八元瓜环与常山碱的相互作用模式

利用紫外吸收光谱、 荧光光谱、 核磁共振氢谱及红外光谱等方法考察了八元瓜环(Q[8])对常山碱(Feb)的包结作用; 采用紫外吸收光谱法研究了Q[8]对Feb理化性质的影响及不同pH条件下Q[8]/Feb包合物溶液中Feb的释放及Q[8]/Feb包合物在人工肠液和人工胃液中的释放. 结果表明, 在pH=1.2的盐酸介质中, Q[8]与Feb可形成摩尔比1∶1的稳定主客体包合物, 结合常数为4.20×10 ⁴ L/mol. 在pH=1.2(人工胃液的pH值)时, Feb可与Q[8]形成稳定包合物; 在pH=6.8(人工肠液的pH值)时, Q[8]/Feb包合物可释放出单纯的游离Feb. 因此, Q[8]可作为Feb的一种潜在药物载体为减轻Feb呕吐副反应提供借鉴.     

六元瓜环、对称四甲基六元瓜环与2,2'-(1,8-辛烷)-二异喹啉二溴化物的自组装模式

利用核磁共振波谱、 紫外吸收光谱、 荧光光谱和单晶X射线衍射分析等考察了六元瓜环(Q[6])及对称四甲基六元瓜环(TMeQ[6])与2,2'-(1,8-辛烷)-二异喹啉二溴化物的相互作用. 实验结果表明, 客体分子分别与这2种瓜环自组装形成相似的1∶1包结配合物, 但晶体结构分析结果表明两个体系在主客体分子间作用力诱导下形成了不同的空间堆积模式, 其包结常数分别为K_K8-Q[6]=4.18×10⁷ L/mol, K_K8-TMeQ[6]=6.11×10⁷ L/mol.     

八元瓜环与1,7-二(2-苯并咪唑)-庚烷的超分子自组装

以氯化1,7-二（2-苯并咪唑）-庚烷（SBHt）为客体,八元瓜环（Q[8]）为主体,利用¹H NMR技术、动态光散射实验、荧光发射光谱、紫外吸收光谱详细探索了其在溶液中的相互作用、超分子自组装过程及作用模式. 首先考察了八元瓜环对客体pKa的影响,确定了研究主客体相互作用的条件,并详细探索了主客体的超分子自组装过程及作用模式. 主体Q[8]与客体SBHt相互作用的¹H NMR谱图表明,主客体相互作用自组装形成1：1超分子聚合物. 这一推断得到动态光散射实验、紫外吸收光谱、荧光发射光谱测定结果的证实,并通过紫外吸收光谱、荧光发射光谱确定其表观稳定常数分别为2.79×10⁵ L/mol及2.48×10⁵ L/mol. 而晶体结构测定表明主体Q[8]与客体SBHt自组装形成1：2的简单包结配合物. 导致Q[8]与SBHt在溶液中和固体状态下形成不同自组装结构可能源于瓜环的外壁作用与包结作用竞争所致.     

七元瓜环对2'-羟基查尔酮溶解性、稳定性及抗氧化活性的影响

利用~1H NMR、紫外吸收光谱和荧光光谱等方法考察了七元瓜环(Q[7])对2'-羟基查尔酮(CET)的包结作用.结果表明,Q[7]与CET形成了摩尔比为1∶1的包结配合物,紫外吸收光谱和荧光光谱测得的结合稳定常数分别为1.0248×10~6和1.253×10~6.相溶解度法研究结果表明,当Q[7]的浓度为1×10~(-3)mol/L时,可使CET在水中的溶解度增加52倍.紫外吸收光谱随时间变化的研究结果表明,Q[7]使CET的稳定性增加3.5倍.采用体外抗氧化活性测定(ABTS法)考察了Q[7]对CET抗氧化活性的影响,发现CET@Q[7]包结配合物以及游离CET均对ABTS自由基有较好的清除作用.IC50值分别为3.4×10~(-5)和2.4×10~(-5)mol/L,表明Q[7]不仅能增加CET的溶解性和稳定性,同时对CET抗氧化活性的影响不大.     

