烯烃聚合中金属化合物间的链转移反应

烯烃聚合过程中, 金属化合物之间快速可逆的链转移反应是一个重要和有用的反应, 它不仅影响催化剂的活性和实现对聚合物分子量的控制, 还可以得到长链烷基金属化合物, 进而通过后续转化得到特种聚烯烃材料, 如官能团化聚烯烃和多嵌段聚烯烃共聚物. 综述了这一方面的主要发展情况.     

双烯烃配位链转移聚合研究进展

可逆配位链转移催化体系由过渡金属催化剂和主族金属烷基化合物组成,聚合物链在两者间进行快速可逆的链转移反应实现了聚合物的分子量、分子量分布的可控,且能够得到具有不同拓扑结构及立体选择性的均聚物和共聚物。配位链转移聚合(CCTP)除具有传统的活性阴离子聚合的优点之外,更重要的是,其平均每个活性中心可产生多条聚合物链,中心金属利用率超过100%,且催化剂立体选择性强。本文简要介绍了双烯烃配位链转移聚合研究进展,包括CCTP的基本原理,双烯烃配位链转移均聚合、共聚合及链穿梭聚合方面的研究。     

烯烃配位聚合二十年

聚烯烃树脂是消费量最大的合成树脂种类,性能优异,用途广泛。二十多年来,烯烃配位聚合技术取得了突飞猛进的发展,在催化剂、聚合方法、聚合工艺方面都有重大突破。本文综述了二十多年来烯烃配位聚合的研究发展情况,包括Ziegler-Natta催化剂,茂金属催化剂,非茂金属催化剂,配位聚合机理,功能化聚烯烃的制备,原位共聚制备LLDPE,原位聚合制备纳米复合材料,活性配位聚合以及Spherizone工艺等方面的成就。     

主链链端功能化聚烯烃的设计、合成及其应用

设计与合成主链链端功能化聚烯烃已成为目前聚烯烃功能化研究的热点之一.本文首先对聚烯烃功能化研究进行了简要介绍,然后重点评述了自2000年以来用于设计合成主链链端功能化聚烯烃的4种方法:烯烃聚合中向链转移剂进行链转移的方法、烯烃配位活性聚合方法、烯烃阴离子活性聚合方法以及叶立德活性聚合方法.接着,对主链链端功能化聚烯烃的应用研究新进展进行了举例介绍,最后对其设计、合成及应用前景进行了展望.     

后过渡金属催化烯烃可控/活性聚合的研究进展

烯烃活性聚合由于可以制备出预定分子量的窄分布聚合物,以及各种嵌段共聚物、末端功能化聚合物等而受到广泛关注.过渡金属催化的烯烃配位聚合反应活性高,催化剂性能可通过配体结构的修饰进行调节,聚合物微观结构易于调控,其活性聚合进一步拓展了对烯烃聚合物分子设计的手段,具有重要的意义.除了以钛、锆、钒等为金属中心的前过渡系催化剂之...     

苯乙烯基封端反应性等规聚丙烯的催化合成及其在构筑新型拓扑结构聚丙烯高分子中的应用

在具有高度等规定向能力的rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO催化体系所催化的丙烯聚合反应中,通过控制聚合条件,实现聚合物链选择性地向对双苯乙烯单体的链转移反应,合成出一种新的苯乙烯基封端的反应性等规聚丙烯.以这种苯乙烯基封端反应性聚丙烯为结构单元,构筑了两种拓扑结构(接枝和星型)的聚丙烯共聚物,一是在CpTiCl3/MAO催化下,与苯乙烯小分子进行配位聚合,合成了以间规聚苯乙烯为主链、等规聚丙烯为侧链的接枝共聚物(sPS-g-iPP);二是选择性地在链端苯乙烯基上进行氯化和取代反应,定量地将叠氮基团引入等规聚丙烯链端,再与多炔基偶合剂进行点击反应,合成了星型等规聚丙烯.     

聚烯烃/聚酯(聚醚)共聚物的合成及应用

本文首先详细评述了聚烯烃/聚酯(聚醚)共聚物的合成方法:聚合机理转换法和聚合物偶联法.其中,聚合机理转换法又分为:(1)链转移剂控制烯烃聚合/阴离子开环聚合;(2)链转移剂控制烯烃聚合/配位-插入开环聚合;(3)烯烃阴离子活性聚合/阴离子开环聚合;(4)烯烃阴离子活性聚合/配位-插入开环聚合;(5)叶立德活性聚合/配位...     

功能化聚烯烃合成:从催化剂到极性单体设计

由于极性基团的存在,烯烃与极性单体配位共聚反应受限于低聚合活性与低聚合物分子量.因此,解决极性单体中极性基团问题是功能化聚烯烃高性能合成的关键.本文旨在重点评述近年来后过渡金属催化烯烃与极性单体共聚制备功能化聚烯烃方面的研究进展.首先简要概括了功能化聚烯烃合成用催化剂的里程碑式发展,然后详细论述了近年来我们在功能化聚烯烃合成用极性单体设计上的系列研究发现,重点突出了设计极性二乙烯基单体克服极性单体问题(快的链转移反应与极性基团对中心金属的螯合)的概念与设计含次级配位作用的乙烯基呋喃单体合成新型功能化聚烯烃的策略;最后展望了烯烃与极性单体共聚制备功能化聚烯烃的未来重点发展方向与挑战.     

