有机纳米环/格的研究进展

径向共轭的碳纳米环作为碳纳米管的纳米片段,在合成化学、立体化学、超分子化学和材料科学领域引起了极大的关注.从几何结构角度来看,纳米环的结构分为单环纳米环和多环纳米环.其中,单环纳米环的构建模块主要有苯或多环芳烃以及大环,与以苯或多环芳烃为模块构造的单环纳米环相比,以大环为构建模块的单环纳米环和多环纳米环不仅具有特殊的拓扑结构还具有较高的荧光量子产率、较大的空腔等特点.目前这类具有拓扑结构的纳米环分子在主客体掺杂、储能材料、多孔和有机光电材料等领域体现出重要的研究价值.因此本综述将重点对卟啉类单环纳米环、“8”字型纳米环、纳米格以及更复杂的碳纳米笼的合成方法进行全面的综述.     

分子中的环识别算法

对于化合物结构自动解析系统来说,环的处理是必须的^[1~4],本文设计了环识别模块,该模块以从化合物的二维连接表出发,先获得化合物中的所有环,进一步得到最大环和最小环,并作为环约束,以增加ESESOC系统结构生成器的有效性。     

一种计算桥环化合物环数的简便方法

陈亚元同志在“桥环化合物环数的计算方法”一文中,提出了几种如何计算比较复杂的桥环化合物环数的具体方法,同时还介绍了P.A.Reddy对桥环化合物中环数的计算公式c=b-a+1(c为环数,b为环上的键总数,a为环上的原子总数),从而为计算桥环化合物的环数提供了比较简便的方法。由于桥环化合物与桥头原子并存,而化合物中桥头原子的总数目(包括主桥头原子和次桥头原子)又与环数的多少密切相关,所以,可以用桥环化合物中桥头原子的总数来正确计算桥环化合物的环数。设一种桥环化合物中的桥头原子总数为N,环数为M,根据两个桥头原子可以构成一个双环的原则,推导出计算环数的一般公式:     

环丙叉环丙烷——一个新的多功能有机合成子

介绍了一个新的多功能有机合成子环丙叉环丙烷及其衍生物的制备和反应，环 丙叉环丙烷现已可从环丙烷羧酸甲酯出发较大量地制备。其单取代衍生物亦可容易 地经对其进行去质子化-亲电取代而制备，环丙叉环丙烷的典型反应性能为：（1） 环丙烷环上四个亚甲基有增强了动力学酸度，易于去质子化；（2）中间双键对环 加成反应有很高活性；（3）环丙烷环上处于双键近端和远端的C-C单键可发生裂解 ；（4）在有些反应中，可同时表现出上述反应性能，介绍了环丙叉环丙烷及其衍 生物的一些反应：对中间C=C双键的[2+n]环加成反应、亲电和自由基加成反应、1 ，3-偶极环加成反应和过渡金属催化的反应。     

Pt/HZSM-5催化剂上甲基环戊烷的临氢转化 Ⅰ.反应条件对扩环反应的影响

在连续流固定床反应装置上,考察了反应温度、压力及氢烃摩尔比等条件对甲基环戊烷(MCP)临氢转化反应活性及扩环反应选择性的影响;结合反应评价结果和热力学分析,探讨了Pt/HZSM-5催化作用下MCP的扩环反应规律.MCP临氢转化发生三类反应:扩环(RE)、开环(RO)和裂解(CR),其中扩环反应生成环己烷(CH)和苯(Bz).结果表明,随温度的升高或氢烃比的降低,MCP的转化率增大,而提高反应压力不利于MCP的转化.扩环反应选择性呈现复杂的变化规律,随温度的升高,扩环反应选择性先增加而后逐渐降低,即存在极大值.氢烃比的影响与温度密切相关,在低温区时扩环反应的选择性随氢烃比的降低而降低,而在高温区时的影响很小.提高反应压力,对扩环反应不利.扩环产物Bz和CH的分布为MCP扩环反应的反应历程提供了信息,临氢反应的Bz/CH实验值大于理论平衡值的结果表明,与CH相同,Bz也是MCP临氢转化的一次产物.在此基础上提出了修正的MCP扩环反应历程,MCP在双功能催化剂作用下形成的中间体吸附物种,通过两条平行反应路径分别生成CH和Bz,即异构化反应和异构脱氢反应是平行反应.同时,在本催化反应体系下,Bz还可以由CH脱氢而来.     

桥环化合物的开环次数与几何环数的不同

桥环化合物系统命名法中的环数是指其形成开链骨架时开环的最少次数。在空间几何上将不全在同一条直线上的线段首尾相接围成的几何圈形称为环(几何环)。系统命名法中的环数与几何环数是不同的。     

α-重氮-1,3-环己二酮类化合物在有机合成中的应用

金属铑盐催化下α重氮环二酮与π键的［３＋２］环加成反应是合成复杂的稠杂环化合物的一种简捷有效的新方法，本文重点介绍了α重氮１３环己二酮通过这类反应合成呋喃环结构化合物的最新研究成果。     

中环萜类化合物的合成

本文综述了中环萜类化合物的各种合成方法, 它们根据成环方式可以分为四类: 1. 双环或三环化合物的桥键断裂, 2.无环化合物的环合, 3.常规环化合物的环扩大, 4. 大环化合物的环缩小.     

无催化剂条件下环辛烯环氧化反应

以O2气为氧源,在无溶剂无引发剂条件下,研究了非催化剂体系中环辛烯环氧化反应,并考察了反应温度、时间、压力、自由基引发剂以及自由基阻聚剂对环辛烯环氧化反应的影响. 实验结果表明,在无催化剂条件下,当反应初压0.60 MPa,反应时间2.0 h时,在140 ℃的较高温度下,以分子氧为氧源,环辛烯的转化率为44.5%,环氧环辛烷的选择性可达到64.4%.     

无催化剂条件下环辛烯环氧化反应的研究

以氧气为氧源,在无溶剂无引发剂条件下,研究了非催化剂体系中环辛烯环氧化反应,并考察了反应温度、时间、压力、自由基引发剂以及自由基阻聚剂对环辛烯环氧化反应的影响。实验结果表明,在无催化剂条件下,当反应压力0.60MPa,反应时间2.0 h时,在140℃的较高温度下,以分子氧为氧源,环辛烯的转化率为44.46%,环氧环辛烷的选择性可达到64.39%。     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.