给体-受体体系分子内光致电子转移反应研究

对一类以9，10－二甲氧基蒽为给体，双酚A为连接链连接不同受体的电子给体－受体体系，通过单光子计数法测定荧光寿命，计算了各体系内的光致电子转移反应速率常数，通过测定氧化还原电位，计算出各电子给体－受体体系电子转移反应的自由能变化．并根据电子转移反应理论对光致电子转移速率常数与自由能变化关系进行了理论计算分析，发现本文各体系的光致电子转移速率常数的实验值与电子转移反应理论曲线吻合得比较好，同时也揭示在该类给体－受体体系中未出现电子转移反转区的原因在于电子转移过程自由能变化（－ΔG）没有足够大。     

一类以双酚A为连接链的电子给体—受体体系的合成及分子内电子转移反应研究

本文合成了一类以9,10-二甲氧基蒽为给体,双酚A为连接链连接不同受体的电子给体受体新体系,通过稳态荧光光谱及时间分辨荧光光谱研究了它们的光致电子转移反应,并通过测定氧化还原电位,计算出各电子给个受体体系电子转移反应的自由能变化。结果表明,在这一类体系中,光致电子转移速率常数与自由能变化关系符合Rehm-Weller关系式。     

电子给体-电子受体体系的合成及分子内光致电荷转移反应的研究

论文中设计,合成了以9,10-二甲氧基蒽(DMA)为电子给体,双酚A(BA)为连接体,连接不同的电子受体(对苯甲酸乙酯,对腈基苯,2,4-二氧苯,对硝基苯,蒽醌AQ,2,4-二硝基苯)的六种二元分子,测定了它们的氧化还原电位,吸收光谱,荧光光谱,荧光寿命等。研究了它们的分子内光致电子转移过程,研究了它们的分子内光致电子转移反应自由能的变化△G与电子转移速率常数K_q的关系。     

呫吨染料与给体和受体之间光致分子间和分子内的电子转移反应

合成了一些电子给体,电子受体和含呫吨染料的二元化合物.在激发染料时,测定和计算了染料与给体和受体之间的光致分子间和分子内的电子转移的速率常数和效率.发现激发的呫吨染料可与多种,其中包括很弱的给体和受体之间进行有效的光致电子转移反应.分子间的反应速率常数受扩散控制,有浓度的影响.闪光光解的实验表明,在浓度较低时,主要是通过染料的三重激发态来进行的.如存在异种电荷,则产生静态猝灭.分子内的光致电子转移反应与溶液的浓度无关,可从染料的单重激发态直接有效地进行.     

联苯负离子自由基与萘分子间长程电子转移的从头算研究

分离处理π σ π体系中的给体 ,受体和σ桥体 ,在HF/4 31G和HF/DZP水平上优化了联苯 ,联苯负离子自由基 ,萘和萘负离子自由基的几何构型 ,计算了分子间电子转移的内重组能 .取线性反应坐标R =0 .5 ,在STO 3G水平上用变分原理和分子轨道跃迁能方法 ,计算了π σ π体系自交换反应的电子转移矩阵元 .对交叉反应体系 ,沿线性反应坐标搜寻最小轨道能级分裂Δmin,确定了电子转移矩阵元和过渡态构型 .用Marcus双球模型计算液相电子转移的溶剂重组能 ,结合半经典模型计算了几种以联苯负离子自由基为给体 ,联苯和萘为受体的π σ π体系分子内电子转移速率常数 .     

二氯二氰基苯醌及其阴离子自交换电子转移反应的理论研究

基于非平衡溶剂化能的约束平衡方法和溶剂重组能的新表达式, 实现了电子转移反应溶剂重组能的数值解, 研究了二氯二氰基苯醌(DDQ)及其阴离子体系DDQ-之间的自交换电子转移反应. 考虑了DDQ与DDQ-分子以平行方式形成受体-给体络合物时的两种构型. 引入线性反应坐标, 计算了该反应在不同溶剂中的溶剂重组能. 基于两态变分模型得到了反应的电子耦合矩阵元. 根据电子转移动力学模型, 计算了该自交换电子转移反应的速率常数.     