功能化聚烯烃合成研究进展

综述了近年来在功能化聚烯烃合成领域的研究进展,包括烯烃配位共聚催化剂的研究和烯烃配位聚合与其它聚合方式联用制备功能化聚烯烃的研究进展.     

聚烯烃-极性聚合物嵌段共聚物最新研究进展

聚烯烃-极性聚合物嵌段共聚物(polyolefin-b-polar polymer block copolymer,POBP)包含非极性/非功能化聚烯烃和极性/功能化聚合物嵌段,由于其独特的结构和性能特点,引起了人们的广泛关注。POBP的传统用途是作为聚烯烃和其它材料(如极性聚合物)的增容剂,近年来在诸多新兴的研究领域也取得了一定应用,包括多孔渗透膜、功能性杂化纳米材料、固体聚合物电解质等。POBP的制备方法主要两种:(1)配位聚合向其它聚合方式的聚合机理转变,即首先由配位聚合制备出聚烯烃大分子引发剂,随后引发极性单体聚合得到POBP;(2)聚烯烃反应性功能化端基与极性聚合物反应性端基之间的偶联反应。本文综述了POBP的最新研究进展,重点评述了新颖的合成路径和POBP在制备新型功能材料方面的应用进展。     

聚丙烯酸-b-聚丙烯酸甲酯的制备及其在乳液聚合中的应用

采用三硫代碳酸S-1-十二烷基-S'-(a,a'-二甲基-a"-乙酸)酯(MTTCD)作为链转移剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,丙烯酸(AA)为第一单体,通过可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合合成大分子链转移剂PAA-MTTCD,以丙烯酸甲酯(MA)为第二单体,合成5种不同嵌段比的两亲性嵌段共聚物聚丙烯酸-b-聚丙烯酸甲酯(PAA-b-PMA).采用FT IR和1H NMR确定了PAA-MTTCD和PAA-b-PMA的结构,用GPC测定了PAA-MTTCD和PAA-b-PMA的分子量及分子量分布.分析了聚合反应动力学,发现该聚合具有活性可控聚合的特征,聚合动力学呈一级线性关系.测定了PAA-b-PMA的乳化性能,并将其作为乳化剂用于丙烯酸丁酯(BA)的乳液聚合中,同时考察了不同嵌段长度共聚物对乳液聚合的影响.结果表明,具有21个AA单元和18个MA单元的两亲性嵌段共聚物具有较好的乳化性能,其作为乳化剂时乳液聚合效果相对最好.     

Degenerative chain‐transfer process: Controlling all chain‐growth polymerizations and enabling novel monomer sequences

The use of dormant species has opened a new era in precision polymerization and has changed the concept of living polymerization. The dormant species can be exchanged into the active species via reversible termination or via reversible chain transfer. Professor Mitsuo Sawamoto has greatly contributed to the establishment of the concepts of living cationic and radical polymerizations based on the reversible activation of dormant species. This highlight, dedicated to Professor Sawamoto on his retirement from Kyoto University, provides an overview of reversible or degenerative chain‐transfer (DT) processes, which are effective in controlling all chain‐growth polymerizations, including radical, cationic, anionic, coordination, ring‐opening metathesis, and ring‐opening polymerizations. In addition, structures with novel sequences accessible only by a combination of different propagating species with a common DT agent are reviewed. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019 , 57, 243–254     

Preparation of New Multiarmed RAFT Agents for the Mediation of Vinyl Acetate Polymerization

Summary: In this study five xanthate (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT)/Macromolecular Design through Interchange of Xanthates (MADIX)) agents were synthesized, namely monofunctional, difunctional, trifunctional and tetrafunctional species of the form SC(O-Z)-S-R, with different leaving groups and different activating moieties some of which are completely novel. Polyvinyl acetates (PVAc) in the form of linear, three armed and four armed star shaped polymers were then successfully synthesized in reactions mediated by these xanthate RAFT/MADIX agents.     

