MgF2 as a non-conventional catalyst support

This review reports progress in the study of the surface structure of MgF₂ and its use as a support of catalytically active phases. Magnesium fluoride was applied first as a support in catalysis for systems containing individual oxides of transition metals (Mo, V, W, Cu, Cr) and then two different oxide phases (Cu-Cr, Cu-Mn), a metal phase (Ru, Pd) or heteropolyacids. Its use as a support enabled determination of the structure and surface properties of these catalysts. The MgF₂-supported catalysts are characterized by high activity and selectivity in such processes as: hydrodechlorination of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrodesulfurization of organic compounds and purification of fuel combustion products from nitrogen oxides. Magnesium fluoride has been also used in MgF₂-doped chromium or aluminum fluoride catalysts for Cl/F exchange on hydrochlorocarbons.     

硅烷基五羰基锰（ＣＯ）５ＳｉＲ３的光化学合成

摘要 对甲基卞基五羰基锰(CO)5Mn-p-CH2C6H4CH3（4a）或对甲氧基五羰基锰(CO)5Mn-p-CH2C6H4OCH3（4b）与1-2当量R3SiH的C6H6 或C6D6溶液在5oC光解,经色谱纯化后得到中等或高收率硅烷基五羰基锰(CO)5MnSiR3［SiR3 = SiMe2Ph（１b）,SiMePh2（１c）,SiPh3（１d）,SiHPh2（１e）,SiEt3（１f）,SiMe2tBu（１g）,和SiMe2Et（１h）］。光化学反应后,对二甲苯和对甲基苯甲醚副产物分别定量生成,并伴随少量Mn2(CO)10（<1％-6％）。色谱柱的尺寸和温度（室温至- 65 oC）的选择视初始浓度的分解,色谱柱展开期间1的稳定性（过载）,以及1与Mn2(CO)10的分离难易而定。去除Mn2(CO)10后的硅烷基五羰基锰3b-3g为浅黄色油状物或无色晶体（只有3h无法分离得到纯净物）。尽管这些化合物对空气敏感对热却相对稳定。     

Surface-catalyzed chlorine and nitrogen activation: mechanisms for the heterogeneous formation of ClNO, NO, NO2, HONO, and N2O from HNO3 and HCl on aluminum oxide particle surfaces

It is well-known that chlorine active species (e.g., Cl(2), ClONO(2), ClONO) can form from heterogeneous reactions between nitrogen oxides and hydrogen chloride on aerosol particle surfaces in the stratosphere. However, less is known about these reactions in the troposphere. In this study, a potential new heterogeneous pathway involving reaction of gaseous HCl and HNO(3) on aluminum oxide particle surfaces, a proxy for mineral dust in the troposphere, is proposed. We combine transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate changes in the composition of both gas-phase and surface-bound species during the reaction under different environmental conditions of relative humidity and simulated solar radiation. Exposure of surface nitrate-coated aluminum oxide particles, from prereaction with nitric acid, to gaseous HCl yields several gas-phase products, including ClNO, NO(2), and HNO(3), under dry (RH < 1%) conditions. Under humid more conditions (RH > 20%), NO and N(2)O are the only gas products observed. The experimental data suggest that, in the presence of adsorbed water, ClNO is hydrolyzed on the particle surface to yield NO and NO(2), potentially via a HONO intermediate. NO(2) undergoes further hydrolysis via a surface-mediated process, resulting in N(2)O as an additional nitrogen-containing product. In the presence of broad-band irradiation (λ > 300 nm) gas-phase products can undergo photochemistry, e.g., ClNO photodissociates to NO and chlorine atoms. The gas-phase product distribution also depends on particle mineralogy (Al(2)O(3) vs CaCO(3)) and the presence of other coadsorbed gases (e.g., NH(3)). These newly identified reaction pathways discussed here involve continuous production of active ozone-depleting chlorine and nitrogen species from stable sinks such as gas-phase HCl and HNO(3) as a result of heterogeneous surface reactions. Given that aluminosilicates represent a major fraction of mineral dust aerosol, aluminum oxide can be used as a model system to begin to understand various aspects of possible reactions on mineral dust aerosol surfaces.     

Growth Mechanism and Characterization of Single-crystalline Ga-doped SnO2 Nanowires and Self-organized SnO2/Ga2O3 Heterogeneous Microcomb Structures

Single-crystalline Ga-doped SnO2 nanowires and SnO2:Ga2O3 heterogeneous microcombs were synthesized by a simple one-step thermal evaporation and condensation method. They were characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). FE-SEM images showed that the products consisted of nanowires and microcombs that represent a novel morphology. XRD, SAED and EDS indicated that they were single-crystalline tetragonal SnO2. The influence of experimental conditions on the morphologies of the products is discussed. The morphology of the product showed a ribbon-like stem and nanoribbon array aligned evenly along one or both side of the nanoribbon. It was found that many Ga2O3 nanoparticles deposited on the surface of the microcombs. The major core nanoribbon grew mainly along the 110 direction and the self-organized branching nanoribbons grew epitaxially along 1110 or 1110 orientation from the (110) plane of the stem. A growth process was proposed for interpreting the growth of these remarkable SnO2:Ga2O3 heterogeneous microcombs. Due to the heavy doping of Ga, the emission peak in photoluminescence spectra has red-shifted as well as broadened significantly.     