有机共轭体系电子转移反应的溶剂重组能

应用Marcus双球模型计算溶剂重组能λs时,在AM1法优化给受体几何构型基础上,提出了共轭体系电子云分布的扁球模型,并用统计的方法求出了rD/A.同时依照Miller等的处理办法,结合其他理论及实验证据将电子转移交叉反应中联苯分子的扭转能计入溶剂重组能λs中,从而用实验速率常数拟合出含扭转能的λs值.此实验拟合值与扁球法得到的λs计算值吻合得很好.通过比较理论值与实验值,发现了给受体间距的大小、受体分子的变化、溶剂的不同对λs计算值相对λs实验值的偏差的影响,直接证实了电子给受体的耦合作用,溶剂分子参与的超交换电子转移及溶质溶剂分子表面相互作用等量子因素造成的实际反应体系对溶剂经典连续介质模型的偏离.     

电子转移的外电场效应──苯分子与苯正离子自由基间电子转移的从头算研究

基于半经典电子转移理论,结合量子化学计算,在HF/DZP水平上,研究外电场作用下平行的苯分子-苯正离子自由基体系(C₆H₄)₂⁺的分子内电子转移问题.在给体和受体几何构型优化的基础上,用线性反应坐标确定电子转移过渡态,分别用两态变分方法和基于Koopmans定理的分子轨道跃迁能方法计算电子转移矩阵元V_AB,讨论了V_AB对给体和受体中心距d的指数衰减关系.取中心距为0.6nm,研究了外电场对反应热的影响,计算得到在不同外电场强度下分子内气相电子转移的速率常数k.     

氰基苯阴离子与CO2间的内球电子转移

用半经验AM1方法以及从头算方法在3-21G和6－31G*基组水平上研究了从氰基苯阴离子到CO2的电子转移过程．结果表明，对于先驱物(precursor),三种计算方法得出的给体、受体间的距离分别为0.2728nm(AM1)、0.2479nm（UHF/3-21G）和0.2769nm(UHF/6-31G*)．在这样短的距离内给体的HOMO与受体的LUMO轨道具有相当程度的重叠，应产生较强的相互作用，说明此反应是内球电子转移反应，从而解释了此类体系的电子转移反应不符合Marcus理论的原因．计算给出先驱物的束缚能为0.19eV(AM1)和0.26eV(6-31G*)     

NO2^-/NO2体系电子转移的外电场效应和温度效应

用半经典模型研究NO2^-/NO2体系自交换电子转移的反应机理和速率常数, 探讨了外电场对反应过程势能面, 反应能垒及电子转移速率常数的影响, 确定了能垒崩溃的阈值; 讨论了低能垒条件下电子转移反应的速率常数随温度变化的特征。研究表明, 一定方向的外电场能显著降低电子转移反应的活化能垒并提高反应速率常数k, 而对非绝热电子转移反应, 当温度T和活能能垒Ec满足T=2Ec/R时, k取得极大值。     

吲哚-9,10-二甲氧基蒽体系分子内能量转移反应的研究

本文分别用亚甲基和甾体雌二醇刚性链将吲哚与9,10-二甲氧基蒽连接起来,合成了两个分子内能量转移体系,研究了分子內吲哚的激发能向9,10-二甲氧基蒽的传递过程与距离及溶剂环境的关系;发现在两个体系中激发吲哚都可以发生从吲哚到9,10-二甲氧基蒽的单重态-单重态能量转移,在远距离的条件下,能量转移按偶极子-偶极子共振机制进行,由实验结果,根据Forster公式计算得到的给体与受体之间的距离与用分子模型测量得到的距离是一样的,并研究了溶剂极性对能量转移过程的影响。     

四氰基乙烯-四甲基乙烯体系光诱导电子转移双势阱的从头算研 究

以两态模型为基础,用从头算方法,在DZP[所有原子带极化函数的Dunning(9s,5p)/(3s,2p)]基组水平上对四氰基乙烯与四甲基乙烯间的电子转移进行理论计算。通过孤立给体和受体的几何构型优化,计算了给体的电离能和受体的电子亲和能。计算表明,在光诱导电荷分离之后的返回电子转移处于高放热的Marcus反转区。通过碰撞配合物的结构优化和电荷分离处理,在线性反应坐标近似下得到四甲基乙烯-四氰基乙烯配合物电荷分离反应的双势阱,进而获得反应热,键重组能,以及跃迁能。     

