铈改性纳米Ti/SnO_2-Sb_2O_3电极的制备及催化性能

以SnCl_4·5H_2O,Sb_2O_3和Ce(NO_3)_3·6H_2O为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Ce改性Ti/SnO_2-Sb_2O_3电极。通过对Ce改性Ti/SnO_2-Sb_2O_3电极的析氧电位的测试及油田废水降解情况的考察,优化了稀土的掺杂量和热处理方法;分析了电极的电催化氧化能力。借助SEM,EDX和XRD等检测手段对所制备电极的表面形貌、元素组成、晶体结构进行了表征和分析。结果表明:最优掺杂比为Sn∶Sb∶Ce=100∶10∶2.5(摩尔比),最优热处理方法为方法二,此电极对目标有机物COD去除率达到91.2%,发现Ce的掺杂有利于电极催化性能的提高。     

稀土掺杂PbO2电极的制备及催化性能研究

以SnCl4.5H2O,Sb2O3,La（NO3）3（或Nd（NO3））为前驱体（摩尔比分别为Sn∶Sb∶La（Nd）=100∶6∶（0.5,1,2）,制备稀土（La,Nd）掺杂Sn,Sb溶胶,以钛电极为基体,用溶胶-凝胶法制备稀土（La,Nd）掺杂SnO2中间层,热处理温度为450和500℃,热处理时间共5 h;采用电沉积法制备PbO2表面层,得到改性PbO2阳极,优化了制备改性PbO2电极的稀土掺杂量。以含油污水为目标有机物,借助于CODCr去除情况分析电极的电催化氧化能力;分析了电极结构与电催化特性之间的关系。采用SEM和XRD分析了制备电极的表面形貌、晶体结构并通过电化学工作站对其析氧电位进行了表征分析。结果表明,中间层掺杂La元素的电极,掺杂比为Sn∶Sb∶La=100∶6∶1时电极性能最好;而中间层掺杂Nd元素,掺杂比为Sn∶Sb∶Nd=100∶6∶2时电极的性能最好,此比例时电极对目标有机物CODCr去除率分别为91.90%和90.93%。     

热处理温度对铕掺杂Ti/SnO2-Sb电极性能的影响

采用涂层热解法制备了不同热处理温度的铕掺杂Ti/SnO2-Sb电极.对所制备电极作LSV曲线和Tafel曲线,研究了电极的电化学性能;以对硝基苯酚为目标有机物,考察了电极的电催化活性;采用SEM,EDS,XRD等分析方法表征了电极表面涂层的形貌、元素组成及结构.实验结果表明,热处理温度对电极的各项性能有较大的影响,制备电极时最佳的热处理温度为550℃,该温度下制备的电极有较高的析氧电位和电催化能力,以及较好的电极表面涂层结构和覆盖度.     

钕掺杂Ti基Sn-Sb涂层电极的制备及性能评价

以SnCl4·5H2O, Sb2O3和Nd(NO3)3·6H2O为前驱体, 纯钛板为基体, 采用涂层热解法制备了Nd掺杂Ti基Sn-Sb氧化物涂层电极. 通过对所制备电极的析氧电位和含阴离子表面活性剂污水降解效果的考察, 优化出最佳Nd掺杂量为SnSbNd=10062.5(摩尔比), 最佳热处理温度为550 ℃. 通过SEM, XRD和EDX等检测手段对制备的电极的表面形貌、晶体结构及元素组成进行了表征和分析, 结果证明, 适量Nd的掺杂使Ti/Sn-Sb电极的析氧电位明显提高, 达到1.72 V, 对阴离子表面活性剂的去除率达到97.4%, 使电极表面晶粒细化, 对基体覆盖较好. 掺杂过量会使SnO2晶格破坏, 使电极性能降低, 甚至低于未掺杂电极.     

