大豆中的化学

大豆和豆制品中具有种类繁多的化学成分如大豆皂甙、大豆异黄酮、植物雌激素、大豆磷脂、大豆低聚糖等,它们具有广泛的生理功效,可防治癌症、防骨质疏松症、防心血管疾病、降低血脂、抗动脉粥样硬化症、改善妇女更年期综合症、防止鼻出血综合症等,因而决定了它可在食品、药品和化妆品中得到广泛的应用。目前国外研究较为深入,有的已用于生产实际,而国内尚无这方面的报道。我国东北素以生产优质大豆而闻名中外,倘若能充分利用豆渣、豆皮等废料加工,提取大豆中的有效成分,将有非常可观的社会和经济效益。     

大豆二羟异黄酮及三羟异黄酮的高效液相色谱分析

1mol/L盐酸水解大豆及豆制品,乙腈提取,高效液相色谱分析了二羟、三羟异黄酮的含量。以甲醇－2mmol/L乙酸铵(体积比55:45,乙酸铵溶液用乙酸调pH至4.380)为流动相,Hypersil BDS C18色谱分析柱,柱温25℃,260nm紫外检测波长进行分析。二羟、三羟异黄酮的1－500μmol/L的范围内,与峰面积有很好的线性关系 (r=0.9999)。它们的检出限为5ng(S/N=3),平均回收率94.46%以上,6次进样的相对标准差（RSD）小于4％。该法灵敏、重复性好、结果准确、分析迅速。检测大豆及豆制品中异黄酮的含量,得到满意的结果。     

高效液相色谱法测定大豆乳清中大豆低聚糖

大豆低聚糖是大豆中可溶性糖质的总称,主要成分是蔗糖(双糖)、棉子糖(三糖)、水苏糖(四糖)等.大豆低聚精对人体具有奇特的生理功效,能有效地促进人体肠道内有益菌群双歧杆菌的增殖,并且具有整肠功能.测定大豆低聚糖的方法有高效液相色谱法和气相色谱法,这两种方法都具有定性、定量分析大豆低聚糖的优点.气相色谱法采用衍生化的方法测定,具有较高的灵敏度,但操作复杂,而且进样口的高温会使糖的衍生物分解,甚至可被留在进样口的残留物所催化.高效液相色谱法可以直接测定,不必采用衍生化处理,减少了糖的损失和偶然误差,具有前处理简单、分离效果好,回收率和重现性均比气相色谱法好的优点.本文采用高效液相色法测定大豆蛋白生产过程中排放大豆乳清中的大豆低聚糖,并对测定条件及测定效果进行了探讨.     

大豆乳清废水中异黄酮吸附的影响因素分析

实验研究和理论分析表明：吸附原料液的溶液体系非常复杂，其中大豆异黄酮含量很低，而干扰溶质种类多且含量高，所以在应用大孔树脂时大豆异黄酮的吸附分离中会同时存在多种不利因素．其中的大豆乳清蛋白、大豆低聚糖和大豆皂甙各自由于不同的原因而可能对大豆异黄酮的吸附产生较大的影响．在分析了这些影响因素的基础上，经实验研究所开发的“两级吸附”工艺充分发挥了大豆异黄酮的吸附优势，得到了纯度高于42％的大豆异黄酮产品，树脂吸附的回收率在75％以上．     

大豆分离蛋白的酶水解

大豆分离蛋白的酶水解;大豆分离蛋白;水解作用;光散射     

大孔树脂对大豆乳清废水中异黄酮的吸附特性研究

通过比较10种大孔吸附树脂对大豆乳清中异黄酮的吸附特性发现，弱极性和非极性吸附树脂有利于大豆乳清中异黄酮的吸附．研究结果表明，D312和AB-8树脂对异黄酮的吸附量大，解吸容易、可以应用于大豆乳清废水资源化工艺之中．适宜的操作条件为温度20℃左右、pH值7．5左右．     

速收除草剂在大豆及土壤中的残留动态

 采用 Zorbax SIL色谱柱、以二氯甲烷 -甲醇为流动相的高效液相色谱法 ,测定了速收除草剂在大豆田土壤和大豆上的残留动态 ,建立了样品前处理方法和分析方法。速收在土壤、青豆和大豆籽粒的添加回收率分别为84.82 %～ 85 .63 % ,88.79%～ 94.0 0 %和 93 .70 %～ 94.48%。速收在土壤中的半衰期 (t1 / 2 )为 1 0 .0～ 1 0 .5 d,降解速度较慢 ,但在收获期的土壤、青豆 (用药后 80～ 85 d)和大豆籽粒中均未检出 ,说明其残留污染性很小 ,可以在大豆田安全使用。     