Photoalkylation of 10-alkylacridinium ion via a charge-shift type of photoinduced electron transfer controlled by solvent polarity

A charge-shift type of photoinduced electron-transfer reactions from various electron donors to the singlet excited state of 10-decylacridinium cation (DeAcrH+) in a nonpolar solvent (benzene) is found to be as efficient as those of 10-methylacridinium cation (MeAcrH+) and DeAcrH+ in a polar solvent (acetonitrile). Irradiation of the absorption bands of MeAcrH+ in acetonitrile solution containing tetraalkyltin compounds (R(4)Sn) results in the efficient and selective reduction of MeAcrH+ to yield the 10-methyl-9-alkyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (AcrHR). The same type of reaction proceeds in benzene when MeAcrH+ is replaced by DeAcrH+ which is soluble in benzene. The photoalkylation of R'AcrH+ (R' = Me and De) also proceeds in acetonitrile and benzene using 4-tert-butyl-1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (Bu(t)BNAH) instead of R(4)Sn, yielding MeAcrHBu(t). The quantum yield determinations, the fluorescence quenching of R'AcrH+ by electron donors, and direct detection of the reaction intermediates by means of laser flash photolysis experiments indicate that the photoalkylation of R'AcrH+ in benzene as well as in acetonitrile proceeds via photoinduced electron transfer from the alkylating agents (R(4)Sn and Bu(t)BNAH) to the singlet excited states of R'AcrH+. The limiting quantum yields are determined by the competition between the back electron-transfer process and the bond-cleavage process in the radical pair produced by the photoinduced electron transfer. The rates of back electron transfer have been shown to be controlled by the solvent polarity which affects the solvent reorganization energy of the back electron transfer. When the free energy change of the back electron transfer (DeltaG(0)(bet)) in a polar solvent is in the Marcus inverted region, the rate of back electron transfer decreases with decreasing the solvent polarity, leading to the larger limiting quantum yield for the photoalkylation reaction. In contrast, the opposite trend is obtained when the DeltaG(0)(bet) value is in the normal region: the limiting quantum yield decreases with decreasing the solvent polarity.     

Solvent dependence of the charge-transfer properties of a quaterthiophene–anthraquinone dyad

An electron donor–acceptor dyad (quaterthiophene–anthraquinone) mediates ultrafast intramolecular photoinduced charge separation and consequent charge recombination when in polar or moderately polar solvents. Alternatively, non-polar media completely impedes the initial photoinduced electron transfer by causing enough destabilization of the charge-transfer state and shifting its energy above the energy of the lowest locally excited singlet state. Furthermore, femtosecond transient-absorption spectroscopy reveals that for the solvents mediating the initial photoinduced electron-transfer process, the charge recombination rates were slower than the rates of charge separation. This behavior of donor–acceptor systems is essential for solar-energy-conversion applications. For the donor–acceptor dyad described in this study, the electron-transfer driving force and reorganization energy place the charge-recombination processes in the Marcus inverted region.     

Inhibition of the formation and decay of stilbene core radical cations by the dendron during the photoinduced electron transfer

Formation and decay processes of stilbene core radical cation (ST*+) during the photoinduced electron transfer have been studied for a series of stilbene bearing benzyl ether-type dendrons (D). ST*+ and the radical cation of peripheral dendron (D*+) were generated by intermolecular hole transfer from biphenyl radical cation, which was generated from photoinduced electron transfer from biphenyl to the singlet-excited 9,10-dicyanoanthracene in a mixture of acetonitrile and 1,2-dichloroethane (3:1). An intramolecular dimer radical cation of benzyl groups at the terminal of stilbene dendrimer was indicated as a hole trapping site. Subsequent hole transfer from the trapping site to the core ST generated ST*+. The shielding effects of D depending on the dendrimer generation on the growth and decay of ST*+ were observed. It was revealed for the first time that D acts as the hole trapping site and the hole conductor on the way of the exothermic hole transfer from the terminal of D to the central core ST. We also found that D inhibits the charge recombination with 9,10-dicyanoanthracene radical anion because of the steric hindrance.     

Détermination par RMN 1H et 13C de la Conformation Favorisée des Ozonides d'Acènes

The preferred conformation of 9,10-dimethylanthracene ozonide has been established by ¹³C and ¹H NMR. Results hold for other anthracenic ozonides such as those of 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene and anthracene. The latter compound, resulting from the ozonolysis of anthracene, has for the first time been shown to exist in solution.     

