基于影像处理的子孔径拼接算法研究

大口径天文望远镜传递的影像信息是人们认识与了解宇宙的重要手段,因此大口径望远镜面形质量的好坏决定了系统的分辨率。本文介绍了检测大口径光学元件面形的一种方法,即子孔径拼接检测方法。首先分别检测元件各个子孔径的面形数据,最后通过影像处理算法复原面形信息。利用MATLAB软件进行了子孔径拼接算法的仿真,复原抛物面元件的面形。提出了利用数字影像处理和立体视觉影像的方法提高检测面形的精确度。展望了拼接后得到的面形的影像处理算法仍需考虑的因素,对后续研究提出新的挑战。     

人参皂甙的反相高效液相色谱多台阶梯度优化方法

建立了一种反相高效液相色谱多台阶梯度分离人参皂甙的方法.该方法以乙腈-水溶液为流动相,通过一系列等度实验,获得了8种人参皂甙Rg1,Re,Rf,Rg2,Rb1,Rc,Rb2和Rd的色谱保留参数,发现两参数保留方程不适合用于人参皂甙这种天然产物的分离条件的优化,而三参数保留方程的高精度才可满足预测的要求.在三参数保留方程的基础上,通过计算确定了8种人参皂甙(包括3台阶梯度)的液相色谱分离条件.通过实验对此优化条件进行了验证,实验结果显示了较好的预测精度和分离度.将本方法用于分离人参皂甙,分析时间短且分离度高,显示了等度台阶梯度优化方法对确定色谱分离条件的优越性.     

药用植物铃兰中吖丁啶-2-羧酸的测定

使用强阳离子交换柱分离、pH梯度洗脱、柱后衍生、荧光λex＝338nm和λem＝425nm检测的高效液相色谱法,成功地分析了药用植物铃兰中的吖丁啶－2－羧酸,方法回收率为96．4％。     

高速纺PET纤维中介态的X-射线衍射研究

研究用X-射线衍射法分析纤维结构中介态的变化。直接以X-射线衍射法测量并计算高速纺PET纤维非晶区的取向因子及中介态的相对含量,提出利用晶区和非晶区取向因子的区别来分离非晶态衍射曲线的方法,建立了X-射线衍射法计算非晶区取向因子的公式及中介态百分含量的方法。     

可调移动重叠分离图法用于高效液相色谱多台阶梯度分离条件优化的研究

计算机辅助高效液相色谱（HPLC）分离条件优化可以低成本、快速地得到优化的分离条,因而已较为广泛地用于复杂样品的分离分析。基于移动重叠分离图方法,又发展了一种新型的多台阶梯度分离条件的优化方法可调移动重叠分离图法。该方法通过预测不同流动相条件下各组分的保留时间、峰宽和分离度,绘制出对于样品中各组分的重叠分离区域图。在对当前台阶流动相组成进行优化的同时,考虑其对后面一到两个台阶上流出组分保留的影响,实时地重新绘制对于后面台阶上流出组分的重叠分离区域图。通过观察当前台阶流动相条件对当前台阶和后面台阶上流出组分分离的影响,综合考虑样品中所有组分的分离情况,找到更接近全局最优的分离条件。通过扫描的方法对优化得到的分离条件进行微调,能够进一步提高分离效果。采用文献数据对可调移动重叠分离图法的应用加以说明,在二元流动相体系下,证明了该方法在HPLC方法建立方面的优越性。     

有机共轭体系电子转移反应的溶剂重组能

应用Marcus双球模型计算溶剂重组能λs时,在AM1法优化给受体几何构型基础上,提出了共轭体系电子云分布的扁球模型,并用统计的方法求出了rD/A.同时依照Miller等的处理办法,结合其他理论及实验证据将电子转移交叉反应中联苯分子的扭转能计入溶剂重组能λs中,从而用实验速率常数拟合出含扭转能的λs值.此实验拟合值与扁球法得到的λs计算值吻合得很好.通过比较理论值与实验值,发现了给受体间距的大小、受体分子的变化、溶剂的不同对λs计算值相对λs实验值的偏差的影响,直接证实了电子给受体的耦合作用,溶剂分子参与的超交换电子转移及溶质溶剂分子表面相互作用等量子因素造成的实际反应体系对溶剂经典连续介质模型的偏离.     

