Photocatalytic conversion of NOx on AgCl/Al2O3 catalyst

The rate of NO conversion under UV illumination was evaluated over Ag/Al₂O₃ and AgCl/Al₂O₃ catalysts at room temperature. The AgCl/Al₂O₃ catalyst is highly active for the conversion of NO_x. The conversion is enhanced in the presence of O₂ and further enhanced when oxygen coexists with hydrocarbons. Diffuse reflectance spectra of AgCl/Al₂O₃ and Ag/Al₂O₃ show an absorption band at 250 nm, and a weak and broad band at 230 nm, respectively. The high photocatalytic NO_x conversion is achieved over the AgCl/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The conversion level of NO_x is maintained above 60% over 5 h in the presence of O₂ and hydrocarbons under UV-irradiation. The absorption band at 250 nm is ascribed to the band gap energy of crystallized AgCl particles on Al₂O₃. These results suggest that high photocatalytic NO_x conversion proceeds on crystallized AgCl particles formed on Al₂O₃.     

NO reduction with C3H8 on Co/Al2O3 catalyst. effect of O2 concentration

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by propane in excess oxygen-containing gas mixture was studied on Co/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The oxygen concentration is very important for the reaction. The NO conversion to N₂ without oxygen is 3% at 800 K and when the O₂ concentration is raised up to 8% the NO conversion reaches its maximum value of 60% at 800 K. Characterization results by TPR and UV-Vis spectroscopy show that in the catalyst, species strongly interacting with tetrahedral and octahedral Co²⁺ ions in the support are present. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Two-stage catalytic system of Sn/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3for NO reduction by propene in lean conditions

The Pt/Al₂O₃, Sn/Al₂O₃catalysts were prepared by the single sol-gel method. The two-stage Sn/Al₂O₃and Pt/Al₂O₃catalyst in series for NO reduction with propene were investigated. The coexistance of water vapor enhanced the activity at medium temperature of 300-400^oC, and the NO conversion was above 50% at 225 to 500^oC even in the presence of water vapor and SO₂. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Isothermal gravimetry and magnetic properties of CoOMoO3γAl2O3 catalysts

Isothermal gravimetry and magnetic susceptibility of MoO₃, MoAl₂O₃, CoAl₂O₃ and CoMoAl₂O₃ with/without Na⁺ ions have been studied in order to investigate the reducibility of the systems in H₂ H₂—hydrocarbons and H₂—hydro-carbon—thiophene. These studies have evidenced the formation of metallic cobalt during reduction of cobalt—moly catalysts containing Na⁺ ions in the Al₂O₃ support. This metallic cobalt accelerates the reduction of supported MoO₃. However, in the absence of sodium, cobalt exerts an inhibitory influence on the reduction of MoAl₂O₃. The inhibition is caused mainly due to retention of the water evolved during the process by well-dispersed Co²⁺ ions which are incapable of undergoing reduction. The presence of sulfur also kelps in suppressing the reduction to cobalt metal.     

Conversion of anisole in the presence of methanol over AlPO4?Al2O3 catalysts modified with fluoride and sulfate anions

The gas-phase microcatalytic conversion of anisole in the presence of methanol (methanol/anisole molar ratio=4) was studied at temperatures ranging from 523 to 673 K over anion treated (1–3 wt.% F or SO ₄ ^2– ) AlPO₄–Al₂O₃ (25 wt.% Al₂O₃) catalysts. Anisole conversion gave a mixture of dealkylated and C-alkylated products (C-alkylation preferentially in ortho-position) where dealkylation always predominates. The influences of the reaction temperature and both anion type and anion loading upon the conversion of anisole and the selectivities of the products were investigated. The higher increase in surface acidity by fluoride loading increases both the C-alkylation selectivity (mainly to 2-methylanisole) and dealkylation to phenol; so that a lower anisole conversion (smaller pseudokinetic constant) and higher methylanisoles selectivity is found for APAI-P-F catalysts related to unmodified one.     

