反向流动注射阻抑动力学光度法测定微量锑（Ⅲ）

锑是一种广泛分布的有毒元素,许多研究证明锑对人体及生物具有毒性及致癌性,由于锑矿的开采和加工以及自然过程的影响,环境水样中锑污染日趋严重,而人体及生物对锑的摄取,一般来自饮用水、空气等,因此有效、快速、灵敏的测定环境水样中的锑具有实际的意义.     

硒对汞毒性的拮抗作用及机理

硒是一种生物必需微量元素,而汞是剧毒重金属元素之一.硒、汞相互作用一直备受国内外研究者关注.本文系统概括了人体、动植物及生态系统中硒、汞相互作用的研究进展,探讨了硒、汞相互作用的机制,以期为利用硒降低汞的毒性提供理论基础,为降低汞对人体及环境健康的危害和国家汞污染治理提供技术支持.     

HJ 694-2014检测水中锑时测定值偏低问题的探究

<正>自然界中锑主要以Sb(Ⅲ)、Sb(Ⅴ)等形式存在,源于天然、人工排放。锑化合物通常以悬浮态或溶解态存在于选矿、冶金、电镀、制药、皮革和印染等行业废水中^[1]。锑对生物和人体均具有一定的毒性,它能通过直接饮用造成慢性中毒,还能通过食物链传递蓄积在人体内,对生命健康安全造成威胁^[2-3]。因此,准确测定环境水样中锑含量,对于科学判断水体污染程度和保护生态环境具有重要意义。锑的检测方法一般有氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法、     

砷、锑、铋类药物的应用历史和现状

近年来,由于对主族元素砷、锑、铋的生物功能研究的不断深入,人们已经从仅仅关注它们对人体的生物毒性到开始研究它们在化学药物领域的应用和潜力。本文简要的介绍了砷、锑、铋作为药物应用的历史,综述了近年来砷、锑、铋的化合物在抗癌、治疗白血病、抗寄生虫病和抗菌方面的一些应用,以及用于发现这些药物的靶分子和结合蛋白的现代生物技术。     

铁基复合材料的制备及其对水中锑的去除

水体中重金属污染物锑因为具有较高的积累毒性和致癌性而受到研究者的广泛关注。近年来由于世界范围内的锑污染问题日益严峻,因此急需发展经济高效的锑污染处理技术。纳米Fe~0、Fe_3O_4以及FeMnO_x等铁基复合材料凭借其吸附能力强,易分离回收以及安全环保等特点而成为国内外锑污染去除领域的研究热点。本文总结了零价铁和铁氧化物复合材料以及铁基双金属氧化物的制备、改性方法及其对水中污染物锑的去除,重点分析了不同铁基复合材料对Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附机理,总结了温度、p H、共存离子等外界环境对铁基复合材料吸附性能的影响机制,优选了最佳的吸附条件。最后介绍了现有锑污染去除研究中存在的主要问题,展望了铁基复合材料处理水中锑污染物的重点发展方向。     

砷从农业土壤向人类食物链的迁移

综述了砷在土壤．植物．人类系统中的迁移,包括：砷在环境中的行为,农业系统中砷迁移的动力学过程和粮食中砷的含量,影响砷对植物有效性的各种因子,以及砷在人体内的分布、对人体的营养作用及不同形态对人体的毒性。     

干法灰化-碱熔-离子选择性电极法测定植物样品中氟

<正>氟是生物体内重要的微量元素之一,也是环境化学和生命科学研究中的常见元素。在生态地球化学中,氟为必测定元素,含量很低,但具有高度的生物活性,在动植物体内无生物降解作用~([1-2])。氟化物污染空气后,能够在植物中富集,对植物的生长和发育造成严重的危害,即使低水平的污染也能通过生物富集和食物链作用对人体造成一定的危害,不利于身体健康~([3])。同时人体缺氟或氟过量也会对健康造成不良的影响~([4])。因此,分析植物样品中氟含量的变化对研究生态地球化学以及人体和动植物的健康特征具有重要的意义。     

褪色光度法测定食品中痕量铜(Ⅱ)

铜在自然界中分布很广，是人体及动植物必需的微量元素之一，对机体的新陈代谢有重要的调节作用，但过量摄入铜也会产生危害。过量铜对水生生物的危害较大，其毒性与形态有关，游离铜离子的毒性比络合态的铜大得多，因此研究铜的分析方法一直受到人们关注。目前，环境、食物、植物、药物中痕量铜的测定常用原子吸收光谱法和萃取光度法。     