Pyrolytic and catalytic conversion of rape oil into aromatic and aliphatic fractions in a fixed bed reactor on Al2O3 and Al2O3/B2O3 catalysts

In the, at present, unstable fuel market, much attention is devoted to alternative technologies for fuel production and development of alternative products of the petrochemical industry. One of the prospective sources of fuel and alternative petrochemical products is biomass, and the use of oil plants is one of the possibilities. This paper reports on a possible conversion of rapeseed oil produced in Poland into intermediate hydrocarbon fractions by pyrolysis combined with parallel catalytic conversion. The products were analysed by gas chromatography coupled with a mass detector. The process was performed in a fixed-bed reactor and was monitored by FTIR and ¹H NMR. Depending on the catalysts applied, the products contained: water, carbon oxides, hydrogen, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons accompanied by some amount of C2-C5 hydrocarbons formed during the cracking process. Presented at the 35th International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatranské Matliare, 26–30 May 2008.     

正极材料LiNi0.5Mn0.5-xCrxO2的低温燃烧合成

以LiNO3、Ni(NO3)2.6H2O、50%Mn(NO3)2溶液、Cr(NO3)3.9H2O和尿素为原料,采用低温燃烧法合成了LiNi0.5Mn0.5-xCrxO2,研究了回火温度、回火时间、锂过量和掺铬量对正极材料电化学性能的影响。结果表明,采用低温燃烧法合成LiNi0.5Mn0.5-xCrxO2的优化条件为:回火温度850℃、回火时间16h、锂过量15%,适宜掺铬量x=0.02。在优化条件下合成的正极材料具有α-NaFeO2型层状结构、球状形貌和良好的电化学性能,以0.1C速率在2.5～4.6V之间充放电,首次放电容量为179.9mAh/g,第50次循环放电容量仍保有171.0mAh/g,容量保持率达到95.1%。     

CH3NO2和CH3自由基吸氢反应途径和变分速率常数计算

采用MP2(full)/6-311G(d, p)从头算方法,优化了硝基甲烷和甲基自由基吸氢反应的过渡态结构,经QCISD(T)方法进行能量校正,得出该反应的正逆向反应的活化位垒分别是58.21 kJ•mol－1和67.17 kJ•mol－1.沿IRC分析指出该反应是氢转移协同反应,而且在反应途径上存在一个引导反应进行的振动模式,这一反应模式引导反应进行的区间在反应坐标S的-0.9～1.0(amu)1/2bohr之间;在温度为800～2600 K范围内,运用改进的变分过渡态理论(ICVT),计算了该反应的速率常数,并与实验类比所得的速率常数随温度的变化趋势进行了比较.     

SbF5/PAF—a novel fluorinating reagent in preparing fluorine compounds

A novel fluorination reagent and catalyst, SbF₅/PAF (porous aluminum fluoride), was prepared by impregnating SbCl₅ into PAF and then treating with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. The prepared reagent had an excellent catalytic activity in halogen-exchange, and also improved the properties of SbF₅, such as hydroscopicity, corrosion, and toxicity. SbF₅/PAF was successfully used in organic synthesis as a fluorinating reagent, and a fixed bed catalyst for F/Cl exchange.     

Synthesis of nano-sized crystalline oxide ion conducting fluorite-type Y2O3-doped CeO2 using perovskite-like BaCe0.9Y0.1O2.95 (BCY) and study of CO2 capture properties of BCY

Formation of nano-sized Y₂O₃-doped CeO₂ (YCO) was observed in the chemical reaction between proton conducting Y₂O₃-doped BaCeO₃ (BCY) and CO₂ in the temperature range 700-1000 °C, which is generally prepared by wet-chemical methods that include sol-gel, hydrothermal, polymerization, combustion, and precipitation reactions. BCY can capture CO₂ of 0.13 g per ceramic gram at 700 °C, which is comparable to that of the well-known Li₂ZrO₃ (0.15 g per ceramic gram at 600 °C). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), laser particle size analysis (LPSA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ac impedance spectroscopy were employed to characterize the reaction product obtained from reaction between BCY and CO₂ and subsequent acid washing. PXRD study reveals presence of fluorite-like CeO₂ (a=5.410 (1) Å) structure and BaCO₃ in reaction products. TEM investigation of the acid washed product showed the formation of nano-sized material with particle sizes of about 50 nm. The electrical conductivity of acid washed product (YCO) in air was found to be about an order higher than the undoped CeO₂ reported in the literature.     