大数值孔径光学镜约束多级衍射机理

针对基于激光照明的离轴全息显微成像系统存在散斑和寄生条纹噪声,以及基于部分相干光照明的离轴数字全息显微技术存在相干条纹对比度差的问题,本文提出了一种基于单色LED照明的衍射相位显微成像系统。该系统利用大数值孔径物镜及光栅对物光进行多级衍射,并采用4f系统和空间滤波器分离出0级和+1级信息,分别作为参考光和物光,最终两束光在CCD阵面上干涉产生离轴全息图,从而形成共光路全息成像结构。通过理论分析和计算,对实验用到的光学元器件进行选型,确保衍射光频谱信息能够分开且满足抽样条件。最后与传统激光离轴数字全息显微成像检测结果进行对比,实验结果表明,本文提出的系统能够获得较高的成像准确度和信噪比。     

毛细管电泳与MFOLD软件研究单链脱氧核糖核酸分离二级结构

从Gene Bank数据库中下载质粒基因序列,用DNAssist软件分析并最终建立了单点碱基突变模型,并以此为研究对象对单链DNA分离机理进行研究探讨。采用高效毛细管电泳-激光诱导荧光检测(CE-LIF)方法,以线性聚丙烯酸胺为筛分介质对模型进行分离分析,并与MFOLD软件所预测的单链二级结构进行对照分析。分离条件为:线性聚丙烯酸胺浓度为6%,负极进样,13kV分离,温度为19℃,λem=488nm、λex=520nm。结果发现毛细管电泳实际分析结果有4个单链峰,而MFOLD软件预测的只有3种二级结构,预测的准确度为75%,MFOLD软件虽然有局限性,但预测DNA二级结构仍有一定的参考价值。     

快速检测心型脂肪酸结合蛋白的荧光免疫微流体测试卡

研制出一种以时间分辨荧光微球作为标记,自驱动快速检测H-FABP的荧光免疫微流体测试卡.利用激光切割法在双面胶上简便、快速地切割出所设计的微通道结构,并采用激光切割法制作出聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)测试卡底板及上盖.使用提拉涂膜的方法在PMMA底板表面修饰马来酸酐官能团,有效地解决了捕获抗体在PMMA表面的固定问题.使用等离子体处理测试卡上盖改善其亲水性,使液体能够在微通道内自行流动.使用此测试卡可以实现对心型脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)的快速检测,线性检测范围为0.5～ 100 ng/mL,检出限为0.1 ng/mL(S/N=3),检测时间少于10 min,批内相对标准偏差(RSD) ＜10％,批间RSD＜15％.本方法具有灵敏度高、检测时间短、结果准确等优点,可以满足临床检测的需求,具有良好的应用前景.     

镍表面单原子台阶对甲烷解离过程影响的DFT研究

使用基于密度泛函理论（DFT）的DMol^3量子力学计算程序模块，采用Ni（211）周期性模型表达镍表面上的单原子台阶结构，计算出CHx（x=0～4）在Ni（211）模型不同活性位上的吸附能和空间构型，并使用LST／QST方法找到了台阶结构上CHx（x=1～4）的解离路径、过渡态和相应的能量数据．计算结果表明，金属表面台阶结构较平台结构更有利于CHx物种的吸附．台阶结构上存在能够降低CHx解离活化能的活性位．处于台阶结构上的特定位置时，CH4解离全过程的关键步骤-CH4和CH解离的活化能会大幅降低。     

Glass fracture surfaces seen with an atomic force microscope

Fracture surfaces of Suprasil 2, Herasil 2, AR glass and Duran glass rods have been studied by an atomic force microscope (AFM) in the contact mode. They could be characterized in the fracture mirror, the mist and the hackle zones. The RMS (root mean square) roughness in the fracture mirror of all glasses investigated increased with growing distance from the origin of the fracture. On several fracture surfaces of different glasses steps have been observed, due to fracture in shear mode. Furthermore changes in the fracture surfaces during scanning have also been observed. They are thought to stem from reactions of the freshly broken glass surface with the surrounding atmosphere and forces between the scanning tip and the soft surface.     