环境样品中痕量锑的形态分析研究进展

环境样品中不同形态锑,其生物活性及其毒性不同,其形态分析具有重要意义。由于环境样品中锑的含量相对较低,不同形态锑的分析具有挑战性。归纳总结了环境样品中痕量超痕量锑的形态分析概况及近年来的发展趋势,内容主要包括样品的前处理和不同形态锑的分析方法,指出了未来的发展方向。     

微量元素锰污染对人体的危害

介绍了微量元素锰污染的来源、毒性机理以及对人体的危害。慢性锰中毒主要表现为神经毒性、生殖毒性,锰也能引起肝脏、肺等脏器的损害。由于锰不能被生物降解,在环境中只能发生各种形态之间的转化,所以锰造成的污染消除很困难,对人体引起的影响和危害成为人们更为关注的问题。     

Differential determination of antimony(III) and antimony(V) by indirect spectrophotometry with chromium(VI) and diphenylcarbazide,after reduction of antimony(V)

Antimony(III) is determined indirectly through its reaction with excess of chromium(VI), the excess being quantified with diphenylcarbazide and measurement at 540 nm. Antimony(V) is reduced to antimony(III) with sodium sulfite in hydrochloric acid solution; excess of sulfite is eliminated by boiling. The subsequent determination of antimony(III) gives the concentration of total antimony, and antimony(V) is found from the difference between the results before and after reduction. Antimony in its different oxidation states can be determined in the range 0.04–0.7 mg l^?1 within an error of about 10%.     

Indirect spectrophotometric determination of traces of antimony(III) based on its oxidation by chromium(VI) and reaction of chromium(VI) with diphenylcarbazide

An indirect method for the determination of antimony(III) is described. Antimony(III) is oxidized to antimony(V) by chromium(VI) and the excess of chromium(VI) is then determined spectrophotometrically with diphenylcarbazide. Optimal conditions were established for both the determination of antimony(III) and the elimination or reduction of interferences. Antimony(III) can be determined quickly and easily in the range 0.05–5 mg l^?1; the relative standard deviation is 2% for 1.0 mg l^?1 antimony(III). The method is applicable to marine sediments and geothermal waters.     

Reversed phase partition chromatographic separation of antimony (III) with bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid

A new method is proposed for the extractive Chromatographic separation of antimony. Antimony is extracted from 0.001–0.5M hydrochloric acid by a silica gel column coated with bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid stripped with 2–8M hydrochloric, nitric or sulphuric acid, and determined spectrophotometrically at 555 nm as its complex with phenylfluorone. Antimony can thus be separated from a large number of elements, including iron, manganese, copper and thallium. Arsenic, antimony, bismuth and tin can be sequentially separated.     

Simultaneous determination of inorganic and organic antimony species by using anion exchange phases for HPLC-ICP-MS and their application to plant extracts of Pteris vittata

Antimony is a common contaminant at abandoned sites for non-ferrous ore mining and processing. Because of the possible risk of antimony by transfer to plants growing on contaminated sites, it is of importance to analyze antimony and its species in such biota. A method based on high performance liquid chromatographic separation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-ICP-MS) was developed to determine inorganic antimony species such as Sb(III) and Sb(V) as well as possible antimony-organic metabolisation products of the antimony transferred into plant material within one chromatographic run. The separation is performed using anion chromatography on a strong anion exchange column (IonPac AS15/AG 15). Based on isocratic optimizations for the separation of Sb(III) and Sb(V) as well as Sb(V) and trimenthylated Sb(V) (TMSb(V)), a chromatographic method with an eluent gradient was developed. The suggested analytical method was applied to aqueous extracts of Chinese break fern Pteris vittata samples. The transfer of antimony from spiked soil composites into the fern, which is known as a hyperaccumulator for arsenic, was investigated under greenhouse conditions. Remarkable amounts of antimony were transferred into roots and leaves of P. vittata growing on spiked soil composites. Generally, P. vittata accumulates not only arsenic (as shown in a multiplicity of studies in the last decade), but also antimony to a lower extent. The main contaminant in the extracts was Sb(V), but also elevated concentrations of Sb(III) and TMSb(V) (all in μg L⁻¹ range). An unidentified Sb compound in the plant extracts was detected, which slightly differ in elution time from TMSb(V).     