A study of the thermal preparation of c-Cd4/3Ca2/3P4O12

The possibility of preparing binary cadmium-calcium cyclotetraphosphate (tetrametaphosphate) by means of thermal dehydration of the appropriate binary dihydrogen phosphate has been studied. The possible formation of this condensation product from the cadmium ions that are often present in the starting phosphoric compound used in the technological preparation of binary calcium cyclotetraphosphates (serving as new special pigments) would represent an important, hygienic method of binding them to an insoluble, less harmful cadmium compound. The maximum proportion of calcium in the binary product, as found by the authors of this paper, amounts to half of the cadmium constituent (in molar terms). That is why Cd_2/3Ca_1/3(H₂PO₄)₂·2H₂O was used as the starting material. Its dehydration was observed mainly by thermal analytical methods under quasi-isothermal-isobaric conditions. Isothermal calcination of the initial binary dihydrogenphosphate was carried out in an electric oven at various temperatures. The reaction products obtained were analysed by chromatography, IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy and AAS. The compositions of the calcinates were determined through extraction with solutions of inorganic compounds and with organic reagents.     

Fourier transform IR product study of the reaction of CFO radicals with O2 at 298 K

Experimental results are presented of a Fourier transform IR product study at 298 K of the reaction system CFO+O₂ at oxygen pressures between 3 and 250 mbar. Pulsed photolysis of oxalyl fluoride (CFO)₂ or formyl fluoride (CHFO) at 193 nm was used to produce CFO. As stable products we detected bis-fluoroformyl peroxide, carbonyl fluoride and carbon dioxide. The yields of the peroxide and of CF₂O were measured as a function of [O₂]/[precursor] and are discussed qualitatively.     

Determination of total fluoride in HF/HNO3/H2SiF6 etch solutions by new potentiometric titration methods

In the photovoltaic industry the etching of silicon in HF/HNO₃ solutions is a decisive process for cleaning wafer surfaces or to produce certain surface morphologies like polishing or texturization. With regard to cost efficiency, a maximal utilisation of etch baths in combination with highest quality and accuracy is strived. To provide an etch bath control realised by a replenishment with concentrated acids the main constituents of these HF/HNO₃ etch solutions including the reaction product H₂SiF₆ have to be analysed. Two new methods for the determination of the total fluoride content in an acidic etch solution based on the precipitation titration with La(NO₃)₃ are presented within this paper. The first method bases on the proper choice of the reaction conditions, since free fluoride ions have to be liberated from HF and H₂SiF₆ at the same time to be detected by a fluoride ion-selective electrode (F-ISE). Therefore, the sample is adjusted to a pH of 8 for total cleavage of the SiF₆²⁻ anion and titrated in absence of buffers. In a second method, the titration with La(NO₃)₃ is followed by a change of the pH-value using a HF resistant glass-electrode. Both methods provide consistent values, whereas the analysis is fast and accurate, and thus, applicable for industrial process control.     

铽配合物Tb(PMIP)3(PhCA)的合成及阴离子识别研究

本文设计合成了稀土铽配合物Tb(PMW)3(PhCA)作为阴离子试剂,利用荧光光谱考察了其与F-、Cl-、Br-、I-、ClO4-、NO3-、AcO-和H2PO-4等阴离子的作用.研究结果表明:不同阴离子的加入能够调控,Tb(PMIP)3(PhCA)的发光行为,当一定量的氟离子(醋酸根离子、磷酸二氢根离子)加入到Tb(PMIP)3(PhCA)的乙腈溶液中后,荧光发射增强;过量的氟离子(醋酸根离子、磷酸二氢根离子)加入后则使其荧光淬灭.而在乙腈和水混合溶液中,Tb(PMIP)3(PhCA)则能选择性识别氟离子和磷酸二氢根离子.     

A study on methanol steam reforming to CO2 and H2 over the La2CuO4 nanofiber catalyst

