镍钴双原子团簇催化甲烷干重整反应机理及其动力学研究

本研究采用密度泛函理论方法对NiCo双原子团簇催化甲烷干法重整反应的体系进行了计算研究。通过计算结果得出甲烷脱氢、二氧化碳活化、C*和CH*的氧化、H₂和H₂O的生成四个反应过程可能的反应路径。最后,运用能量跨度模型分析循环反应的动力学信息,发现298K时甲烷脱氢过程中不易生成C*。913 K时甲烷脱氢过程决速中间体由IM1-1变成了IM6-1、决速过渡态由TS78-1变成了TS56-1;虽然可以生成C*,但能量跨度的减小加快了C*和CH*的消去。本工作可以了解NiCo双原子团簇催化甲烷干法重整的作用机理,为实验研究提供理论基础。     

团簇Ni4P催化析氢性能研究

为探究团簇Ni₄P催化析氢最强的结构,基于密度泛函理论,在B3LYP/Lan12dz水平下,对团簇Ni₄P的初始构型进行计算和优化,得到5种优化构型。从热力学稳定性、前线轨道图和前线轨道能级差对团簇Ni₄P的析氢性能分析发现,构型1^（4）和1^（2）的热力学稳定性较强;团簇Ni₄P各优化构型均易吸附水中的氢原子,Ni原子为团簇Ni₄P催化活性位点,且构型1^（4）、1^（2）和2^（4）催化析氢的活性更强。(1^（2）)-H、(2^（2）)-H在电化学脱附法和化学重组法中均具有较强的催化活性。以上说明构型1^（2）是团簇Ni₄P催化析氢最强的结构。     

金基二元合金团簇Au_(12)M(M=Cu,Pt,Ni)催化水煤气变换反应的理论研究

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)对Au12M(M=Cu,Pt,Ni)3种合金团簇的结构稳定性、热力学稳定性和反应活性进行研究,并对金基二元合金团簇催化水煤气变换反应(WGSR)的反应机理进行探讨.研究发现,Au12Ni合金团簇的稳定性及电子活性最优.考察了WGSR在金基二元合金团簇上的氧化还原机理和羧基机理,表明Au12Cu合金团簇上WGSR按照氧化还原机理A进行,水解离后产生的OH*会继续解离为O*和H*(*代表吸附物质);Au12Pt及Au12Ni合金团簇上按照氧化还原机理B进行,2个OH*发生歧化反应.比较3种团簇上的最佳反应路径发现,Au12Cu团簇对WGSR表现出较好的催化活性.     

电中性团簇MCu2Ox(M=Cu2+,Ce4+,Zr4+)上甲烷和二氧化碳直接合成乙酸的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究了电中性团簇MCu₂O_x(M=Cu²⁺, Ce⁴⁺, Zr⁴⁺; x=3, 4)的特性及其对甲烷和二氧化碳直接合成乙酸反应的影响. 结果表明, 团簇催化的反应由甲烷C—H活化、 二氧化碳插入引起C-C偶联、 CH₃COO转向和氢迁移4步构成. 前两步为关键步骤, C—H和C-C各自与团簇活性位点间形成四中心结构并推动反应进行. 电子自甲烷流出到团簇, 再流入二氧化碳, 使甲烷的C—H和二氧化碳的C=O得以活化, 继而驱动C-C偶联. Ce, Zr引入至氧化铜团簇中后, 团簇由原有的六元环结构衍变为六元环Ⅰ、 掺杂原子分别位于中心和端末的双四元环Ⅱ和Ⅲ 3种结构. 团簇结构和电子自旋均会影响反应的进行. 低自旋团簇有利于甲烷 C—H活化, 而高自旋团簇则有利于C-C偶联; 在3种掺杂团簇结构中, 处于三重态的结构Ⅲ团簇可以较好地兼顾C—H活化和C-C偶联. 通过比较相同结构发现, Ce, Zr掺杂调变了氧化铜团簇活性位点的局域电荷, 虽使其对甲烷C—H活化的能力略有下降, 但却显著降低了C-C偶联反应的活化自由能垒, 从而促进了反应的进行. 掺杂原子Zr的助剂作用比Ce要大.     

