顶空-GC法测定卷烟包装材料用胶粘剂中挥发性有机化合物

采用顶空-气相色谱法测定卷烟包装材料用胶粘剂中挥发性有机化合物的含量,以含有30％（体积分数）水的1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮（DMI）溶液为溶剂,将样品适当稀释后取样,采用标准加入法定量。保持校准曲线试液基质同样品试液基质一致,消除顶空条件下基质对待测化合物气一液两相分配比的影响。各化合物检出限为6～40mg／kg,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0．38％-2．88％（n=51,回收率为94．2％-103．6％。该法适用于各种水基型胶粘剂的检测。     

HS/GC-MS法对卷烟包装材料中挥发性有机化合物的检测

建立了一种用于测定卷烟包装材料中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的分析方法.采用三醋酸甘油酯为基质,利用顶空技术对样品进行前处理,并与气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)联用,用离子选择对17种挥发性有机物进行了定量分析.在优化的实验条件下,方法线性关系良好,17种挥发性有机物的相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为0.30 ～18 μg/m2,比全扫描的检出限低1 ～3个数量级.17种挥发性有机物的回收率为90% ～101%,相对标准偏差小于3.67%.该法简便、快速、重复性好、定性定量准确,适于大批卷烟包装材料中挥发性有机化合物的检测.     

顶空气相色谱-质谱法测定废水中挥发性有机化合物和卤化溶剂

建立顶空气相色谱–质谱法测定废水中挥发性有机化合物和卤化溶剂的含量。样品采用DB–624色谱柱净化,以顶空方式进样,用气相色谱–质谱法对挥发性有机化合物和卤化溶剂进行测定,外标法定量。挥发性有机化合物和卤化溶剂的含量在0.01～2.0μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.998,方法检出限为0.1μg/L。测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.30%～2.22%(n=6),样品加标回收率为85.3%～106.4%。该方法简单、快速,结果准确、可靠,适用于废水中挥发性有机化合物和卤化溶剂的测定。     

顶空/气相色谱-质谱法分析方便面印刷包装材料中挥发性有机物

利用顶空/气相色谱-质谱(HS/GC-MS)联用法对袋装方便面印刷包装材料中7种挥发性有机物(异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、苯、乙酸丁酯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯)进行了检测分析.优化的实验参数为:平衡温度80℃,平衡时间40 min.本方法线性关系良好,7种挥发性有机物的相关系数均大于0.9991,检出限为0.004～0.0...     

顶空-气相色谱质谱法快速测定水性涂料及胶粘剂中游离甲醛含量

建立了顶空-气相色谱质谱法快速测定水性涂料及胶粘剂中游离甲醛含量。样品经水溶解后置于顶空进样仪中,在80℃下加热20 min,使甲醛在气液两相间达到平衡,取顶空气体进气相色谱仪并以质谱检测器选择离子模式检测。以PLOT/Q毛细管柱实现甲醛与空气及其它干扰物的色谱分离,以保留时间及碎片离子相对丰度比定性,外标法定量。结果表明,甲醛浓度在1.0~100.0 mg/L范围内,线性方程为y=448.9777x+16.6253,相关系数为r=0.9997;方法检出限为5mg/kg;平均回收率为91.3%~96.7%;相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.3%~2.1%。本法可用于水性涂料、胶黏剂中游离甲醛含量的快速分析。     

自动顶空进样-气相色谱-质谱法测定薰衣草中挥发性成分

建立了自动顶空进样气相色谱-质谱联用测定薰衣草中挥发性成分的方法。样品加入1.0 g NaCl研磨后,迅速转移至顶空瓶,加入10 mL水,立即密封。经HP-INNOWAX毛细管色谱柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)分离,气相色谱-质谱法定性(带NIST谱图),面积归一化法定量。考察了样品前处理方法、制备溶剂、水浴温度、盐效应、程序升温等因素对实验结果的影响,测定了4个品种薰衣草花中的40种挥发性成分相对百分含量,相对标准偏差为0.2%～1.9%(n=6)。新建方法操作简单,快速、高效、自动化程度高,可用于薰衣草花中挥发性成分的快速分析。     