基于镍基载氧体的串行流化床煤化学链燃烧实验

以NiO/Al₂O₃为载氧体,在1 kW_th串行流化床反应器上进行了煤化学链燃烧实验,通过四个参数:碳转换效率η_C,coal、煤气化产物的转换效率、碳捕集效率η_C,cap及煤燃烧效率η_combust对煤燃烧过程进行表征,考察了燃料反应器温度t_FR、过量空气系数α、隔离器水煤比S_LS/C、燃料反应器水煤比S_FR/C和热负荷等参数的影响。结果表明,t_FR和S_LS/C的增大有利于煤气化产物的转换;t_FR、α和S_LS/C的增大有助于η_C,coal的提高,随着S_FR/C由0.8增加到1.8,η_C,coal呈先增加再减小的趋势,并在S_FR/C=1.2达到最大值;η_combust和η_C,coal变化趋势保持一致,主要受飞灰含碳量中残碳损失的影响;t_FR提高有助于提高η_C,cap,而α和S_LS/C的增大使得η_C,cap降低。     

Hydrodechlorination of dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) over Pd/Al2O3 and Pd-Au/Al2O3 catalysts

During an initial stage of the reaction of CCl₂F₂ with hydrogen on alumina-supported Pd and Pd-Au catalysts, an extensive defluorination occurs. However, at steady state, this undesired defluorination is greatly reduced; CH₄ and CH₂F₂ constitute the only major reaction products. A temperature programmed hydrogen treatment study shows retention of fluorine (and carbon) in used catalysts. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

富含介孔Ni/W-USY/Al_2O_3催化剂的费托蜡加氢裂化性能

制备了富含介孔的Ni/W-USY/Al_2O_3催化剂并开展费托合成蜡加氢裂化实验,从反应性能、产品特性以及催化剂性质变化三方面对该催化剂进行评价。312 h运行实验结果表明,催化剂初始活性较高,120 h后趋于稳定,无明显失活现象,重质蜡转化率为73.95%时,轻质油选择性达到98.46%,裂解气以C_(3,4)为主;石脑油、煤油、柴油为无色透明液体,以正构烷烃和甲基、多甲基取代的异构烷烃为主,异构烃含量分别达到63.98%、52.26%、48.90%;对反应前后催化剂分析发现,新鲜催化剂的金属分散性较好、介孔含量高,加氢活性中心以WS_2、NiWS为主,随着反应由高活性到稳定阶段过渡,WS_2部分迁移并与Ni形成更多Ni-S-W键,部分W-S键断裂释放出S后形成W-W键,使得稳定后催化剂的NiWS活性中心增加而WS_2活性中心降低,并引起L酸密度降低而B酸密度增加。     

Investigation of the acidity of Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/SiO2?Al2O3 catalysts

Acidity of Ni-modified alumina and silica-alumina catalysts was determined using n-butylamine titration and pyridine adsorption methods. Strong influence of Ni²⁺ ions on the Brönsted acidity of silicaalumina was observed. Improved Brönsted acidity of such system was confirmed by the results of the test reaction.     

Characterization and evaluation of Fe2O3/Al2O3 oxygen carrier prepared by sol–gel combustion synthesis

The sol-gel combustion synthesis (SGCS) for oxygen carrier (OC) to be used in chemical looping combustion (CLC) was first designed and experimented in this work, which is a new method of OC synthesis by combining sol-gel technique and solution combustion synthesis. Cheap hydrated metal nitrates and urea were adopted as precursors to prepare Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ OC at the molar ratio to unity (Fe1Al1), which was characterized through various means, including Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffractor (XRD), and N₂ isothermal adsorption/desorption method. FTIR analysis on the chemical structure of the dried gel of Fe1Al1 indicated that urea was partly hydrolyzed and the hydrated basic carbonate was formed by the combination of groups such as (Fe(_1−yAl_y)_1−xO_1−3x, CO₃²⁻ and -OH-. By analyzing the staged products during SGCS, calcination was found as a necessary step to produce Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ OC with separate phases of α-Fe₂O₃ and α-Al₂O₃. Through TGA-DTA, the decomposition of the dried gel was found to undergo five stages. The analysis of the evolved gases from the gel decomposition using FTIR partially confirmed the staged decomposition and assisted a better understanding of the mechanism of SGCS. XRD identification further substantiated the necessity of calcination to synthesize Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ OC with separate phases of α-Fe₂O₃ and α-Al₂O₃, though it was not necessary for the synthesis of single phase α-Fe₂O₃ and α-Al₂O₃. Structural characterization performed on N₂ adsorption analyzer displayed that the pore shape of Fe1Al1 particles was heterogeneous. Finally, H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) of Fe1Al1 products in TGA indicated that the reduction reaction of Fe1Al1 OC after calcination was a single step reaction from α-Fe₂O₃ to Fe, and calcination benefited to improve the transfer rate of the lattice oxygen from the OC to fuel H₂. Furthermore, four times of reduction and oxidization (redox) reaction by alternating with H₂ and air demonstrated the synthesized OC had good reactivity and sintering-resistance, much suitable to be used in the realistic CLC. Overall, the SGCS method was found superior to other existent methods to prepare Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ OC for CLC application.     

