were based on GC–MS and FT–IR studies. Under optimum conditions, the limits of determination for inorganic divalence mercury and methyl mercury were 60 and 50 pg mL⁻¹, respectively. Certified reference materials (BCR 463 tuna fish and BCR 580 estuarine sediment) were used to validate this new method, and the results agreed well with certified values. This new system provides an attractive alternative method of chemical vapor generation (CVG) of mercury species compared to other developed CVG systems (for example, the traditional KBH₄/NaOH–acid system). To our knowledge, this is the first systematic report on UV/ME-based Hg species vapor generation and the determination of total and methyl Hg in environmental and biological samples using UV/ME–AFS. Figure A new vapor generation system for mercury species using mercaptoethanol under UV irradiation was developed as an effective sample introduction unit for atomic fluorescence spectrometry     

UV irradiation controlled cold vapor generation using SnCl2 as reductant for mercury speciation.

A simple and ultrasensitive method, which was based on cold vapor generation (CVG) coupled to atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), was proposed for speciation analysis of inorganic mercury (Hg2+) and methylmercury (MeHg) in water samples. In the presence of UV irradiation, all the mercury (MeHg+Hg2+) in a sample solution can be reduced to Hg0 by SnCl2; without UV irradiation, only Hg2+ species can be determined. So the concentration of MeHg can be obtained from the difference of the total mercury and Hg2+ concentration; thus, speciation analysis of Hg2+ and MeHg was simply achieved without chromatographic separation. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the limits of detection were 0.01 ng mL-1 for both Hg2+ and MeHg. The sensitivity and limit of detection were not dependent on the mercury species, and a simple Hg2+ aqueous standard series can be used for the determination of both Hg2+ and MeHg.     

Mercury speciation in sea food by flow injection cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry using selective solid phase extraction

An on-line inorganic and organomercury species separation, preconcentration and determination system consisting of cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS or CV-ETAAS) coupled to a flow injection (FI) method was studied. The inorganic mercury species was retained on a column (i.d., 3 mm; length 3 cm) packed to a height of 0.7 cm with a chelating resin aminopropyl-controlled pore glass (550 A) functionalized with [1,5-bis (2 pyridyl)-3-sulphophenyl methylene thiocarbonohydrazyde] placed in the injection valve of a simple flow manifold. Methylmercury is not directly determined. Previous oxidation of the organomercurial species permitted the determination of total mercury. The separation of mercury species was obtained by the selective retention of inorganic mercury on the chelating resin. The difference between total and inorganic mercury determined the organomercury content in the sample. The inorganic mercury was removed on-line from the microcolumn with 6% (m/v) thiourea. The mercury cold vapor generation was performed on-line with 0.2% (m/v) sodium tethrahydroborate and 0.05% (m/v) sodium hydroxide as reducing solution. The determination was performed using CV-AAS and CV-ETAAS, both approaches have been used and compared for the speciation of mercury in sea food. A detection limit of 10 and 6 ng l(-1) was achieved for CV-AAS and CV-ETAAS, respectively. The precision for 10 replicate determinations at the 1 microg l(-1) Hg level was 3.5% relative standard deviation (R.S.D.), calculated from the peak heights obtained. Both approaches were validated with the use of two certified reference materials and by spiking experiments. By analyzing the two biological certified materials, it was evident that the difference between the total mercury and inorganic mercury corresponds to methylmercury. The concentrations obtained by both techniques were in agreement with the certified values or with differences of the certified values for total Hg(2+) and CH(3)Hg(+), according to the t-test for a 95% confidence level. It is amazing how this very simple method is able to provide very important information on mercury speciation.     

Determination of mercury and methylmercury in seafood by ion chromatography using photo-induced chemical vapor generation atomic fluorescence spectrometric detection

A novel method based on photo-induced chemical vapor generation (CVG) as interface to on-line coupled Hg-cysteine ion chromatograpy (IC) with atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) was developed for rapid determination of methylmercury (MHg) in seafood. Separation of inorganic mercury (Hg²⁺) and methylmercury(CH₃Hg⁺) was accomplished on a Hamilton PRP X-200 polymer-based exchange column with a mobile of 3% acetonitrile, 1% (w/w) L-cysteine and 20 mmol L^{− 1} pyridine and 160 mmol L^{− 1} formic acid, at pH 2.4 within 7 min. Once separated, both species are reduced by formic acid in mobile phase under UV radiation to convert Hg⁰ on-line, which is subsequently swept (by argon carrier gas) into an atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) for measurement. Under the optimized experiment conditions, the detection limits (as Hg), based on three times the standard deviation of a standard solution, were found to be 0.1 ng mL^{− 1} for mercury and 0.08 ng mL^{− 1} for methylmercury, with an injection volume of 100 μL. The developed method was validated by determination of certified reference material DORM-2 and was further applied in determination of seafood samples.     