The La₂CuO₄ crystal nanofibers were prepared by using single-walled carbon nanotubes as templates under mild hydrothermal conditions. The steam reforming of methanol (SRM) to CO₂ and H₂ over such nanofiber catalysts was studied. At the low temperature of 150 °C and steam/methanol=1.3, methanol was completely (100%, 13.8 g/h g catalyst) converted to hydrogen and CO₂ without the generation of CO. Within the 60 h catalyst lifespan test, methanol conversion was maintained at 98.6% (13.6 g/h g catalyst) and with 100% CO₂ selectivity. In the meantime, for distinguishing the advantage of nanoscale catalyst, the La₂CuO₄ bulk powder was prepared and tested for the SRM reaction for comparison. Compared with the La₂CuO₄ nanofiber, the bulk powder La₂CuO₄ showed worse catalytic activity for the SRM reaction. The 100% conversion of methanol was achieved at the temperature of 400 °C, with the products being H₂ and CO₂ together with CO. The catalytic activity in terms of methanol conversion dropped to 88.7% (12.2 g/h g catalyst) in 60 h. The reduction temperature for nanofiber La₂CuO₄ was much lower than that for the La₂CuO₄ bulk powder. The nanofibers were of higher specific surface area (105.0 m²/g), metal copper area and copper dispersion. The in situ FTIR and EPR experiments were employed to study the catalysts and catalytic process. In the nanofiber catalyst, there were oxygen vacancies. H₂-reduction resulted in the generation of trapped electrons [e] on the vacancy sites. Over the nanofiber catalyst, the intermediate H₂CO/HCO was stable and was reformed to CO₂ and H₂ by steam rather than being decomposed directly to CO and H₂. Over the bulk counterpart, apart from the direct decomposition of H₂CO/HCO to CO and H₂, the intermediate H₂COO might go through two decomposition ways: H₂COO=CO+H₂O and H₂COO=CO₂+H₂.     

1CH2＋N2O反应的势能面

利用密度泛函理论（B3LYP）计算了1CH2＋N2O反应的反应物、中间体、过渡态及产物 的几何构型.进而用从头算方法（QCISD（T））计算了单点能量.由此描绘了反应的势能面, 确定了反应的最终产物通道为N2＋H2CO和NO＋HCN＋H.后者比前者有更大的分支比.N2、H2CO 、NO、HCN的存在有待于实验检测.作者认为,反应在室温下是加成-消除机理,而在高温下 可以通过直接取代的机理获得N2＋H2CO.     

Matrix isolation study of the thermal and photochemical reaction of OVCl3 and CrCl2O2 with cycloalkylamines

The matrix isolation technique has been combined with infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to identify and characterize the initial and secondary products in the thermal and photochemical reactions of OVCl₃ and CrCl₂O₂ with cyclopropyl-, cyclobutyl- and cyclopentylamine. Initial twin jet deposition led to the formation of two new species, the 1:1 molecular complex and the secondary HCl elimination product (e.g. Cl₂V(O)N(H)C₃H₅), as well as free HCl. Overall, the yield decreased with the size of the cycloalkyl ring, to the point with cyclopentylamine, the yield was extremely low and no firm conclusions could be reached. The complexes appear to be moderately strongly bound, leading to shifts to certain vibrational modes of both the acid and base subunits. Bands due to the complexes were destroyed by near-UV irradiation and led an increase in the intensity of the bands due to the HCl elimination product, as well as cage-paired HCl. Theoretical calculations were used to aid in product identification and band assignments.     

以CuC2O4微球为模板可控合成一维CuC2O4/ZnO异质结构

以CuC2O4纳米微球为模板,通过水热法在120 ℃、1 h时成功合成了一维CuC2O4/ZnO异质结构。 采用热重分析（TGA）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）、能量散射Ｘ射线谱（EDX）、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和Ｘ射线粉末衍射(XRD)等测试技术对产物的结构和形貌进行了表征。 结果表明,所得产物为一维CuC2O4/ZnO纳米棒束,长约1 μｍ,直径约500 nm。 每个棒束由许多纳米棒沿同一方向组装而成。 TEM照片和EDX光谱表明,CuC2O4和ZnO形成了均匀的异质结构。     

LaF3纳米片和棒束的选择性合成及表征

室温条件下,以简单的液相法,通过改变氟源NaBF4和K2SiF6,制得不同形貌的LaF3纳米晶(片及棒束).X射线衍射(XRD)结果显示所得的2种不同形貌的产物均为结晶良好的六方相LaF3.场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果表明由NaBF4制得大量均匀、厚度约为20 am的六边形纳米片....     

Synthesis and structural characterization of an unusual heptameric aluminum imide and the surface fluorination products of the Al7N7 and Al4C4N4 cores

Reaction of RCN with an excess of AlH₃·NMe₃ in boiling toluene proceeds with the evolution of trimethylamine and provides an unusual heptameric aluminum imide (RCH₂NAlH)₇ (R=1-adamantyl) (1). Compound 1 is the second heptameric aluminum imide characterized by structural analysis. Compound 1 reacts with Me₃SnF to yield a mixture of partially fluorinated products of average composition (RCH₂NAl)₇F_2.26H_4.74 (2). The molecular structures of 1 and 2 show that both have an asymmetric Al₇N₇ core. Within the core, each aluminum atom binds to three nitrogen atoms in such a way that a cage-like structure is formed. The size dependent influence of the ligands on the AlN core formation is discussed. We also report on a tetrafluoro compound (t-BuNCH₂AlF)₄ (3) with terminal AlF bonds.