CO Hydrogenation over Re-Co Bimetallic Catalysts Supported over SiO2, Al2O3 and NaY Zeolite

The promotion of rhenium on the reduction of Co²⁺ ions in cobalt based samples prepared by various methods, such as, sol/gel technique, incipient wetness impregnationof Al₂O₃ and NaY, has been investigated in the CO hydrogenation. Among the samples the reducibility of the sol/gel, Re-Co/Al₂O₃ and Re-Co/NaY(IM) were the highest compared to Re-Co/NaY (IE) [8]. In addition to facilitating reduction of Co²⁺ ions, the rhenium increased the rate of reaction and the formation ofC₅₊ hydrocarbons at 10 bar pressures. The samples pretreated in various manner, revealed an about five fold increase in activity and an increase in the chain length in the NaYsupported sample while the activity and selectivity changed in various way in the sol/gel prepared samples. Simultaneously, rhenium increased the amount of olefins of low carbon numbers.In the mechanism the rhenium provides an action preventing fast deactivation of cobalt.     

神府煤Ni-Mo-S/Al_2O_3催化液化动力学研究

对煤液化产物进行溶剂的分级处理,采用集总的方法得到Ni-Mo-S/Al2O3催化神府煤液化动力学模型。该模型包括了煤、前沥青烯、沥青烯和油气之间的相互转化,考虑了连串反应、平行反应和逆向转化以及结焦反应的影响,可以较好地模拟Ni-Mo-S/Al2O3催化神府煤液化过程。基于建立的Ni-Mo-S/Al2O3催化神府煤的动力学模型,求得神府煤催化液化的表观活化能为125~244 kJ/mol。通过对计算得到的模型参数分析表明,在高温阶段存在明显的油气向沥青烯以及沥青烯向前沥青烯的逆向转化。当温度高于420℃时,出现前沥青烯和沥青烯结焦反应现象。     

透明Al2O3陶瓷中发光性能的研究

采用传统陶瓷工艺制备了不同MgO添加量的Al2O3透明多晶陶瓷;研究了Al2O3透明陶瓷的光谱性能,发现在410和294 nm处有明显的发射峰.通过对其激发和吸收光谱的研究,表明它们分别是由F+和F色心造成的.进一步的分析显示,这些色心是由于陶瓷中加入的添加剂MgO产生的氧空位所致.     

Formation of C4 Oligomers in Hydrogenation of Acetylene over Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/TiO2 Catalysts

Selectivity of product formation has been tested in hydrogenation of acetylene over 0.3 wt.% Pd/-alumina and 0.5 wt.% Pd/TiO₂catalysts. Non-steady-state regime of catalyst operation was tested in pulse-flow experiments. Significant carbon poisoning appears to be a necessaryrequisite for selective formation of ethylene. The effect of hydrogen and acetylene partial pressure has been tested on the selectivity of C₄products. At 273–298 K the catalysts showed 26–35% selectivity for C₄ hydrocarbons and <2.5% for ethane production at conversionsof 30–40%. Deuterium distribution in ethylene and 1,3-butadiene and the deuterium content of the surface hydrogen pool have been compared and mechanismof diene formation has been discussed.     

Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂上萘加氢生成十氢萘的催化反应研究

采用Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂,在高压固定床反应器中考察了反应温度、压力、空速和氢油体积比比等因素对萘饱和加氢反应行为的影响,尤其是反应条件对反式十氢萘和顺式十氢萘选择性的影响。研究表明,反式十氢萘和顺式十氢萘的选择性与反应操作条件密切相关;反式十氢萘与顺式十氢萘的比例随着氢油比和温度的升高而增加,而随着压力和空速的增加而减小。在反应温度260-290℃、反应压力为5-7 MPa、空速为1-1.5 h^-1及氢油体积比大于250时,十氢萘的选择性最高可达99%以上,萘的转化率接近100%,产物中反式和顺式十氢萘的比例最高,可达4.0左右。对Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂稳定性进行了考察,初步发现催化活性组分的烧结或流失是催化剂失活和影响产物中反式十氢萘和顺式十氢萘比例的主要原因。     