稀土La掺杂Ti/Sb-SnO2电极的制备及性能研究

采用浸渍法制备稀土La掺杂Ti/Sb-SnO₂电极,以活性艳红X^-3B为目标有机物,考察电极的电催化性能,对制备温度和La掺杂量进行了详细的实验研究,确定了适宜的制备条件为热处理温度450 ℃、La掺杂量0.7%。采用SEM、EDS、XRD、XPS等分析方法表征了电极的形貌、组成及结构。发现掺杂稀土La能降低界面电阻,使Sb元素向电极表面富集,电极中的Sb、La元素分别以Sb⁴⁺、La³⁺的形式存在。对空白电极和La掺杂Ti/Sb-SnO₂电极进行了动电位扫描测定,考察了空白电极和La掺杂Ti/Sb-SnO₂电极的析氧电位;并采用破损法测定它们的电极寿命。结果表明,La掺杂Ti/Sb-SnO₂电极具有更高的析氧电位和更长的电极寿命。     

TiO2掺杂La和Ce离子光催化薄膜的微结构与催化特性研究

应用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2薄膜．在薄膜中掺杂了Ce和La离子，并对其微结构和光催化特性作了分析。结果表明：这两种元素的加入量和热处理的温度能使薄膜的晶体结构产生重人改变，从而影响到TiO2的催化性能。当掺杂量和热处理温度适当时，能够获得光催化性能最好的TiO2薄膜。     

稀土掺杂的纳米TiO2分散性及光学性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法在同一条件下制备REa+:Ti4+=0.02和0.10的稀土掺杂的纳米TiO2材料,其中REn+为Nd3+,Ce4+,La3+,Er3+四种稀土元素.通过TG-DTG,XRD,TEM,UV-Vis等测试方法对所制备的纳米TiO2进行焙烧温度、晶胞尺寸、晶粒形貌、谱学特性等方面的研究.研究表明,稀土掺杂的纳米TiO2径粒尺寸均在20 nm左右,少量稀土掺杂不但有利于TiO2颗粒的分散,而且有利于TiO2向金红石相转变.同时,由于表面修饰作用和晶场效应的影响,掺杂使纳米材料在可见光范围内有不同程度的"红移"现象,Ce4+掺杂的纳米TiO2在可见光的"红移"程度最强.稀土掺杂的纳米TiO2在农用膜和节能材料上可广泛运用.     

TiO_2-CeO_2催化剂湿式氧化苯酚的活性研究

采用共沉淀法制备了湿式氧化降解苯酚的TiO2-CeO2催化剂,测定了反应过程中不同反应时间的COD去除率,结果表明,当Ti、Ce摩尔比为3∶1时,在150℃、总压5MPa(其中氧分压4.5MPa)时,所制备的催化剂活性最高,反应90分钟COD去除率可以达到71%.对催化剂进行了比表面积、XRD和XPS测试,结果表明,高效的催化剂具有较多的活性位、催化剂粉末体系Ce的变价特性以及大量的表面吸附氧.     

钕改性钛基SnO2/Sb电催化电极的制备及表征

为改善钛基SnO2／Sb电极的电催化性能,采用浸渍法制备了Nd改性钛基SnO2／Sb电极。以活性艳红X-3B为目标有机物,考察电极的电催化性能,对制备温度和Nd掺杂量进行了研究,确定了适宜的制备条件为：热处理温度550℃,Nd掺杂量1.0％。采用SEN,EDS,XRD及XPS等分析方法对所制备电极的表面形貌、元素组成及结构进行分析,发现掺杂Nd可使SnO2粒径变小,有利于电极电催化性能的改善,同时Nd元素的引入可使杂质元素sb,Nd在电极表面涂层富集。Nd改性钛基SnO2／Sb电极表面主要是四方相金红石结构的SnO2晶体,掺杂的sb和Nd分别以Sb^5＋和Nd^3＋的形式存在。电极动电位扫描测试结果表明,Nd改性钛基SnO2／Sb电极具有较高的阳极析氧电位,有利于有机物的阳极氧化降解。     

纳米SnO2/TiO2电极的制备及其电催化降解间-硝基苯酚

用电化学方法在乙二醇溶液中制备锡、钛醇盐配合物Sn0.75Ti(OCH2CH2OH)(7-x),将电解液水解、干燥后在400℃煅烧2 h,得到纳米级SnO2/TiO2粉体。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)和拉曼光谱(Raman)对电解产物进行测试,纳米SnO2/TiO2粉体通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行表征。实验表明,在有机体系电解得到的纳米SnO2/TiO2粉体颗粒分散较理想,粒径在100～200 nm。再通过溶胶-凝胶法在钛丝表面得到纳米SnO2/TiO2电极,采用循环伏安法研究电极在酸性溶液和间-硝基苯酚溶液中的氧化还原行为和电催化活性。结果表明,纳米TiO2掺杂SnO2电极的氧化峰电流达到143×10-3A/cm2,氧化还原峰电位差明显减小,催化降解间-硝基苯酚的COD去除率达到86.1%,具有较高的电催化活性。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.