Mg2Ni0.75Cu0.25-Mg1.76体系的合成及氢化过程的初步研究

Leilly^[1]、Rudmen^[2]和本研究组^[3]分别对Mg₂Ni-xMg,Mg₂Cu-xMg体系进行了研究,巳发现Mg₂Ni或Mg₂Cu的存在对镁的氢化,释氢过程有催化作用,并描述了二元合金Mg₂Ni,Mg₂Cu对Mg的吸、放氢过程的催化氢化、脱氢模型。但有关三元合金对纯镁的吸、放氢催化性能研究,至今未见报道。我们合成了在基质镁粒表面包覆Mg₂Ni_0.75Cu_0.25的新型材料,并研究此三元合金表面对所包覆的Mg核与H₂之间反应的影响。     

二元铜团簇催化水煤气变换反应机理的理论研究

水煤气变换反应是一个重要的反应体系, 它可以去除H₂中少量的CO而被应用在质子膜燃料电池中. 然而关于水煤气变换的反应机理还存在一定的争议, 为阐明其反应机理, 本文采用密度泛函理论PBE方法, 金属元素采用Lanl2dz基组, 非金属元素采用6-311++G(d,p)基组, 对系列二元铜团簇Cu₆TM (TM=Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au)催化水煤气变换反应机理进行了研究. 结果表明: CO分子比H₂O分子更容易吸附到团簇上. 水煤气变换反应包括三种反应机理: 羧基反应机理, 氧化还原反应机理, 甲酸反应机理, 相对应的基元反应分别为CO^*+O^*→CO₂(g), CO^*+OH^*→COOH^*→CO₂(g)+H^*, 和CO^*+H^*+O^*→CHO^*+O^*→HCOO^**→CO₂(g)+H^*. 甲酸根是实验中最可能检测到的中间物, 这是由于生成甲酸根有较低的能垒以及甲酸根解离有较高的解离能. Co, Rh, Ni, Pd掺杂在Cu₇团簇中对水煤气转化反应的催化效果明显比纯Cu₇团簇催化效果好. 采用CO的初始消耗率以及最终CO₂的产率进一步研究了在Cu₆TM (TM=Co, Rh, Ni, Pd)表面甲酸根是反应过程中的旁观者还是一种重要的中间物. 计算结果还表明, 对于Cu₆TM (TM=Ni, Pd), 由于CO较低的反应能垒, 水煤气变换反应主要按照氧化还原反应机理进行反应, 而对于Cu₆TM (TM=Co, Rh), 水煤气变换反应三种反应机理均可进行反应. 本文的结果有助于理解水煤气变换反应和设计更好的催化剂.     

Sc12Co和Sc12Ni团簇的几何结构、磁性和光谱特性的理论研究

基于密度泛函理论和卡利普索结构预测方法,在B3PW91/LanL2DZ水平下,系统研究了Sc₁₃,Sc₁₂Co和Sc₁₂Ni团簇的几何结构、磁性和光谱特性.结果表明,Sc₁₃基态拥有高对称性的二十面体I_h点群对称结构,Sc₁₂Co和Sc₁₂Ni团簇基态结构是分别以Co和Ni为中心的畸变二十面体结构.基于上述基态结构,电荷转移分析发现电荷从Sc原子向Ni或Co原子转移.磁性分析表明Sc₁₃团簇的高磁性主要源于Sc—Sc之间的铁磁性耦合和较大的自旋劈裂.对于Sc₁₂Co和Sc₁₂Ni团簇,Sc—Ni和Sc—Co各原子之间的反铁磁性耦合、较小的自旋劈裂及原子间的电荷转移量是磁性偏低的原因.而且,总磁矩主要来源于Sc-3d轨道上的自旋磁矩贡献,4s和4p轨道上的自旋磁矩贡献非常小.最后,研究发现Sc₁₂Co和Sc₁₂Ni团簇的红外和拉...     