顶空气相色谱法测定化妆品中15种挥发性有机溶剂残留

建立了化妆品中15种挥发性有机溶剂残留的顶空气相色谱测定方法。样品经60 ℃、30 min静态顶空后,采用气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器进行检测,外标法定量。加标回收试验结果表明: 15种挥发性有机溶剂残留平均回收率为62.8%～116%,相对标准偏差均小于5%。方法的检出限为0.09～0.68 mg/kg。该方法可有效克服基体干扰,一次进样可同时分离和测定化妆品中15种挥发性有机溶剂,准确灵敏,简单快速,适用于化妆品中挥发性有机溶剂残留的检测。     

顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用分析桂花和叶中挥发性成分

采用谱库检索结合准确质量测定、保留指数、串联质谱技术的多维定性分析策略鉴定化合物, 能够提高定性分析的效率和准确性. 运用顶空-气相色谱-四极质谱、顶空-气相色谱-飞行时间质谱以及顶空-气相色谱-串联质谱联用技术对桂花样品进行了分析检测, 并采用多维定性分析思路对检出的挥发性成分进行了鉴定. 结果共确认出47种挥发性成分, 其中单萜类和倍半萜类化合物为主要组分. 该定性分析策略准确可靠, 可以广泛应用于复杂样品挥发性成分的定性分析中.     

气相-动态顶空进样技术用于矿泉水中61种有机物的同时检测

采用气相动态顶空进样-气相色谱-质谱法(D-HS-GC-MS)同时分析矿泉水中氯乙烯、氯丁二烯、硝基苯、硝基氯苯、1,3,5-三氯苯和其他54种常见挥发性有机物,方法检出限除硝基苯、2-硝基氯苯、3+4-硝基氯苯分别为5.9、6.4和9.9!g/L外,其余均介于0.18~0.48!g/L.D-HS-GC-MS法均有良好的精密度和精确度,1.00和2.00!g/L空白加标样品的测定结果精密度分别介于5.8%~19%和2.0%~11%(n=7),市售矿泉水样品的加标回收率介于92.4%~108%.     

用电子鼻研究不同烘丝过程对卷烟挥发性成分的影响

采用电子鼻对卷烟烟丝挥发性组分进行分析,分别考察了前处理制样与电子鼻顶空平衡时间对结果的影响。确定采用三包卷烟的烟丝作为大样本,混合均匀后称取适量样品直接电子鼻分析,电子鼻顶空平衡温度为55℃。应用电子鼻在该参数下对不同烘丝方式和温度参数处理的卷烟烟丝挥发性成分进行气味指纹图谱和PCA分析,同连续流动法测定的常规化学成分结果作了比较,结果表明电子鼻能够反映规常规化学成分检测手段不能区分的不同烘丝过程带来的挥发性组分改变。     

Call for nominations for the Heinrich-Emanuel-Merck Award

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Call for nominations for the Heinrich-Emanuel-Merck Award     

溶剂化的热力学集团展开理论

把二元溶液的过剩内能（excess energy）分成溶剂-溶剂、溶剂-溶质及溶质-溶质相互作用部分。利用集团展开方法给出了二元溶液在正则系综的配分函数的表达式,利用该表达式得到了溶质的偏摩尔内能(partial molar energy)和偏摩尔熵(partial molar entropy)的表达式。在无限稀溶液情形,过剩偏摩尔内能的溶剂-溶剂部分又称重组织内能（reorganization energy）,它反映了溶质存在时对其周围溶剂分子之间的相互作用能的影响。研究表明,在溶质的粒子数密度相对较大时,溶质分子之间的相互作用将影响过剩偏摩尔内能的溶剂-溶剂部分,对于稀溶液,过剩偏摩尔内能的溶剂-溶剂部分与溶质的摩尔分数成线性关系。对低密度二元溶液,溶质的过剩偏摩尔内能和过剩偏摩尔熵也与溶质的摩尔分数成线性关系。     

Bump-hunting for the proficiency tester--searching for multimodality

Kernel density estimation is a method for producing a smooth density approximation to a dataset and avoiding some of the problems associated with histograms. If it is used with a degree of smoothing determined by a fitness for purpose criterion, it can be applied to proficiency test data in order to test for multimodality in the z-scores. The bootstrap is an essential additional technique to determine how rugged the initially estimated kernel density is: the random resampling of the data in the bootstrap simulates a complete blind repeat of the proficiency test. In addition, useful estimates of the standard error of a mode can be thus obtained. It is suggested that a mode and its standard error can be used as an assigned value and its standard uncertainty.     