七元瓜环与芦竹碱的主客体相互作用

利用紫外可见吸收光谱法和荧光光谱法分别考察了七元瓜环(Q[7])与芦竹碱(Gramine)在溶液中的主客体相互作用;考察了p H值对主客体相互作用的影响,并利用摩尔比法和Job法计算了主客体相互作用的作用比以及稳定常数;利用等温量热滴定法进一步考察了Q[7]与Gramine主客体相互作用的热力学参数。实验结果表明Gramine与Q[7]在很宽的p H介质条件下(2p H10)都能发生主客体相互作用,在酸性、中性水溶液中形成2∶1的主客体配合物,而在碱性溶液中则形成1∶1的主客体配合物。Gramine与Q[7]的主客体相互作用过程主要是以焓驱动为主的过程。相溶解度实验的结果表明当Q[7]的浓度为1.0×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1)时,可使Gramine的溶解度增大82倍。     

七、八元瓜环与3-氨基香豆素的主客体相互作用

利用紫外-可见吸收光谱法、荧光光谱法、等温量热滴定法和核磁共振波谱法考察了七、八元瓜环(Q[7]、Q[8])与3-氨基香豆素(3-AC)之间的主客体相互作用。结果表明Q[7]与3-AC在pH=1.03的条件下形成包结比为1∶1的主客体配合物,紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光吸收光谱测得的主客体包结稳定常数分别为3.789×10~4 L·mol~(-1)、4.136×10~4 L·mol~(-1);Q[8]与3-AC在pH=1.03～6.97条件下均形成包结比为1∶1的主客体配合物,在中性条件下,紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光吸收光谱测得的主客体包结稳定常数分别为2.551×10~5 L·mol~(-1)、2.455×10~5 L·mol~(-1)。其包结模式为3-氨基香豆素分子完全进入Q[7]或Q[8]分子空腔,主客体相互作用过程主要由焓和熵驱动。相溶解度法研究表明Q[7]、Q[8]的介入使3-AC在水中的溶解度分别增加了1.26倍和2.04倍。     

八元瓜环与乔松素的主客体作用及对乔松素性质的影响

利用核磁共振波谱、紫外吸收光谱和热重分析等方法研究了八元瓜环(Q[8])对乔松素(PCB)的包结作用;采用紫外吸收光谱法研究了Q[8]对PCB水溶性、抗氧化活性及在人工胃肠液中稳定性和累积释放量的影响.结果表明,PCB与Q[8]形成了摩尔比为1∶2的主客体包结配合物(PCB-Q[8]),PCB位于2个瓜环的端口之间,其稳定结合常数为5.00×10~9 L~2/mol~2.当c(Q[8])=90μmol/L时,可使PCB在水中的溶解度增加4.3倍;PCB-Q[8]包合物和PCB均对2,2-联氮基-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基具有较好的清除作用,IC_(50)值分别为4.3和3.2μmol/L.在人工胃液中,PCB和PCB-Q[8]包合物都较稳定;而在人工肠液中,PCB于72 h后全部降解,PCB-Q[8]包合物则基本未降解,表明Q[8]增强了PCB在人工肠液中的稳定性;Q[8]的介入提高了PCB在人工胃液和人工肠液中的累积释放量,其数值分别提高了5倍和2倍.     

六、七元瓜环与苯二胺及硝基苯胺异构体相互作用的HPLC研究

利用HPLC法考察了六、七元瓜环(Q[6], Q[7])与邻苯二胺(g1)、间苯二胺(g2)、对苯二胺(g3)、邻硝基苯胺(g4)、间硝基苯胺(g5)、对硝基苯胺(g6)的相互作用. 实验结果表明: Q[6]可与客体g1～g3, g5形成1∶1的包结配合物; Q[7]与客体g1～g6形成1∶1包结配合物, 同时计算了包结配合物的包结稳定常数, 探讨了主-客体的相互作用模式, 并利用¹H NMR、紫外吸收光谱法进行了佐证.     

八元瓜环与黄岑苷的主客体相互作用及对黄岑苷性质的影响

利用紫外吸收光谱和核磁共振波谱(NMR)等方法考察了八元瓜环(Q[8])与黄岑苷(BAL)之间的相互作用.结果表明,Q[8]与BAL形成了摩尔比为1∶1的包结配合物,包结稳定常数K=2. 8×104L/mol.相溶解度法研究结果表明,当Q[8]浓度为100μmol/L时,可使BAL在水中的溶解度增加4. 5倍.采用2,2-联氮基-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)方法考察了Q[8]对BAL抗氧化活性的影响,BAL-Q[8]包合物与游离BAL均对ABTS自由基具有清除能力,IC50值分别为5. 48和5. 07μmol/L.在人工肠液中BAL和BAL-Q[8]包合物较稳定;而在人工胃液中BAL在6 h后迅速降解,BAL-Q[8]包合物则基本未降解,Q[8]显著提高了BAL在人工胃液中的稳定性.体外累积释放度研究结果表明,在人工胃液中Q[8]的介入提高了BAL的累积释放量,其数值提高了2倍;在人工肠液中BAL-Q[8]包合物的累积释放速度明显慢于BAL的累计释放速度,说明Q[8]包合BAL后对BAL有一定的缓释作用.     