Application of radioisotopes in column chromatography on substituted celluloses-VI The separation of antimony from manganese, iron and other metals

The Chromatographic behaviour of nanogram amounts of antimony in ethyl ether medium was studied by radioisotope techniques on cellobiose, cellulose and seven substituted celluloses. It was found that antimony is strongly retained and can be separated from macro amounts of manganese, iron, gold, uranium, mercury, arsenic and several other metals. Antimony could be quantitatively recovered by elution from natural cellulose and cellobiose. The method can be applied in several analytical problems concerning the separation of traces of antimony.     

The determination of traces of antimony,tin and arsenic in cadmium by pulse polarography

Traces of antimony, tin and arsenic in cadmium products were determined by pulse polarography. Arsenic was distilled, while antimony and tin were precipitated as hydroxides with manganese dioxide as carrier; some lead was coprecipitated with tin, hence these elements were further separated by distillation. In all cases quantitative recoveries were obtained. Antimony(III) was determined in a hydrochloric acid-sodium hypophosphite mixture, tin(IV) in a hydrochloric-hydrobromic acid mixture and arsenic(III) in sulphuric acid as supporting electrolytes; for arsenic(III), methylene blue had to be added. A sample weight of 10 g and an end volume of 10 ml allowed the determination down to about 0.004 p.p.m. antimony, 0.006 p.p.m. tin and 0.003 p.p.m. arsenic in cadmium. Several synthetic samples and commercially available cadmium products were analysed.     

The presence of antimony in various dental filling materials

Antimony has been determined in a number of nonmetallic dental materials currently used for tooth restoration. The method applied was instrumental neutron activation analysis. The concentration of antimony in some of the brands tested was found to be as high as 900 fold that in the normal hard dental tissues.     

Determination of antimony content in natural water by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after collection as antimony(III)-pyrogallol complex on activated carbon

Antimony(III) was preconcentrated on activated carbon (AC) as the antimony(III)–pyrogallol complex. Prior to the preconcentration, antimony(V) was reduced to antimony(III) with potassium iodide and ascorbic acid. The antimony adsorbed on the AC was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry as an AC suspension. The method was applied to differential determination of trace amounts of antimony in natural water.     

Determination of antimony in concentrates, ores and non-ferrous materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry after iron-lanthanum collection, or by the iodide method after further xanthate extraction

Methods for determining trace and moderate amounts of antimony in copper, nickel, molybdenum, lead and zinc concentrates and in ores are described. Following sample decomposition, antimony is oxidized to antimony(V) with aqua regia, then reduced to antimony(III) with sodium metabisulphite in 6M hydrochloric acid medium and separated from most of the matrix elements by co-precipitation with hydrous ferric and lanthanum oxides. Antimony (>/= 100 mug/g) can subsequently be determined by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry, at 217.6 nm after dissolution of the precipitate in 3M hydrochloric acid. Alternatively, for the determination of antimony at levels of 1 mug/g or more, the precipitate is dissolved in 5M hydrochloric acid containing stannous chloride as a reluctant for iron(III) and thiourea as a complexing agent for copper. Then tin is complexed with hydrofluoric acid, and antimony is separated from iron, tin, lead and other co-precipitated elements, including lanthanum, by chloroform extraction of its xanthate. It is then determined spectrophotometrically, at 331 or 425 nm as the iodide. Interference from co-extracted bismuth is eliminated by washing the extract with hydrochloric acid of the same acid concentration as the medium used for extraction. Interference from co-extracted molybdenum, which causes high results at 331 nm, is avoided by measuring the absorbance at 425 nm. The proposed methods are also applicable to high-purity copper metal and copper- and lead-base alloys. In the spectrophotometric iodide method, the importance of the preliminary oxidation of all of the antimony to antimony(V), to avoid the formation of an unreactive species, is shown.     

Reaktionsprodukte aus Antimon(V)-chlorid und N,N′-Dimethyloxamid und deren Schwingungsspektren

Reaction Products of Antimony(V) Chloride and N, N′-Dimethyloxamide and their Vibrational Spectra N, N′-Dimethyloxamide reacts with antimony(V) chloride at lower temperatures to the 1:1 resp. 1:2 addition compounds I resp. II. Pyrolysis of these compounds leads to the cyclic tetrachloroantimony(V)-N, N′-dimethyloxamides (III) resp.(V). III yields with antimony(V) chloride the 1:1 adduct IV, which is transformed to V. The vibrational spectra were assigned and discussed.