烯烃可控聚合及其大分子工程

聚烯烃材料如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚异丁烯、乙丙橡胶或丁基橡胶等,在国民经济和日常生活中发挥着重要作用.通过可控聚合反应可以实现制备高性能烯烃聚合物材料及不同微观结构、序列结构及拓扑结构的烯烃基高分子材料.本文综述了近年来通过乙烯/丙烯配位共聚制备乙丙共聚物及通过异丁烯正离子聚合制备聚异丁烯和丁基橡胶领域的研究进展,总结了在齐格勒-纳塔催化剂、茂金属催化剂及非茂单活性中心钒催化剂催化乙烯/丙烯共聚方面的进展,论述了异丁烯单体可控/活性正离子聚合新引发体系、可控/活性聚合反应调控、聚合新方法与新工艺,归纳了基于烯烃可控聚合的大分子工程.     

枯基醇/三氟化硼在含水介质中引发苯乙烯可控正离子聚合的研究

研究了含水介质中,以枯基醇(CumOH)/三氟化硼(BF3)为引发体系的苯乙烯正离子聚合的特征,探讨了CumOH用量、体系中的水含量对苯乙烯正离子聚合转化率、聚合速率以及产物分子量及其分布的影响;并从分子模拟、分子量末端结构等角度探讨含水介质中苯乙烯正离子聚合的反应机理.结果表明,[H2O]≤0.11 mol/L条件下,苯乙烯正离子聚合具有可控聚合的特征;水对聚合速率、单体转化率以及分子量影响较小;[H2O]>0.11 mol/L,正离子聚合不能顺利进行.根据计算结果,CumOH/BF3引发体系相对于CumOH/H2O引发体系在参与引发所需要的活化能垒更小,说明CumOH/BF3更容易引发苯乙烯正离子聚合,这与实验结果一致.CumOH/BF3引发体系是通过活化C—O键来引发苯乙烯正离子聚合,水作为可逆终止剂有利于进行可控聚合,并得到了末端含有羟基的聚合物.     

原子转移自由基聚合研究进展

原子转移自由基聚合(Atom transfer radical polymerization,ATRP)是一种发展较快的可控/活性聚合技术,现已广泛应用于聚合物分子结构设计及众多功能高分子材料的合成.本文在综述了ATRP的反应机理的基础上,介绍了引发剂、催化剂、配体、单体等对ATRP的影响,同时综述了降低(或去除)金属盐含量的绿色、高效ATRP聚合体系,如引发剂持续再生活化ATRP,电子转移生成(再生)活化剂ATRP,铁催化体系,光催化体系等.近年来发展的无金属光诱导的有机催化ATRP聚合体系也做了综述.     

可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合研究进展

RAFT(Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer,可逆加成-断裂链转移)自由基存在链增长自由基与链转移剂(RAFT试剂)之间的可逆蜕化转移,现已广泛应用于聚合物分子结构设计及众多功能高分子材料的合成,受到众多高分子研究者的关注,是一种发展较快的可控/活性聚合技术.本文在简要介绍了RAFT聚合发展历程基础上,综述了RAFT聚合反应机理,RAFT试剂的结构及其对聚合性能的影响,RAFT试剂与单体的匹配性,RAFT聚合实施方法等.同时也对RAFT聚合反应的发展进行了展望.     

可控／活性正离子聚合的研究与发展

综述了近二十年来乙烯基单体正离子聚合领域的研究和进展,详细介绍了活性/控制正离子聚合体系的机理研究和新引发体系和水相正离子聚合体系的研究新进展,以及采用活性/控制正离子聚合方法设计合成基于聚异丁烯链段的弹性体材料及其在生物材料领域的应用。     

“点击”反应在制备环状聚合物中的应用

环状聚合物具有不同于线性高分子的独特性质,是一类具有应用前景的新型聚合物材料,但复杂的结构导致其合成过程复杂繁琐.＂点击＂化学由于其高效、可靠、高选择性的特点已成为拓扑高分子合成的新方法,活性自由基聚合（ATRP、RAFT和NMP）具有聚合物结构可控等特点,二者联用为环状聚合物的合成拓宽了思路.本文就近几年＂点击＂反应、＂点击＂反应与活性自由基聚合联用以及其他方法联用在环状聚合物中的应用进行综述.＂点击＂反应与这些方法的结合将在功能性环状聚合物的设计与合成中发挥积极的作用.     