Use of surface charges from DFT calculations to predict intestinal absorption

A model for prediction of percent intestinal absorption (%Abs) of neutral molecules was developed based upon surface charges of the molecule calculated by density functional theory (DFT). The surface charges are decomposed into sigma moments which are correlated to a partition coefficient representing transfer of the molecule between water and the epithelial membrane. The model was built and tested using a data set of 241 drugs. It achieved an RMS deviation of 13% on a training set of 38 compounds as well as on a test set of 107 drugs for which the experimental data were classified as high quality. Property maps of the molecule, depicting which atoms contribute to or hinder absorption, are produced to aid drug design.     

Development and testing of a general amber force field

We describe here a general Amber force field (GAFF) for organic molecules. GAFF is designed to be compatible with existing Amber force fields for proteins and nucleic acids, and has parameters for most organic and pharmaceutical molecules that are composed of H, C, N, O, S, P, and halogens. It uses a simple functional form and a limited number of atom types, but incorporates both empirical and heuristic models to estimate force constants and partial atomic charges. The performance of GAFF in test cases is encouraging. In test I, 74 crystallographic structures were compared to GAFF minimized structures, with a root-mean-square displacement of 0.26 A, which is comparable to that of the Tripos 5.2 force field (0.25 A) and better than those of MMFF 94 and CHARMm (0.47 and 0.44 A, respectively). In test II, gas phase minimizations were performed on 22 nucleic acid base pairs, and the minimized structures and intermolecular energies were compared to MP2/6-31G* results. The RMS of displacements and relative energies were 0.25 A and 1.2 kcal/mol, respectively. These data are comparable to results from Parm99/RESP (0.16 A and 1.18 kcal/mol, respectively), which were parameterized to these base pairs. Test III looked at the relative energies of 71 conformational pairs that were used in development of the Parm99 force field. The RMS error in relative energies (compared to experiment) is about 0.5 kcal/mol. GAFF can be applied to wide range of molecules in an automatic fashion, making it suitable for rational drug design and database searching.     

Structure-based ligand design for flexible proteins: Application of new F-DycoBlock

A method of structure-based ligand design – DycoBlock – has been proposed and tested by Liu et al.[1]. It was further improved by Zhu et al. and applied to design new selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2 [2]. In the current work, we present a new methodology – F-DycoBlock that allows for the incorporation of receptor flexibility. During the designing procedure, both the receptor and molecular building blocks are subjected to the multiple-copy stochastic molecular dynamics (MCSMD) simulation [1], while the protein moves in the mean field of all copies. It is tested for two enzymes studied previously – cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) protease. To identify the applicability of F-DycoBlock, the binding protein structure was used as starting point to explore the conformational space around the bound state. This method can be easily extended to accommodate the flexibility in different degree. Four types of treatment of the receptor flexibility – all-atom restrained, backbone restrained, intramolecular hydrogen-bond restrained and active-site flexible – were tested with or without the grid approximation. Two inhibitors, SC-558 for COX-2 and L700417 for HIV-1 protease, are used in this testing study for comparison with previous results. The accuracy of recovery, binding energy, solvent accessible surface area (SASA) and positional root-mean-square (RMS) deviation are used as criteria. The results indicate that F-DycoBlock is a robust methodology for flexible drug design. It is particularly notable that the protein flexibility has been perfectly associated with each stage of drug design – search for the binding sites, dynamic assembly and optimization of candidate compounds. When all protein atoms were restrained, F-DycoBlock yielded higher accuracy of recovery than DycoBlock (100%). If backbone atoms were restrained, the same ratio of accuracy was achieved. Moreover, with the intramolecular hydrogen bonds restrained, reasonable conformational changes were observed for HIV-1 protease during the long-time MCSMD simulation and L700417 was reassembled at the active site. It makes it possible to study the receptor motion in the binding process.     