反相高效液相色谱法制备纯化大豆异黄酮糖苷

利用制备高效液相色谱法从大豆总异黄酮提取物中制备出了3种大豆异黄酮糖苷。在Nova-Pak HR C18色谱柱(100 mm×25 mm i.d.,6 μm)上,以甲醇-体积分数为0.1%的乙酸水溶液(体积比为23∶77)为流动相,流速为20 mL/min,采用 等度洗脱方式,制备了3种大豆异黄酮糖苷,经质谱分析,确认它们分别为大豆苷、黄豆苷和染料木苷。高效液相色谱分析 表明,所制备的3种化合物的纯度均达到了99%以上。     

大豆分离蛋白结构与性能

大豆分离蛋白是大豆的重要组成部分,含有大量活性基团,具有可再生、可生物降解性等优点,可以成为制备环境友好材料的主要原料。由于大豆分离蛋白的组成和构象会对其功能特性产生明显的影响,因此对其结构和性能之间的关系进行系统的研究无疑会对材料学家在今后开发出新型的具有优异性能的大豆蛋白材料具有相当的帮助。本文首先介绍了大豆分离蛋白的组成、亚基的结构以及对其两种主要成分——β-大豆伴球蛋白（7S球蛋白）和大豆球蛋白（11S球蛋白）的分离方法;然后对大豆分离蛋白在不同条件下的构象研究和其主要物理化学性质,如溶解性和凝胶性的研究进展作了介绍;最后对大豆分离蛋白在薄膜、纤维和塑料等材料领域的应用进行了简要的综述。     

大豆苷元的前药修饰研究进展

大豆异黄酮大豆苷元具有抗氧化、心血管保护、抗癌、抗炎、抗溃疡及雌激素等多种药理功能.本文综述了大豆苷元的化学修饰研究进展,为充分利用大豆资源和发展以大豆苷元为先导物的化学活性修饰物提供研究信息.     

紫外分光光度法测定大豆中大豆异黄酮

以染料木苷为标准品,利用三波长紫外分光光度法对东北大豆的11个品种进行了异黄酮含量的测定。测定结果表明,“垦丰”和“中豆”两个品种的异黄酮含量较高,分别达到0．246％和0．221％;“东农44单株”和“东农355”两个品种的异黄酮含量较低,分别为0．101％和0．110％。     

Potential Effects of Soy Isoflavones on the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome

Isoflavones are polyphenols primarily contained in soybean. As phytoestrogens, isoflavones exert beneficial effects on various chronic diseases. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of death due to arteriosclerosis in individuals with various pathological conditions, including obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Although the health benefits of soybean-derived isoflavones are widely known, their beneficial effects on the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome are incompletely understood. This review aims to describe the association between soybean-derived isoflavone intake and the risk of metabolic syndrome development. We reviewed studies on soy isoflavones, particularly daidzein and genistein, and metabolic syndrome, using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. We describe the pathological characteristics of metabolic syndrome, including those contributing to multiple pathological conditions. Furthermore, we summarize the effects of soybean-derived daidzein and genistein on metabolic syndrome reported in human epidemiological studies and experiments using in vitro and in vivo models. In particular, we emphasize the role of soy isoflavones in metabolic syndrome-induced cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, this review focuses on the potential of soy isoflavones to prevent metabolic syndrome by influencing the onset of hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and arteriosclerosis and discusses the anti-inflammatory effects of isoflavones.     

Preparation of pH-responsive stationary phase for reversed-phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography

Novel pH-responsive polymer-grafted silica was successfully synthesized through the radical "grafting from" polymerization on azo initiator-immobilized silica. The immobilization of azo initiator onto the silica surface was achieved by the reaction of surface amino groups with 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid chloride). The polymer-grafted silica was prepared by stirring suspension of the azo initiator-immobilized silica in anhydrous dioxane containing acrylic acid (AAc) and butyl acrylate (BA). The resulting polymer-grafted silica was demonstrated to be pH responsive to hydrophobic/hydrophilic property by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). In RPLC mode, the retention of aromatic compounds decreased with the increase in the pH of mobile phase. However, the opposite result was obtained in HILIC mode; the retention of soybean isoflavones was stronger with the mobile phase at higher pH. Finally, the separations of sulfonamides and soybean isoflavones were carried out in RPLC mode and the separation of some nucleotides was achieved in HILIC mode.     

Separation and purification of isoflavones from a crude soybean extract by high-speed counter-current chromatography

A set of isoflavones with a broad range of polarity including daidzin, glycitin, genistin, acetyldaidzin, glycitein, acetylgenistin and daidzein was separated from a crude soybean extract by high-speed counter-current chromatography using a two-step operation. Three solvent systems were used: chloroform-methanol-water (4:3:2, v/v); chloroform-methanol-n-butanol-water (4:3:0.5:2, v/v); and methyl tert.-butyl ether-tetrahydrofuran-0.5% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid (2:2:0.15:4, v/v). The first solvent system was used for separating less polar isoflavones and the second for more polar isoflavones by eluting the lower organic phase. Genistin and glycitin, which were only partially resolved in the chloroform system, were separated by the third solvent system. Each isolated component showed 98-99% purity as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Their structures were identified by LC-MS.     