《高分子化学》课程中“活性自由基聚合”的教学实践

《高分子化学》课程是五大化学基础课程(无机化学、有机化学、分析化学、物理化学、高分子化学)之一,是化学类、高分子材料与工程、材料化学专业的必修课程。"活性"/可控自由基聚合是一种相对较新且重要的聚合物合成技术和方法,针对目前《高分子化学》课程中活性自由基聚合的教学比较薄弱的现状,从教学的角度探讨了活性聚合和可控/"活性"自由基聚合的本质和特点,介绍了本人在这方面的教学实践活动,遵循成果导向教育理念,通过以学为中心的教学方式,打造金课,提高教学质量。     

可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基共聚合研究进展

与其它可控/活性自由基聚合相比,可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合具有适用单体范围广、反应条件温和、不受聚合实施方法的限制等优点,因此成为目前高分子合成研究最为活跃的领域之一.通过它不但实现了广泛单体的可控/活性聚合,还合成了嵌段、接枝、梳型、星型、无规及梯度等结构的聚合物.本文综述了RAFT自由基共聚合领域的研究进展,内容主要包括已报道的RAFT自由基共聚合反应体系和RAFT过程对共聚产物组成的影响.     

5,6-苯并-2-亚甲基-1,3-二氧环庚烷的活性自由基开环聚合反应

活性 (或称可控 )自由基聚合研究是目前高分子科学的研究热点之一[1～ 8] .活性自由基聚合制备的聚合物具有分子量随转化率提高而线性增加、分子量分布窄和聚合反应为一级反应动力学等特点 .自由基开环聚合所得产物体积收缩小 ,某些含有不饱和双键的螺环单体发生双开环聚合时甚至发生体积膨胀 ;开环聚合还可在聚合物主链上引入各种官能团 ,如酯基、碳酸酯基、酮基等 [9～ 12 ] .因此 ,用活性聚合的方法对自由基开环聚合的分子量和分子量分布进行控制 ,可以制备出具有各种不同结构和性能的新聚合物 . Wei等 [13] 报道了利用稳定自由基法实现…     

序列可控聚合

序列可控聚合是高分子合成方法学的"圣杯",是控制高分子精密结构,进而实现高级功能的重要前提。其最终目标是建立精确控制聚合物单体序列的新方法,深入揭示聚合物结构与性能的关系,从本质上理解单个高分子链内及高分子链间的相互作用,实现单个或几个高分子链的可控链折叠和精密自组装,发展新型功能材料。本文从生物大分子、模板聚合、固相合成、链式聚合以及逐步聚合等方面总结了相关的研究进展,并且就开发精密、高效的序列可控聚合方法以及如何体现序列结构对材料性能的重要影响进行了展望。     

Determination of kinetic constants of the cationic copolymerization of isobutylene with isoprene

A theoretical kinetic model has been developed for cationic isobutylene–isoprene copolymerization in methyl chloride with an AlCl₃ catalyst. Kinetic constants of this process have been derived from experimental data available on copolymerization kinetics (isobutylene conversion curve) and on molecular weight characteristics of the isobutylene–isoprene copolymer (butyl rubber). The adequacy of the theoretical kinetic model of the isobutylene–isoprene copolymerization process has been demonstrated by comparing the calculated molecular weight characteristics and degree of unsaturation of butyl rubber to the corresponding independent experimental data.     