Protein/ligand binding free energies calculated with quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics

The calculation of binding affinities for flexible ligands has hitherto required the availability of reliable molecular mechanics parameters for the ligands, a restriction that can in principle be lifted by using a mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) representation in which the ligand is treated quantum mechanically. The feasibility of this approach is evaluated here, combining QM/MM with the Poisson-Boltzmann/surface area model of continuum solvation and testing the method on a set of 47 benzamidine derivatives binding to trypsin. The experimental range of the absolute binding energy (DeltaG = -3.9 to -7.6 kcal/mol) is reproduced well, with a root-mean-square (RMS) error of 1.2 kcal/mol. When QM/MM is applied without reoptimization to the very different ligands of FK506 binding protein the RMS error is only 0.7 kcal/mol. The results show that QM/MM is a promising new avenue for automated docking and scoring of flexible ligands. Suggestions are made for further improvements in accuracy.     

Predicting hydration free energies using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and multiple starting conformations

Molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent were applied to predict the hydration free energies for 23 small organic molecules in blind SAMPL2 test. We found good agreement with experimental results, with an RMS error of 2.82 kcal/mol over the whole set and 1.86 kcal/mol over all the molecules except several hydroxyl-rich compounds where we find evidence for a systematic error in the force field. We tested two different solvent models, TIP3P and TIP4P-Ew, and obtained very similar hydration free energies for these two models; the RMS difference was 0.64 kcal/mol. We found that preferred conformation of the carboxylic acids in water differs from that in vacuum. Surprisingly, this conformational change is not adequately sampled on simulation timescales, so we apply an umbrella sampling technique to include free energies associated with the conformational change. Overall, the results of this test reveal that the force field parameters for some groups of molecules (such as hydroxyl-rich compounds) still need to be improved, but for most compounds, accuracy was consistent with that seen in our previous tests.     

Molecular Distance‐Edge Vector (μ) and Chromatographic Retention Index of Alkanes

A new method of quantitative structure‐retention relationship (QSRR) is proposed for estimating and predicting gas chromatographic retention indices of alkanes by using a novel molecular distance‐edge vector, called μ vector, containing 10 elements. The QSRR model (Ml), between the μ vector and chromatographic retention indices of 64 alkanes, was developed by using multiple linear regression (MLR) with the correlation coefficient being R = 0.9992 and the root mean square (RMS) error between the estimated and measured retention indices being RMS = 5.938. In order to explain the equation stability and prediction abilities of the M1 model, it is essential to perform a cross‐validation (CV) procedure. Satisfactory CV results have been obtained by using one external predicted sample every time with the average correlation coefficient being R = 0.9988 and average RMS = 7.128. If 21 compounds, about one third drawn from all 64 alkanes, construct an external prediction set and the 43 remaining construct an internal calibration set, the second QSRR model (M2) can be created by using calibration set data with statistics being R = 0.9993 and RMS = 5.796. The chromatographic retention indices of 21 compounds in the external testing set can be predicted by the M2 model and good prediction results are obtained with R = 0.9988 and RMS = 6.508.     

纳米Ag/CNTs复合材料的制备、表征及对环三亚甲基三硝胺热分解的影响

采用银镜法和水热法制备了两种纳米Ag/CNTs(碳纳米管)复合材料, 利用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜及能量散射光谱仪(SEM-EDS)对复合物的物相、组成、形貌和结构进行分析表征, 并运用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了纳米Ag/CNTs 复合材料对环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX)热分解特性的影响. 结果表明: 纳米Ag 以10-80 nm的不规则球形“粘附”于纳米CNTs 表面,分散较均匀, 水热法制得的复合物表面纳米Ag较大、且负载的Ag粒子较多; 纳米Ag/CNTs 复合材料的加入改变了RDX的热分解过程, 使原有占主导的液相分解变为二次的气相反应加剧, RDX主分解峰形发生了明显的改变; 纳米Ag/CNTs 复合材料对RDX热分解的催化主要表现为分解温度的降低.     

溶液性质对微液滴现象的影响

考察了金属表面液滴性质对微液滴形成的影响并探讨了微液滴的来源. 不同pH值液滴附近微液滴形成特征表明, 高电位阴极区氧还原反应是微液滴形成的原因之一. 此外, 研究结果表明, 微液滴是由主液滴挥发的水蒸气经过气相“迁移”至主液滴附近金属表面上重新吸附凝聚形成的.