Face-to-face pacman-type porphyrin-fullerene dyads: design, synthesis, charge-transfer interactions, and photophysical studies

Pacman-type face-to-face zinc-porphyrin-fullerene dyads have been newly synthesized and studied. Owing to the close proximity of the donor and acceptor entities, strong pi-pi intramolecular interactions between the porphyrin and fullerene entities resulted in modulating the spectral and electrochemical properties of the dyads. New absorption and emission bands that correspond to the charge-transfer interactions were observed in the near-IR region. Time-resolved transient absorption studies revealed efficient photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited porphyrin to the fullerene entity. The rate constants for photoinduced electron transfer are analyzed in terms of the Marcus theory of electron transfer, which afforded a large electron coupling matrix element (V=140 cm(-1)) for the face-to-face dyads. As a consequence of the large charge-recombination driving force in the Marcus inverted region, a relatively long lifetime of the charge-separated state has been achieved.     

Electron-transfer oxidation properties of unsaturated fatty acids and mechanistic insight into lipoxygenases

Rate constants of photoinduced electron-transfer oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids with a series of singlet excited states of oxidants in acetonitrile at 298 K were examined and the resulting electron-transfer rate constants (k(et)) were evaluated in light of the free energy relationship of electron transfer to determine the one-electron oxidation potentials (E(ox)) of unsaturated fatty acids and the intrinsic barrier of electron transfer. The k(et) values of linoleic acid with a series of oxidants are the same as the corresponding k(et) values of methyl linoleate, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, leading to the same E(ox) value of linoleic acid, methyl linoleate, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid (1.76 V vs SCE), which is significantly lower than that of oleic acid (2.03 V vs SCE) as indicated by the smaller k(et) values of oleic acid than those of other unsaturated fatty acids. The radical cation of linoleic acid produced in photoinduced electron transfer from linoleic acid to the singlet excited state of 10-methylacridinium ion as well as that of 9,10-dicyanoanthracene was detected by laser flash photolysis experiments. The apparent rate constant of deprotonation of the radical cation of linoleic acid was determined as 8.1 x 10(3) s(-1). In the presence of oxygen, the addition of oxygen to the deprotonated radical produces the peroxyl radical, which has successfully been detected by ESR. No thermal electron transfer or proton-coupled electron transfer has occurred from linoleic acid to a strong one-electron oxidant, Ru(bpy)3(3+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) or Fe(bpy)3(3+). The present results on the electron-transfer and proton-transfer properties of unsaturated fatty acids provide valuable mechanistic insight into lipoxygenases to clarify the proton-coupled electron-transfer process in the catalytic function.     

Synthesis of directly linked zinc(II) porphyrin-imide dyads and energy gap dependence of intramolecular electron transfer reactions

A series of zinc(II) porphyrin-imide dyads (ZP-Im), in which an electron donating ZP moiety is directly connected to an electron accepting imide moiety in the meso position, have been prepared for the examination of energy gap dependence of intramolecular electron transfer reactions with large electronic coupling. The nearly perpendicular conformation of the imide moiety towards the porphyrin plane has been revealed by Xray crystal structures. The energy gap for charge separation, 1ZP* - Im --> ZP+ - Im-, is varied by changing the electron accepting imide moiety to cover a range of about 0.8 eV in DMF. Definitive evidence for electron transfer has been obtained in three solvents (toluene, THF, and DMF) through picosecond-femtosecond transient absorption studies, which have allowed us to determine the rates of photoinduced charge separation, 1ZP* - Im --> ZP+ - Im-, and subsequent thermal charge recombination ZP+ - Im- --> ZP - Im. The free-energy gap dependence (energy gap law) has been probed from the normal to the nearly top region for the charge separation rate alone, and only the inverted region for the charge recombination rate. Although both of the energy gap dependencies can be approximately reproduced by means of the simplified semiclassical equation, when we take into consideration the effect of the high frequency vibrations replaced by one mode of averaged frequency, many features, including the effects of solvent polarity and the electron tunneling matrix element on the energy gap law, differ considerably from those of the previously studied porphyrin-quinone systems, which have weaker interchromophore electronic interactions.