Review and Future of Ionic Polymerization with Special Emphasis on Carbonyl Polymerization

Ionic polymerization received prominence about 35 years ago when isobutylene was commercially polymerized by two processes which, with some modifications, are still used today [1]. One process uses aluminum chloride as the initiator and the other uses boron trifluoride; both cationic polymerization processes are carried out at low temperatures. A number of additional commercial processes based on cationic and anionic polymerization have since been developed. Cyclic ethers, most prominently tetrahydrofuran, are polymerized cationically to relatively low molecular weight hydroxyl terminated polyethers which have found important uses in polyurethanes. Trioxane is copolymerized with a small amount of ethylene oxide to form a useful copolymer of polyoxymethylene. Other products which are of interest are the polymers of caprolactone and epichlorohydrin and polymers of various epoxides, mainly those of glycidyl ethers which are most commonly known as epoxy resins. Anionic polymerization on a commercial scale has developed along the lines of styrene and isoprene polymers. Stereorubber, stereoregular 1,4-cis isoprenes, are based on lithium initiators and were introduced in the middle 1950s. Triblock polymers based on A-B-A block polymers of isobutylene with styrene as endblocks and prepared from living polymers have been known since the early 1960s.     

H_2O/TiCl_4/ED体系引发异丁烯控制正离子聚合中的影响因素研究

在亲核试剂(ED)如吡啶(Py)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)或三乙胺(TEA)存在下,由引发剂H2O和共引发剂TiCl4组成引发体系,在二氯甲烷/正己烷混合溶剂中进行异丁烯(IB)正离子聚合,考察了溶剂极性、聚合温度及异丁烯浓度对聚合反应转化率、产物分子量和分子量分布的影响.试验结果表明,随聚合体系溶剂极性增大,聚合速率加快,相近转化率时聚合产物的分子量分布变窄.随着聚合温度降低,聚合速率明显提高,聚合物的分子量增加,活化能为负值,活性链端发生链转移或链终止等副反应的几率减小,当聚合温度为-60℃时,可以抑制活性链端的β-H脱除反应和链转移副反应,并得到大分子链末端全部为叔氯基团的聚异丁烯(PIB).当[IB]0≤2.5mol/L时,随[IB]0增加,聚合转化率有所增加,聚合产物的GPC谱图均为单峰分布,分子量增大,而分子量分布基本保持不变,对于加入Py的聚合体系,分子量分布指数在1.33~1.45范围内,对于加入TEA的聚合体系,分子量分布指数在1.47~1.60范围内,并求出在加入Py和TEA的聚合体系中活性链向单体的链转移常数CM分别为5.5×10-4和6.6×10-4.     

Cationic polymerization of styrene in a neutral ionic liquid

The cationic polymerization of styrene in a neutral ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, with a 1‐phenetyl chloride/TiCl₄ initiating system is reported. The polymerization proceeds to a high conversion, but an analysis of the matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight spectra of the polymers indicates that chain transfer is significant, leading to a lack of control over the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3230–3235, 2004     

TiCl_4共引发异丁烯正离子聚合合成反应活性聚异丁烯

由H2O/TiCl4/甲醇或乙醚体系引发异丁烯在二氯甲烷与己烷混合溶剂中进行正离子聚合,探讨甲醇用量、聚合时间等因素对正离子聚合以及产物分子量、分子量分布和末端基结构的影响,并在此基础上探讨TiCl4共引发混合C4馏分中异丁烯选择性正离子聚合以制备活性聚异丁烯的可行性.结果表明,含氧试剂对聚合反应起到明显的调节作用,可适当稳定碳正离子活性中心,降低链增长速率,降低聚合产物的分子量(Mn=1600~4600),使分子量分布明显变窄(Mw/Mn=1.35~2.05),并可调节大分子链末端基结构及其含量.降低聚合体系中微量单体浓度以及适当延长聚合反应时间,均有利于提高聚异丁烯大分子链末端α-双键结构含量.通过TiCl4共引发异丁烯正离子聚合制备出末端α-双键含量可以达到70%以上的低分子量高反应活性聚异丁烯.此外,该引发体系还可引发混合C4馏分原料中异丁烯进行高选择性正离子聚合,得到Mn=2000、Mw/Mn=2.59、端基α-双键含量为38.9%的聚异丁烯.     