七、八元瓜环对萘二胺异构体相互作用的考察

利用紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱以及¹H NMR方法考察了七、八元瓜环(Q[7], Q[8])与1,8-萘二胺(g1), 2,3-萘二胺(g2), 1,5-萘二胺(g3)的相互作用. 实验结果表明: Q[7]与客体g1发生端口作用, 作用比为1∶1; Q[7]与客体g2, g3相互作用也形成1∶1的包结配合物. Q[8]与三种客体相互作用情况各不相同, 除Q[8]与客体g2相互作用形成1∶2的包结配合物; Q[8]与客体g1或g3可发生相互作用, 形成溶解性较差的作用产物, 其表观相互作用的比例为1∶1. 考察溶液酸度对主客体相互作用的影响还表明: 当pH大于某一值之后, 如Q[7]主客体体系, pH大于6.0; Q[8]主客体体系, pH大于12.0, 用光谱方法观察不到瓜环与客体的相互作用. Q[7], Q[8]为主体的上述主客体作用产物分别与金刚烷胺盐酸盐、1,10-癸二胺盐酸盐的竞争反应结果表明, 已作用的萘二胺异构体容易被所选用的竞争客体所取代, 只有g2与Q[8]形成的包结配合物被1,10-癸二胺盐酸盐部分取代.     

瓜环与含羟基功能基二胺包结配合物的晶体结构及相互作用的研究

合成并表征了含羟基功能基的二胺1,3-二(2-氨基苯氧基)-2-丙醇(客体). 利用X射线衍射方法研究了客体与八元瓜环Q[8]所形成包结配合物的晶体结构. 结果表明主客体间形成了1∶2的包结配合物, 两个客体分子分别从瓜环的两个端口进入瓜环内腔, 在腔内两个客体分子中的苯环间存在着π-π相互作用. 利用1H NMR技术及紫外-可见吸收光谱对主客体间的相互作用进行考察, 所得结果与晶体结构吻合.     

Solubility enhancement of kinetin through host–guest interactions with cucurbiturils

We explored the use of cucurbiturils to form inclusion complexes to overcome the solubility problems of kinetin, a plant cytokinin. Inclusion complexes between kinetin and Q[7], TMeQ[6] and HMeQ[6] in aqueous solution and in solid state were investigated by phase solubility studies, ¹H NMR and IR. The effects of pH and temperature on complex stability were also investigated. Phase solubility studies showed that kinetin solubility increased in a linear fashion as a function of Q[7] and TMeQ[6] concentrations. However, kinetin solubility increased first, then decreased as the HMeQ[6] concentration increased, and the maximum solubility of kinetin was achieved at 4.95 mM in HMeQ[6]. The solubility of kinetin as well as the stability constant of its complex with Q[7] were affected by the pH of the medium. The thermodynamic parameters of the complex formation were also determined, and it showed that the formation of the inclusion complexes between kinetin and Q[7] was enthalpy controlled, suggesting that hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions were the main driving forces. Moreover, we found that the size of the cavity of cucurbituril played an important role in the association process. The formation of inclusion complexes between Q[7], TMeQ[6] and HMeQ[6] with kinetin was confirmed by ¹H NMR, and IR spectroscopy showed the presence of inclusion complexes in solid state. Our results demonstrated that the complexation of kinetin with Q[n] could be used to improve the solubility of kinetin in aqueous solution.     

瓜环与喹啉衍生物包结配合行为研究

利用¹H NMR以及荧光技术研究了六、七、八元瓜环与2-苯基喹啉、N-正丙基溴化异喹啉、3-氨基喹啉及7,8-苯并喹啉的相互作用.两种方法的考察结果均表明,2-苯基喹啉能与这3种瓜环发生相互作用,其中六、七元瓜环与2-苯基喹啉形成1∶1的稳定包结配合物,包结常数分别为1.6×10⁴和3.2×10³L/mol.八元瓜环能与2-苯基喹啉形成1∶2包结物.¹H NMR结果还表明,3种瓜环均能与N-正丙基溴化异喹啉相互作用,其化学计量比均为1∶2;七元瓜环与7,8-苯并喹啉相互作用,化学计量比约为1∶1.荧光法也表明八元瓜环能与N-正丙基溴化异喹啉、3-氨基喹啉及7,8-苯并喹啉发生相互作用,并且荧光强度随瓜环浓度增加而下降,其化学计量比为1∶2.同时,讨论了上述主客体包结配合物的作用模式.     