ORR催化剂Nim@Pt1Aun-m-1 (n = 19, 38, 55, 79; m = 1, 6, 13, 19)的密度泛函研究

燃料电池的阴极反应的反应动力学速率非常慢,限制了燃料电池技术的发展。因此,寻找低成本、高活性的氧还原催化剂具有重要的意义。多元金属核壳团簇表现出优良的氧还原活性。在本文中,以原子个数为19、38、55和79的八面体团簇作催化剂模型,采用密度泛函理论(GGA-PBE-PAW)方法,研究了一系列不同尺寸核壳Ni_m@M_n-m (n = 19, 38, 55, 79;m = 1, 6, 13, 19; M = Pt, Pd, Cu, Au, Ag)团簇催化剂的活性规律。优化*O、*OH和*OOH吸附中间体结构,计算了吸附自由能和反应吉布斯自由能,以超电势为催化活性的描述符,研究了单原子Pt嵌入Ni_m@Au_n-m团簇的活性规律。结果表明,Ni₆@Pt₁Au₃₁具有最好的ORR活性,并且Ni₁@Pt₁Au₁₇、Ni₆@Pt₁Au₃₁、Ni₁₃@Pt₁Au₄₁、Ni₁₉@Pt₁Au₅表现出比Pt₃₈团簇以及Pt(111)表面更高的催化活性。Bader电荷和态密度分析表面,核壳之间的电荷转移以及单原子Pt嵌入Ni_m@Au_n-m表面,改变了吸附位的电子性质,降低了*OH的吸附强度,提高了ORR活性。单原子Pt嵌入Ni_m@Au_n-m表面可能是一种合适的多元金属核壳ORR催化剂设计策略。     

两态反应Ni2+与c-C6H12的机理及自旋-轨道耦合研究

在密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法下, 对两态反应Ni₂⁺与环己烷体系进行了较为系统的研究. 结果表明, 反应分别在第一个氢迁移(⁴IM1→⁴TS1/2), 第三个氢迁移(⁴TS15/16→⁴IM15)以及 翻转过程(⁴IM5→⁴TS5/6, ²TS11/12→²IM12)发生了二、四重态势能面的交叉, 本文运用内禀反应坐标单点垂直激发计算的方法得到势能面大致的交叉点(CP), 进一步利用Crossing2004程序获得精确的最低能量交叉点(MECP). 对MECP附近的自旋轨道耦合(SOC)常数进行了计算. MECP1～MECP4处的SOC值分别为318.01, 396.89, 268.74和306.67 cm^-1. 较大的SOC值说明不同势能面间发生了有效地跃迁并使反应沿着最低反应通道进行. 对反应通道的研究发现, 反应中同面脱氢是主要反应通道. 异面脱氢由于翻转过程中决速步骤势垒为33 kcal/mol(吸热3 kcal/mol), 只生成少量的异面脱氢产物. 计算结果解释了实验现象.     

碳酸氢钠和甲酸钠之间14C交换反应动力学

Grant等人^[1]在研究由水解K^*CN制取标记甲酸盐的过程中发现,以杂质形式存在于K^*CN中的碳酸盐与甲酸盐之间进行¹⁴C的交换,并提出了可能的反应历程.我们在工作中发现碳酸钠和乙酸钠、丙酸钠、硬脂酸钠之间不发生¹⁴C交换反应,并验证了甲酸钠和碳酸氢钠之间的交换反应。我们还探讨了交换反应历程,活化能和反应速度常数。     

Keggin型多酸负载的单原子催化剂(M1/POM,M = Ni,Pd, Pt,Cu, Ag,Au, POM = [PW12O40]3-)活化氮气分子的密度泛函理论计算研究