一种具备巯基点击化学功能的二硫代酯RAFT链转移剂的合成

以2,2-二硫二吡啶,2-巯基乙醇为原料,醋酸为催化剂,合成了2-羟乙基-二硫吡啶(PⅠ)。以PⅠ、4-氰基-4-(硫代苯甲酰)戊酸(PⅡ)为原料,1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)、4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)为催化剂,合成了一种新的可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)链转移剂4-氰基-4-(硫代苯甲酰)戊酸-2-二硫吡啶乙酯(PⅢ)。以PⅢ为RAFT链转移剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为单体,采用RAFT制备了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)。用1 H-NMR分析了链转移剂的的分子结构,用GPC测得PMMA聚合物的分子量及其分布。结果表明:能用于巯基点击化学的二硫吡啶基团被接到PⅡ的末端,成功制备了一种具备巯基点击化学功能的二硫代酯RAFT链转移剂(PⅢ),利用PⅢ,通过RAFT聚合制备了分子量分布狭窄的PMMA聚合物。     

Recent advances in the preparation of glycopolymer bioconjugates

The significant progress made in understanding the role of carbohydrates and carbohydrates based therapeutics at molecular level has highlighted the importance of carbohydrate bioconjugates in the field of biology, chemistry and therapeutics. The glycosylation of biomolecules is a nature-inspired approach, to impart structural and functional properties to the biomolecules. The availability of facile techniques to synthesize well-defined glycopolymers of varying molecular weights, compositions and shape and their facile conjugation with biomolecules of interest have helped researchers in understanding many aspects of their biological functions at the molecular level. This review focuses on the development of glycopolymer-bioconjugates and provides a comprehensive overview of the present bioconjugation tools for their synthesis. The glycosylation of biomolecules is achieved by either pre or post-polymerization modification approaches. The review highlights the potential of living radical polymerization for the facile synthesis of glycopolymer bioconjugates using both pre and post-polymerization bioconjugation approaches, and without disrupting the native structure and functions of the biological molecules. Non-covalent carbohydrate–carbohydrate and carbohydrate–protein interactions play a significant role in many biological and pathological events. The non-covalent interactions of synthetic glycopolymers with biomolecules are also discussed in this review.     

RAFT分散聚合方法制备支化聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)与三缩丙二醇双丙烯酸酯(TPGDA)为单体,S-1-十二烷基-S′-(α,α′-二甲基-α″-乙酸)三硫代碳酸酯作为RAFT试剂防止反应体系交联,进行RAFT分散共聚合.通过在成核以后加入RAFT试剂和多官能度单体(TPGDA)的两步法分散聚合反应得到了粒径接近单分散的球形聚合物粒子,其粒径大小在1.9～2.7μm范围,粒径分布为1.12～1.24.采用凝胶色谱法(GPC)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)对所得共聚物的分子量、分子量分布(MWD)、共聚物组成、共聚物结构进行了表征.GPC结果表明所得聚合物的分子量分布曲线呈双峰分布,说明在成核期形成了线形的MMA均聚物,而在成核后由MMA与TPGDA共聚生成了支化的共聚物.1H-NMR结果显示所得共聚物具有支化的结构,共聚物中TPGDA的比例低于其在初始原料中的比例.此外,所得共聚物的特性黏度随转化率升高而降低,形状因子α从0.643降低到0.548,进一步证明了聚合物具有支化结构.     

Effect of catalyst partitioning in Co(II) mediated catalytic chain transfer miniemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate

The effect of catalyst partitioning over the organic and water phases in the catalytic chain transfer mediated miniemulsion polymerization was investigated and a mathematical model developed to describe the instantaneous degree of polymerization of the formed polymer. Experimental and predicted instantaneous degrees of polymerization prove to be in excellent agreement. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 5839–5849, 2008     

碘代化合物存在下的可逆-失活自由基聚合研究进展

碘代化合物存在下的可逆-失活自由基聚合(reversible deactivation radical polymerization,RDRP)具有反应条件温和、体系组成简单、单体适用范围较广的优点。本文主要概述了近年来碘代化合物存在下的可逆-失活自由基聚合,主要包括退化链转移自由基聚合(degenerative chain transfer radical polymerization,DTRP)、反向碘转移聚合(reverse iodine transfer polymerization,RITP)、可逆链转移催化聚合(reversible chain transfer catalyzed polymerization,RTCP)和可逆络合聚合(reversible complexation mediated polymerization,RCMP)。概述了各种聚合方法的基本原理、适用的单体、化合物结构与活性的关系以及一些重要的副反应等。此外,还对利用各种聚合方法进行的大分子设计合成和非均相聚合研究工作做了简要的介绍。     

Experimental Requirements for an Efficient Control of Free‐Radical Polymerizations via the Reversible Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Process

Summary: Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a recent and very versatile controlled radical polymerization technique that has enabled the synthesis of a wide range of macromolecules with well‐defined structures, compositions, and functionalities. The RAFT process is based on a reversible addition‐fragmentation reaction mediated by thiocarbonylthio compounds used as chain transfer agents (CTAs). A great variety of CTAs have been designed and synthesized so far with different kinds of substituents. In this review, all of the CTAs encountered in the literature from 1998 to date are reported and classified according to several criteria : i) the structure of their substituents, ii) the various monomers that they have been polymerized with, and iii) the type of polymerization that has been performed (solution, dispersed media, surface initiated, and copolymerization). Moreover, the influence of various parameters is discussed, especially the CTA structure relative to the monomer and the experimental conditions (temperature, pressure, initiation, CTA/initiator ratio, concentration), in order to optimise the kinetics and the efficiency of the molecular‐weight‐distribution control.

Schematic of the RAFT polymerization.