Cucurbit[n]urils (n=7, 8) binding of camptothecin and the effects on solubility and reactivity of the anticancer drug

The interaction between cucurbit[n]uril (n = 7, 8)(Q[n]) with two forms namely lactone modality and carboxylate modality of anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT) was studied. The results revealed that the combination of Q[n] with the lactone form of CPT was observed by electronic absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and ¹H NMR technique in the acid solution (pH 2) and the total stability constants β were also obtained by Job plot with a host:guest ratio of 2:1; while in the phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4), only Q[8] bound the carboxylate form of CPT in ratio 1:1, but no obvious interaction between Q[7] and the carboxylate form of CPT was observed. The solubility of CPT was enhanced up to about 70 and 8 times at pH 2 due to the formation of interaction complexes with Q[7] and Q[8], respectively, by using phase solubility method. The cytotoxicity tests revealed that compared with the free CPT, the complexes of Q[n] and CPT had the same cytotoxic activity on the human lung cancer cell line A549 and murine macrophage cell line P388D1 and the moderate depressed activity on human leukaemia cell line K562.     

Host–guest interactions of thiabendazole with normal and modified cucurbituril: 1H NMR,phase solubility and antifungal activity studies

Guest–host inclusion complexes between thiabendazole (TBZ) and cucurbit[7]uril (Q[7]), symmetrical tetra-methylcucurbit[6]uril (TMeQ[6]) and meta-hexamethyl-substituted cucurbit[6]uril (HMeQ[6]) in aqueous solution were investigated by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and phase solubility studies. The antifungal activities of the inclusion complexes were also determined. Analysis of the ¹H NMR spectra revealed that the host Q[7] selectively binds the benzimidazole ring moiety of the guest molecule and that the thiazole ring is encapsulated into the cavities of TMeQ[6] and HMeQ[6]. Phase solubility diagrams were analysed using rigorous procedures to obtain estimates of the complex formation constants for Q[n]-TBZ complexation. The phase solubility studies showed that TBZ solubility increased as a function of Q[7], TMeQ[6] and HMeQ[6] concentrations. We found that complexation of TBZ with Q[n] increased the inhibitory effect of TBZ on the growth of Fusarium graminearum. Our results thus demonstrate that complexation of TBZ with Q[n] could be used to improve the solubility and antifungal activity of TBZ.     

Interaction between tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril and some pyridine derivates

Interaction between tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril (TMeQ[6], host) with hydrochloride salts of 2-phenylpridine (G1), 2-benzylpyridine (G2), and 4-benzylpyridine (G3) (guests) have been investigated by using 1H NMR spectroscopy and electronic absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The 1H NMR spectra analysis established an interaction model in which the host selectively included the phenyl moiety of the HCl salt of the above three guests, and formed inclusion complexes with a host-guest ratio of 1:1. Absorption spectrophotometric analysis allowed quantitative measurement of the stability of these host-guest inclusion complexes. Particularly, we have established a competitive interaction in which one host-guest inclusion complex pair is much more stable than another host-guest inclusion complex pair. The stability constants for the three host-guest inclusion complexes of TMeQ[6]-G1, TMeQ[6]-G2, and TMeQ[6]-G3 are approximately 2x10(6), 60.7, and 19.9 mol-1.L, respectively. To understand how subtle differences in the structure of the title guests lead to a significant difference in the stability of the corresponding host-guest inclusion complexes with the TMeQ[6], ab initio theoretical calculations have been performed, not only for the gas phase but also the solution phase (water as solvent) in all cases. The calculation results revealed that when the phenyl moiety of the three pyridine derivate guests was included, the host-guest complexation reached the minimum, and the corresponding energy differences for the formation of the title host-guest inclusion complexes are qualitatively consistent with the experimental results.     

Cucurbit[n]urils-induced room temperature phosphorescence of quinoline derivatives

The cucurbit[7,8]urils (Q[7] and Q[8])-induced room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of quinoline and its derivatives were firstly found in the cucurbit[n]urils chemistry. The luminophores (quinolines) and their RTP are affected by the concentration of different Q[n]s, heavy metal ions and amounts, and pH. The RTP lifetime of the luminophore has been investigated. In presence of Na₂SO₃, the cation Tl⁺ led to stronger Q[n]-induced RTP, while the RTP lifetimes of luminophore/Q[7 or 8]/KI were generally longer than that of luminophore/Q[7 or 8]/TlNO₃, the RTP lifetimes of these systems were between 0.18 and 47.4 ms. Contrary to the stable 1:2 Q[8]:guest ternary inclusion complexes at lower pHs, as suggested by ¹H NMR, electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, low Q[8]-induced room temperature phosphorescence was observed. However, at higher pHs, high intensity of cucurbit[n]urils-induced room temperature phosphorescence of these quinoline derivatives were observed, and a 1:1 Q[8]:guest inclusion complex was formed. Investigations of dependence of RTP intensity on concentration of Q[n] revealed that the highest intensity of the Q[n]-induced RTP was observed at a low mole ratio of host:guest, which is closed to 1:1. It was presumably resulted from the strong interaction of Q[n] and these guests due to the combined hydrophobic cavity interaction and the hydrophilic portal interaction of the cucurbit[n]urils with the nitrogen heterocycles guest.