Determination of total and inorganic mercury in biological and environmental samples with on-line oxidation coupled to flow injection-cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry

A method for determination of inorganic and total mercury by flow injection-cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-CVAAS) with on-line oxidation was developed. Potassium peroxodisulphate and sulphuric acid were used as oxidizing agents so that decomposition of organomercury compounds could be achieved. Depending on the temperature selected, inorganic or total mercury could be determined with the same FI manifold. In order to assess the method performance, synthetic wastewater, wastewater, urine and saline water samples were spiked with inorganic mercury, methylmercury and phenylmercury. Quantitative recoveries were obtained for the three mercury species, except with the synthetic wastewater when the chemical oxygen demand value was higher than 1000 mg l⁻¹. In most cases, the standard addition method was usually needed for calibration. LODs calculated as 3 σ/m were 0.47 μg l⁻¹ for inorganic mercury and 0.45 μg l⁻¹ for total mercury. R.S.D. values corresponding to peak height measurements were 1.5 and 2.2% for inorganic mercury and total mercury, respectively. The accuracy of the method was tested by analyzing 5 mol l⁻¹ hydrochloric acid extracts of seven biological and environmental CRMs. LODs in the solid CRMs ranged from 0.032 to 0.074 μg g⁻¹.     

Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry and gas chromatography-pyrolysis-atomic fluorescence spectrometry for routine determination of total and organometallic mercury in food samples

Two procedures have been investigated for the quantification of the different forms of mercury in food. A two-stage procedure has been developed to determine firstly total inorganic and organometallic species, and then the full separation of all organomercury species. The procedure involves solubilisation of the samples using alkaline extractions or enzymolysis, followed by the extraction of organic mercury in an organic solvent, preferably a mixture of dichloromethane and hexane (3:2). For the total organic mercury determination, the organic extract is analysed for "total" mercury after nitric acid/peroxide digestion, evaporation of the solvent and detection by cold vapour-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Full organomercury speciation requires a clean-up step before analysis of the final extract in dichloromethane by gas chromatography coupled to a pyrolyser and an atomic fluorescence detector (GC-pyro-AFS). A detection limit of 6 ng l-1, and reproducibility of 2% was achieved for the CV-AFS method; GC-pyro-AFS yielded 200 ng l-1 and 5% for detection limit and coefficient of variation, respectively. Both procedures were validated with the use of various certified reference materials over a wide range of mercury concentrations, and by spiking experiments. The validated methods were tested successfully on a wide range of commercially available food samples.     

Voltammetric quantification and speciation of mercury compounds

The use of a carbon paste electrode modified with a thiolic resin for the determination of inorganic mercury and organomercury compounds, present simultaneously in a sample, is described. The compounds are first preconcentrated at the electrode surface by means of a purely chemical reaction with the modifier on the electrode surface. The high affinity of the modifier for the mercury compounds ensures low limits of detection and determination. Differentiation between several mercury species is possible by control of the reduction potential applied to the working electrode. This selective reduction results in the formation of atomic mercury at the electrode surface which can be determined with a very high sensitivity by means of its re-oxidation wave in cyclic voltammetry. Optimization of the instrumental parameters and evidence for the reduction processes are discussed. Analysis of inorganic mercury in the presence of methylmercury, with a detection limit of 4 μg Hg 1⁻¹, and of methylmercury in the presence of inorganic mercury, with a detection limit of 2 μg Hg 1⁻¹, is described in detail. In both cases the preconcentration time is 6 min. Other organomercury species can also be quantified. Application of the method to environmental aquatic samples is discussed.     

The use of emulsions for the determination of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in fish-eggs oil by cold vapor generation in a flow injection system with atomic absorption spectrometric detection

An on-line time based injection system used in conjunction with cold vapor generation atomic absorption spectrometry and microwave-aided oxidation with potassium persulfate has been developed for the determination of the different mercury species in fish-eggs oil samples. A three-phase surfactant-oil-water emulsion produced an advantageous flow when a peristaltic pump was used to introduce the highly viscous sample into the system. The optimum proportion of the oil-water mixture ratio was 2:3 v/v with a Tween 20 surfactant concentration in the emulsion of 0.008% v/v. Inorganic mercury was determined after reduction with sodium borohydride while total mercury was determined after an oxidation step with persulfate prior to the reduction step to elemental mercury with the same reducing agent. The difference between total and inorganic mercury determined the organomercury content in samples. A linear calibration graph was obtained in the range 0.1-20 micrograms l-1 of Hg2+ by injecting 0.7 ml of samples. The detection limits based on 3 sigma of the blank signals were 0.11 and 0.12 microgram l-1 for total and inorganic mercury, respectively. The relative standard deviation of ten independent measurements were 2.8 and 2.2% for 10 micrograms l-1 and 8.8 and 9.0% for 0.1 microgram l-1 amounts of total and inorganic mercury, respectively. The recoveries of 0.3, 0.6 and 8 micrograms l-1 of inorganic and organic mercury added to fish-eggs oil samples ranged from 93.0 to 94.8% and from 100 to 106%, respectively. Good agreement with those values obtained for total mercury content in real samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was also obtained, differences between mean values were < 7%. With the proposed procedure, 22 proteropterous catfish-eggs oil samples from the northwestern coast of Venezuela were measured; while the organic mercury lay in the range 2.0 and 3.3 micrograms l-1, inorganic mercury was not detected.