A methodology for choosing parameters for ESR readout of alanine dosimeters for radiotherapy

Spectrometer settings for ESR readout of alanine dosimeters for radiotherapy have been investigated. Several ESR parameters were studied and determined. The main reason for this work is to choose the suitable parameters to increase signal-to-noise ratio and to reduce the uncertainty on ESR readout, which is one of the main components of uncertainty of alanine/ESR dosimetry system for radiotherapy. The new spectrometer settings have been applied for ESR readout of alanine dosimeters irradiated from 1 to 10 Gy. A higher signal-to-noise ratio has been achieved compared to our old spectrometer settings. The extended uncertainty (k=2) has been evaluated in the dose range 2–10 Gy (maximum uncertainty of 4.9% for 2 Gy, while minimum uncertainty of 1.4% for 10 Gy), which implies that the alanine/ESR dosimetry system can be applied to radiotherapy dose level that needs a global accuracy of 5%.     

Epidemiological Support for an Hypothesis for Melanoma Induction Indicating a Role for UVA Radiation

An hypothesis for melanoma induction is presented: UV radiation absorbed by melanin in melanocytes generates products that may activate the carcinogenic process. Products formed by UV absorption in the upper layers of the epidermis cannot diffuse down as far as to the melanocytes. Thus, melanin in the upper layer of the skin may be protective, while that in melanocytes may be photocarcinogenic. Observations that support this hypothesis include: (1) Africans with dark skin have a reduced risk of getting all types of skin cancer as compared with Caucasians, but the ratio of their incidence rates of cutaneous malignant melanoma to that of squamous cell carcinoma is larger than the corresponding ratio for Caucasians. (2) Albino Africans, as compared with normally pigmented Africans, seem to have a relatively small risk of getting cutaneous malignant melanomas compared to nonmelanomas. This is probably also true for albino and normally pigmented Caucasians. (3) Among sun-sensitive, poorly tanning persons, frequent UV exposures are associated with increased risk of melanoma, whereas among sun-resistant, well-tanning persons, increased frequency of exposure is associated with decreased melanoma risk. (4) It is likely that UVA, being absorbed by melanin, might have a melanoma-inducing effect. This is in agreement with some epidemiological investigations which indicate that sun-screen lotions may not protect sufficiently against melanoma induction. The relative latitude gradient for UVA is much smaller than that for UVB. The same is true for the relative latitude gradient of cutaneous malignant melanoma as compared with squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Under the assumption that the average slopes of the curves relating incidence rates with fluences of carcinogenic UV radiation are similar for melanomas and nonmelanomas, these facts are in agreement with the assumption that UVA plays a significant role in the induction of melanomas in humans. This is in agreement with the experimental results with Xiphophorus.     

Design for degradation or recycling for reuse?

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Searching for an enhanced predictive tool for mutagenicity

The Multiple Computer Automated Structure Evaluation (MCASE) program was used to evaluate the mutagenic potential of organic compounds. The experimental Ames test mutagenic activities for 2513 chemicals were collected from various literature sources. All chemicals have experimental results in one or more Salmonella tester strains. A general mutagenicity data set and fifteen individual Salmonella test strain data sets were compiled. Analysis of the learning sets by the MCASE program resulted in the derivation of good correlations between chemical structure and mutagenic activity. Significant improvement was obtained as more data was added to the learning databases when compared with the results of our previous reports. Several biophores were identified as being responsible for the mutagenic activity of the majority of active chemicals in each individual mutagenicity module. It was shown that the multiple-database mutagenicity model showed a clear advantage over normally used single-database models. The expertise produced by this analysis can be used to predict the mutagenic potential of new compounds.