Living cationic polymerization of isobutylene coinitiated by FeCl3 in the presence of isopropanol

A simple but effective FeCl₃‐based initiating system has been developed to achieve living cationic polymerization of isobutylene (IB) using di(2‐chloro‐2‐propyl) benzene (DCC) or 1‐chlorine‐2,4,4‐trimethylpentane (TMPCl) as initiators in the presence of isopropanol (iPrOH) at ?80 °C for the first time. The polymerization with near 100% of initiation efficiency proceeded rapidly and completed quantitatively within 10 min. Polyisobutylenes (PIBs) with designed number‐average molecular weights (M_n) from 3500 to 21,000 g mol^?1, narrow molecular weight distributions (MWD, M_w/M_n ≤ 1.2) and near 100% of tert‐Cl terminal groups could be obtained at appropriate concentrations of iPrOH. Livingness of cationic polymerization of IB was further confirmed by all monomer in technique and incremental monomer addition technique. The kinetic investigation on living cationic polymerization was conducted by real‐time attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The apparent constant of rate for propagation (k_p^A) increased with increasing polymerization temperature and the apparent activation energy (ΔE_a) for propagation was determined to be 14.4 kJ mol^?1. Furthermore, the triblock copolymers of PS‐b‐PIB‐b‐PS with different chain length of polystyrene (PS) segments could be successfully synthesized via living cationic polymerization with DCC/FeCl₃/iPrOH initiating system by sequential monomer addition of IB and styrene at ?80 °C. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Synthesis of well‐defined polymers end‐functionalized with crosslinkable aziridine groups by living anionic polymerization

Well‐defined end‐functionalized polystyrene, poly(α‐methylstyrene), and polyisoprene with polymerizable aziridine groups were synthesized by the termination reactions of the anionic living polymers of styrene, α‐methylstyrene, and isoprene with 1‐[2‐(4‐chlorobutoxy)ethyl]aziridine in tetrahydrofuran at ?78 °C. The resulting polymers possessed the predicted molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight < 1.1) as well as aziridine terminal moieties. The cationic ring‐opening polymerization of the ω‐monofunctionalized polystyrene having an aziridinyl group with Et₃OBF₄ gave the polymacromonomer, whereas the α,ω‐difunctional polystyrene underwent crosslinking reactions to afford an insoluble gel. Crosslinking products were similarly obtained by the reaction of the α,ω‐diaziridinyl polystyrene with poly(acrylic acid)‐co‐poly(butyl acrylate). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4126–4135, 2005     

“Grafting From” -Living Cationic Polymerization of Poly(isobutylene) from Silica-Nanoparticle Surfaces

Summary: This publication discusses the development of new methods for producing organic-inorganic core-shell-nanoparticles (NP's) via a combination of “grafting-from” techniques and living cationic polymerization reactions. Based on the surface initiated, quasiliving cationic polymerization of isobutylene, polymeric shells of polyisobutylene (PIB) were attached onto nanoparticles (silica NP's of different sizes, r = 12–40 nm) with a high degree of precision. “Grafting-from” polymerization provides an ideal method to control the number of polymer chains per particle by means of the degree of initial derivatization and the length of the polymeric chains. The resulting nanocomposite materials were analyzed using DLS, TEM, GPC, TGA, DSC.     

α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、苧烯阳离子聚合的研究

比较了萜烯单体α 蒎烯、β 蒎烯、烯的阳离子聚合性能，还考察了这三种单体的活性聚合可能性．在Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸ＡｌＣｌ３作用下，聚合速率大小顺序为：β 蒎烯＞烯＞α 蒎烯．α 蒎烯、烯的聚合产物分子量较低；β 蒎烯的聚合产物分子量较高．ＡｌＣｌ３与ＳｂＣｌ３复合后，α 蒎烯、烯的聚合速率增加，β 蒎烯的聚合速率反而下降．α 蒎烯的聚合速率增加幅度大于烯，使得前者聚合速率高于后者．与使用ＡｌＣｌ３相比，添加ＳｂＣｌ３后产物的分子量变化是：α 蒎烯变大，烯不变，β 蒎烯则变小．添加ＳｂＣｌ３对β 蒎烯、烯的聚合物结构无影响，而α 蒎烯聚合产物的结构则发生显著变化．活性较高的β 蒎烯在适当的引发体系，如苯乙烯 ＨＣｌ加成物／ＴｉＣｌ３（ＯｉＰｒ）作用下，可以实现活性聚合．α 蒎烯、烯则由于本身单体活性太小，难以实现活性聚合．