采用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT)结合自然键轨道(NBO)分析的方法对一系列以多酸为载体的单原子催化剂(SACs)(M₁/POM (M = Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, POM = [PW₁₂O₄₀]^3-)的分子几何、电子结构及红外光谱进行计算。结果表明,Pt₁/POM对N₂分子具有潜在的活化能力,Pt₁/POM与N₂相互作用主要来自于由金属Pt的d_xz和d_yz轨道与N₂的π^*反键轨道重叠,金属Pt的d_xz、d_yz轨道上的电子填充到了氮气的π^*反键轨道上弱化了N≡N成键,导致了N≡N之间的键长增大,有效的活化了氮气分子。对它们红外光谱的分析表明,Keggin型多酸负载金属后W―O_c―W振动吸收峰发生劈裂,产生了五个典型的红外特征吸收峰。     

The coordinatively unsaturated cluster cations [Pt3{M(CO)3}(μ-Ph2PCH2PPh2)3] (M = Re, Mn)

The coordinatively unsaturated cluster [Pt₃(μ₃-CO)(μ-dppm)₃]²⁺ (1, dppm = Ph₂PCH₂PPh₂) reacts with Na⁺[M(CO)₅]⁻ to give the mixed metal clusters [Pt₃{M(CO)₃}(μ-dppm)₃]⁺ (M = Re, 2; Mn, 3). The new clusters are characterized by spectroscopic methods and, for M = Re, by an X-ray structure determination. The Pt₃Re core in 2 is tetrahedral with particularly short metal-metal distances.     

噻吩在Au_(13)和Pt_(13)团簇上加氢脱硫的反应机理比较

采用密度泛函理论研究了噻吩在立方正八面体的M_(13)(M=Au、Pt)团簇上的吸附和加氢脱硫行为。结果表明,噻吩以环吸附于Au_(13)上的Hol-tri位或Pt_(13)上的Hol-quadr位时最稳定,且Pt_(13)上的吸附稳定性更高。在M_(13)催化体系中,按间接加氢脱硫机理,反应可能依顺式加氢的方式进行;其中,C-S键断裂开环所需的活化能最高,是反应的限速步骤;按直接加氢脱硫机理,HS加氢所需活化能最高,是反应的限速步骤。同时该机理总体所需活化能较间接加氢脱硫机理更低,是更为合理的脱硫机理。噻吩加氢脱硫过程中,Au_(13)体系为放热反应,而Pt_(13)体系为吸热反应,并且Au_(13)体系加氢所需活化能更低;因此,Au_(13)更有利于噻吩加氢脱硫反应的进行。     

铂钌团簇及电荷对甲醇活性的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)对钌掺杂的铂团簇阳离子([Pt_nRu_m]⁺, m + n = 3, n ≥ 1)活化甲醇C―H和O―H键反应进行了理论研究;探讨了电荷对[Pt_nRu_m]团簇反应活性的影响。电荷分析表明:(1) [Pt₃]⁺团簇中正电荷在三个Pt原子上均匀分布;掺杂Ru原子后,正电荷主要分布在Ru原子上; (2)首先活化C―H键时[Pt_nRu_m]⁺的反应活性比[Pt_nRu_m]明显提高;首先活化O―H键时只有[Pt₃]⁺比[Pt₃]团簇的反应活性有明显提高。本研究可为金属团簇调控的C―H键和O―H键的活化提供更深入的理解。     