Radiation-induced electron paramagnetic resonance signal and soybean isoflavones content

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) is a well-known spectroscopic technique that detects paramagnetic centers and can detect free radicals with high sensitivity. In food, free radicals can be generated by several commonly used industrial processes, such as radiosterilization or heat treatment. EPR spectroscopy is used to detect radioinduced free radicals in food. In this work the relation between EPR signal induced by gamma irradiation treatment and soybean isoflavones content was investigated. Present results did not show correlation between total isoflavones content and the EPR signal. Nevertheless, some isoflavone contents had a negative correlation with the radiation-induced EPR signal.     

Quantitative determination of isoflavones and coumestrol in soybean by column liquid chromatography

Four different stationary phases and a variety of solvents in varying proportions were examined in this study. Daidzein, genistein, formononetin, biochanin A and coumestrol were separated within 24 min on a phenyl column with acetonitrile-water (33:67, v/v) as eluent. The proposed method showed an acceptable repeatability with a RSD of quantitation <6%. The mean recoveries of daidzein, genistein, formononetin, biochanin A and coumestrol from soybean ranged from 89 to 104%. The identity of the individual analytes was confirmed by LC-MS-MS. The four isoflavones and coumestrol were isolated from soybean by hydrolysis with acid and heat. Neutralization of the soybean samples prior to identification did not alter the concentration of daidzein and genistein in soybean.     

Rapid,sensitive separation of the three main isoflavones in soybean using immunoaffinity chromatography

Daidzin, genistin, and glycitein are major isoflavone compounds in soybean that are indispensable nutrients in traditional Chinese foods. Generally, strategies for detecting and separating soy isoflavones have been based on HPLC and chromatographic techniques, which are tedious and time‐consuming procedures. In the present study, we developed an ELISA‐based approach for daidzin detection using a broad‐specificity monoclonal antibody (clone number: AA9) with an effective detection range of 10–10 000 ng/mL. Subsequently, we prepared an immunoaffinity column by coupling the monoclonal antibody AA9 to CNBr‐activated Sepharose 4B. Our results demonstrate that the immunoaffinity column can efficiently and specifically extract daidzin, glycitein, and genistin from numerous structurally similar soy isoflavones in leguminous plants, thereby providing a new method for the extraction of target components from similar compounds in natural products.     

Chip-based nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for profiling of soybean flavonoids

In this work a chip-based nano HPLC coupled MS (HPLC-chip/MS) method with a simple sample preparation procedure was developed for the flavonoid profiling of soybean. The analytical properties of the method including the linearity (R(2) , 0.992-0.995), reproducibility (RSD, 1.50-7.66%), intraday precision (RSD, 1.41-5.14%) and interday precision (RSD, 2.76-16.90%) were satisfactory. Compared with the conventional HPLC/MS method, a fast extraction and analysis procedure was applied and more flavonoids were detected in a single run. Additionally, 13 flavonoids in soybean seed were identified for the first time. The method was then applied to the profiling of six varieties of soybean sowed at the same place. A clear discrimination was observed among different cultivars, three isoflavones, accounting for nearly 80% of total flavonoid contents, were found increased in the spring soybeans compared with the summer cultivars.     

Analysis of soybean protein-derived peptides and the effect of cultivar, environmental conditions, and processing on lunasin concentration in soybean and soy products

Soybean, an important source of food proteins, has received increasing interest from the public because of its reported health benefits. These health benefits are attributed to its components, including isoflavones, saponins, proteins, and peptides. Lunasin, Bowman-Birk inhibitor, lectin, and beta-conglycinin are some of the biologically active peptides and proteins found in soybean. This article provides a comprehensive review on the recently used techniques in the analysis and characterization of food bioactive peptides, with emphasis on soybean peptides. The methods used to isolate and purify lunasin from defatted soybean flour were ion-exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration, and gel filtration chromatography. The identity of lunasin was established by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blot, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight, and liquid chromatography. The results on the effect of soybean cultivar and environmental factors on lunasin concentration are also reported. The highest lunasin concentration, 11.7 +/- 0.3 mg/g flour, was found in Loda soybean cultivar grown at 23 degrees C; the lowest concentration, 5.4 +/- 0.4 mg/g flour, was found in Imari soybean cultivar grown at 28 degrees C. Lunasin concentration was affected by cultivar-temperature, cultivar-soil moisture, and cultivar-temperature-soil moisture interactions. The variation on lunasin concentration suggests that its content can be improved by breeding, and by optimization of growing conditions. In summary, bioactive peptides can be accurately identified and quantified by using different techniques and conditions. In addition, lunasin concentration in soybean depends mainly on cultivar and to some extent on environmental factors, particularly temperature. Lunasin concentration in soy products was also affected by processing conditions.