Thermal decomposition of ammonium metavanadate supported on Al2O3

The thermal decomposition of ammonium metavanadate supported on aluminium oxide was investigated using DTA, TG and X-ray diffraction techniques.The results obtained revealed that ammonium vanadate decomposed at 225–250°C giving an intermediate compound ((NH₄)₂V₆O₁₆) which decomposed readily at 335–360°C producing V₂O₅. Alumina was found to chance the formation of the intermediate compound and retard its decomposition. Some of the V⁵⁺ ions of V₂O₅ lattice seemed to be reduced into V⁴⁺ and V³⁺ ions by heating in air at 450°C in the presence of Al₂O₃. Such a reaction was attributed to dissolution of some Al³⁺ ions in the V₂O₅ lattice via location in interstitial positions and/or in cationic vacancies. Al₂O₃ was found to interact with V₂O₅ at 650° C giving well-crystalline A1VO₄ which decomposed at about 750°C forming well-crystalline δ-Al₂O₃ and V₂O₅,. Pure Al₂O₃, heated in air at 1000°C, existed in the form of the κ-phase which, on mixing with V₂O₅ (0.5 V₂O₅:1 Al₂O₃) and heating in air at 1000°C, was converted entirely to the well-crystalline α-Al₂O₃ phase.     

CoMoS/γ-Al2O3催化剂对麻疯树油加氢处理的研究

采用硫代硫酸铵器外预硫化制备CoMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,采用XRD、N₂物理吸附、NH₃-TPD、XRF等手段对催化剂进行表征,通过固定床微反装置研究其对麻疯树油加氢处理的性能。考察了硫化度、反应温度、氢气压力、反应时间对催化剂活性与催化产物分布的影响,并探讨了麻疯树油甘油三酯的反应路径。结果表明,硫化度为1的CoMoS₁/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂活性最佳,在温度360℃、氢气压力3 MPa条件下,对麻疯树油转化率为96.3%,产物主要成分C_15~18正构烷烃收率为75.6%,比相同条件下非硫化CoMo/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的转化率提高36.9%。反应温度升至420℃时,CoMoS₁/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对麻疯树油转化率达100%,产物中无含氧物。麻疯树油加氢处理过程中,增大硫化度和反应温度、减小氢气压力有利于甘油三酯发生加氢脱羧、脱羰反应。     

组合型Pt3Sn/Al2O3催化剂用于芳香硝基化合物一锅法合成N-烷基芳胺

采用吸附法制备了组合型Pt₃Sn/Al₂O₃双金属催化剂, 将该催化剂用于芳香硝基化合物原位液相加氢一锅法合成N-烷基芳胺. 研究表明, 在503 K, 空速为7.5 h^-1, 水体积分数为5%时, 1%(质量分数)Pt₃Sn/Al₂O₃催化剂具有较高的催化性能, 硝基苯的转化率为100%, N-乙基苯胺和N,N-二乙基苯胺的总选择性为98.2%. 同时,该催化剂对原位液相加氢烷基化反应具有一定普适性, 本文研究的14 种芳香硝基化合物与低级脂肪醇反应,均具有较高的N-烷基化产率.     

磷改性Cr2O3/Al2O3催化4-乙基酚转化制轻质芳烃

以烷基酚转化为轻质芳烃（苯和甲苯）为目标，制备了Cr₂O₃/Al₂O₃催化剂，并以4-乙基酚为模型化合物研究了其加氢反应性能。体积空速、氢油比、反应压力和温度升高时，脱烷基率、芳烃总选择性、轻质芳烃选择性呈先增大后减小的趋势，反应温度对转化率影响较大。以不同浓度磷酸对Cr₂O₃/Al₂O₃进行改性，随着磷酸用量的增大，催化剂酸量总体增大，主要是弱酸和中强酸，酸强度先增加后降低，磷酸用量较高时，弱酸增加幅度较大。与未改性相比，质量分数8%磷酸改性Cr₂O₃/Al₂O₃上4-乙基酚转化率99.5%，脱烷基率提升9.4%，达74.4%，轻质芳烃选择性提高4.0%，达到57.0%，以较高选择性实现了转化制轻质芳烃，同时，芳烃总选择性高达80.4%，较高程度保持了芳环不被破坏。提出了Cr₂O₃/Al₂O₃上4-乙基酚加氢反应的路径并对反应机理进行了研究。     

Effect of sol-gel derived Al2O3-ZrO2 and Al2O3-TiO2 oxides on the selectivity of NO reduction by CO under oxidizing conditions

The role of Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃-TiO₂ sol-gel prepared supports in the activity of platinum for the NO reduction by CO under oxidizing conditions has been studied. ²⁷Al MAS-NMR spectra have shown the formation of pentacoordinate Al^V in alumina-zirconia support. ZrO₂ or TiO₂ crystalline phases cannot be identified by XRD diffraction, suggesting the formation of nanosized structures supported on alumina. When the reaction was carried out in presence of oxygen, large amounts of NO₂ were observed on Pt/Al₂O₃-ZrO₂catalyst, while the formation of N₂O is more prononced on Pt/Al₂O₃-TiO₂ catalyst. The effect of water during NO reduction is discussed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.