单原子层Pd壳的Pt3Ni纳米立方体的甲酸氧化性能

通过一种结合了CO辅助合成Pt₃Ni纳米立方粒子和单原子层Cu壳欠电位沉积再置换为Pd的方法,成功制备出了具有单原子层Pd壳和Pt₃Ni纳米立方粒子核结构的Pt₃Ni@Pd/C催化剂。电感耦合等离子体元素分析、X射线衍射和透射电子显微镜法被用于研究表征此种Pt₃Ni@Pd/C催化剂,结果显示大部分Pt₃Ni纳米粒子的表面都由{100}族的晶面所构成。而且在这些{100}族的晶面上,单原子层Pd壳通过电沉积的外延生长,也获得了{100}族的晶面。本文进一步对Pt₃Ni@Pd/C作为甲酸氧化电催化剂的性能进行了研究,并与商业Pd/C和原Pt₃Ni/C催化剂进行了比较。结果显示,由于Pt₃Ni@Pd/C的单原子层Pd壳的结构和所暴露出的Pd{100}族的晶面,Pt₃Ni@Pd/C催化剂具有优异的甲酸氧化电催化性能。与原Pt₃Ni/C催化剂相比较,Pt₃Ni@Pd/C催化剂的贵金属质量比活性提高到了7.5倍。此外,与商业Pd/C催化剂相比,Pt₃Ni@Pd/C催化剂的比表面活性和Pd质量比活性也分别提高到了2.5和8.3倍。     

Synthesis of novel platinum-silver and platinum-copper complexes with bridging alkynyl ligands

The study of the reactivity of [Pt₂M₄(CCR)₈] (M=Ag or cu; R=Ph or ^tBu) towards different neutral and anionic ligands is reported. This study reveals that reactions of the phenylacetylide derivatives [Pt₂M₄(CCPh)₈] with anionic, X⁻ (X=Cl or Br) or neutral donors (CN^tBu or py) in a molar ratio 1:4 (m/donor ratio 1:1) yield the trinuclear anionic (NBu₄)₂[{Pt(CCPh)₄ (MX)₂] (M=Ag or Cu, X =Cl or Br) or neutral [{Pt(CCPh0₄=sAGL)₂] (L=CN^tBu or py) complexes, respectively. The crystal structure of (NBu₄)₂[{Pt(CCPh)₄}(CuBr)₂](4) shows that the anion is formed by a dianionic Pt(CCPh)₄ fragment and two neutral CuBr units joined through bridging alkynyl ligands. All the alkynyl groups are σ bonded to Pt and η²-coordinated to a Cu atom which have an approximately trigonal-planar geometry. By contrast, similar reactions with [Pt₂M₄(CC^tBu)₈] (molar ratio M/donor 1:1) afford hexanuclear dianionic (NBu₄)₂[Pt₂M₄(CC^tBu)₈X₂] or neutral [Pt₂Ag₄(CC^tBu0₈Py₂]. Only by treatment with a large exces of Br ⁻ (molar ratio M/Br⁻ 1:2) are the trinuclear complexes (NBu₄)₂[{Pt(CC^tBu₄ (MBr)₂] (M=Ag, Cu) obtained. Attempted preparations of analogous complexes with phosphines (L′=PPh₃ or PEt₃) by reactions of [Pt₂M₄(CCR₈] with L′ leads to displacement of alkynyl ligands from platinum and formation of neutral mononuclear complexes [trans-Pt(CCR)₂L′₂].     

Emission quenching of binuclear pyrophosphito platinum(II) complexes in aqueous solution by sulphur dioxide. Spectroscopic measurements on sulphur dioxide addition and chromous ion reduction

The emission intensity at 517 nm from Pt₂(pop)₄⁴⁻ (pop = P₂O₅H₂²⁻) is quenched by the addition of sulphur dioxide. The sulphur dioxide coordinates at the axial platinum(II) sites by a η¹-SO₂ bond. This coordination is supported by ³¹p NMR and Raman spectroscopy of aqueous solutions. The electronic spectrum of a sulphur dioxide saturated solution of Pt₂(pop)₄⁴⁻ shows an absorption at 428.5nm ( = 4.1 × 10⁴). From the decrease in the chromophore for uncomplexed Pt₂(pop)₄⁴⁻ the equilibrium constant for SO₂ binding is estimated to be 1.74 M₂l⁻². The effect of adding different quenchers to aqueous solutions of Pt_2(pop)4⁴⁻ is discussed. The compound Pt₂(pop)₄⁴⁻ will undergo 2-electron reduction with chromous ion.     

The effects of surface ligands and counter cations on the stability of anionic thiolated M12Ag32 （M=Au,Ag） nanoclusters

The stabilities of [M12Ag32（SR）30]4- （M = Ag, Au and SR = SPhF2, SPhCF3, SPhF） clusters having the same structure but different surface ligands or counter cations were systematically studied. It was clearly revealed that a subtle structural change in the surface ligands or counter cations could significantly alter the overall stability of [M12Ag32（SR）30]4 although they all had an electronic structure of 18-electron superatom shell closure. SPhF2 was found as a better surface ligand than SPhCF3 or SPhF to stabilize [M12Ag32（SR）30]4-. And the use of more bulky [（PPhj）2N]＋ as the counter cations was revealed to be more deleterious to the overall stability of [M12Ag32（SR）30]4- clusters than PPh4＋. [Au12Ag32（SR）30]4- was much more stable than [Ag44（SR）30]4 with the same surface ligands and counter cations. An exceptional stability was observed on （PPh4）4[Au12Ag32（SPhF2）30] which was stable in DMF for more than 8 days in air at 80 ℃. More research efforts are still needed to deeply understand why a small structural change could result in a significant change in the stability of noble metal nanoclusters.     

Relativistic DFT studies of dehydrogenation of methane by Pt cationic clusters: cooperative effect of bimetallic clusters

The dehydrogenation reaction mechanisms of methane catalyzed by transition-metal clusters PtM(+) (M = Cu, Ag, Au) and Pt(n)(+) (n = 2-4) have been investigated theoretically. In the reactions of PtM(+) (M = Cu, Ag, Au) with CH(4), cleavage of the first C-H bond is quite facile without barrier. The second C-H bond activation and the release of H(2) from molecular complex are generally the rate-determining steps. In the reactions of platinum clusters Pt(n)()(+) (n = 2-4) with CH(4), the H(2) elimination from the dihydrogen complex is the rate-determining step. Spin crossover may occur in the reaction of Pt(2)(+) and CH(4). Pt(2)(+) and Pt(3)(+) can dehydrogenate methane efficiently due to remarkable thermodynamic stability of the products. The dehydrogenation of methane induced by Pt(4)(+) is less favored thermodynamically than Pt(n)()(+) (n = 1, 2, 3). On the basis of theoretical analyses, the differences in reactivity among the clusters and the nature of cooperative effect of the bimetallic cluster have been discussed. The calculated results provide a reasonable basis for understanding of experimental observations.     

One-step conversion of n-butane to isobutene over H-beta supported Pt and Pt,M (M = Cu, In, Sn) catalysts: An investigation on the role of the second metal

The one-step transformation of n-butane to isobutene was studied over H-beta zeolite supported Pt and Pt,M (M = Cu, In, Sn) catalysts. Catalytic performance of monometallic Pt/H-beta samples resulted to be affected by the support acidity, a lower number of acid sites leading to higher iso- and n-butenes selectivities and lower by-products formation. Addition of Cu, In or Sn to Pt enhanced both isobutene and n-butenes selectivities, which were in the order: Pt,In > Pt,Sn  Pt,Cu > Pt. All Pt,M samples exhibited also a higher stability than the corresponding monometallic Pt samples, the sequence of deactivation rates being: Pt > In,Pt > Cu,Pt ≈ Sn,Pt. On the basis of characterization results it was stated that the addition of Cu, In or Sn to Pt affects the n-butane dehydroisomerization modifying both the surface structure of Pt clusters and the support acidity. In particular the observed order of isobutene selectivity was related to the degree of Pt–M interaction leading to a dilution of Pt clusters, which inhibits hydrogenolysis reactions and enhances dehydrogenation processes. The decrease in the number of acid sites caused by addition of the second metal was instead accounted for the improved resistance to deactivation of Pt,M catalysts.