2,6-bis-methylsulfanyl-[1,3,5]thiadiazine-4-thione as a Ag+-selective ionophore.

A silver ion-selective electrode was prepared with a polymeric membrane incorporating 2,6-bis-methylsulfanyl-[1,3,5]thiadiazine-4-thione as an ionophore, tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) as a plasticizer and sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) as an additive. The electrode exhibited a near-Nernstian response of 52 mV/decade over a wide linear concentration range of 1.0 x 10(-5) - 1.0 x 10(-1) M with a lower detection limit of 9.77 x 10(-6) M. The electrode exhibited excellent selectivity for silver ion over many of the alkali, alkaline-earth and transition metal ions. The electrode worked well over a wide pH range of 1.77 - 7.13. The response time of the electrode was less than 20 s. The sensor can be applied as indicator electrode for the potentiometric titration of Ag+ ions with Cl- ions.     

Lead(II)-selective electrode based on phenyl disulfide.

A PVC membrane electrode for lead ions based on phenyl disulfide as the membrane carrier was developed. The electrode exhibits a good Nernstian slope of 29.3 +/- 0.7 mV/decade and a linear range of 2.0 x 10(-6)-1.0 x 10(-2) M for Pb(NO3)2. The limit of detection is 1.2 x 10(-6) M. It has a response time of 45 s and can be used for at least fifty days without any divergence in potential. The proposed membrane sensor revealed high selectivity for Pb2+ over a wide variety of other metal ions and could be used in the pH range of 3.5-6.3. The electrode was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of lead ions.     

Co2+-selective membrane electrode based on the Schiff Base NADS

A new PVC membrane electrode for cobalt(II) ions based on a recently synthesized Schiff base of 5-((4-nitrophenyl)azo)- N-(2',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)salicylaldimine is reported. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian response for Co(2+) ions over a wide concentration range (9.0 x 10(-7)-1.0 x 10(-2) M) with a slope of 29(+/-1). The limit of detection is 8.0 x 10(-7) M. The proposed sensor revealed good selectivities over a wide variety of other cations including hard and soft metals. This electrode could be used in a pH range of 3.5-6.0. It was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titrations of cobalt(II) ions and can be used in the direct determination of Co(2+) in aqueous solutions.     

Synthesis of N'-(1-pyridin-2-ylmethylene)-2-furohydrazide and its application in construction of a highly selective PVC-based membrane sensor for La(III) ions.

A highly La(III) ion-selective PVC membrane sensor based on N'-(1-pyridin-2-ylmethylene)-2-furohydrazide (NPYFH) as an excellent sensing material was successfully developed. The electrode shows a good selectivity for La(III) ion with respect to most common cations including alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The proposed sensor exhibits a wide linear response with slope of 19.2 +/- 0.6 mV per decade over the concentration range of 1.0 x 10(-6) - 1.0 x 10(-1) M, and a detection limit of 7.0 x 10(-7) M of La(III) ions. The sensor response is independent of pH in the range of 3.5-10.0. The proposed electrode was applied as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of La(III) ion with EDTA.     

Highly selective iodide membrane electrode based on a cerium salen.

A highly selective PVC membrane electrode based on a cerium-salen complex was prepared. The sensor displays an anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence with a preference for iodide ion over many common organic and inorganic anions. The proposed electrode exhibits a near-Nernstian behavior over a wide concentration range (5.0 x 10(-2) - 8.0 x 10(-6) M) with a slope of 57.5 mV per decade, and a detection limit of 6.0 x 10(-6) M. The electrode has a very fast response time and can be used in the pH range of 3.0 - 1 1.0. It was applied, as an indicator electrode, in potentiometric titration of Ag+ ions.     

Cadmium ion-selective electrode based on tetrathia-12-crown-4

A new polyvinylchloride membrane sensor for Cd(2+) ions based on tetrathia-12-crown-4 as an ionophore was prepared. The sensor exhibits a Nernstian response for cadmium ions over a wide concentration range (4.0 x 10(-7) to 1.0 x 10(-1) M) with a slope of 29+/-1 mV decade(-1). The limit of detection is 1.0 x 10(-7) M (0.01 ppm). It has a fast response time of <10 s and can be used for at least 6 weeks without any divergence in potential. The electrode can be used in the pH range from 2.5 to 8.5. The proposed sensor shows fairly good discriminating ability towards Cd(2+) ion in comparison with some alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. It was successfully applied for the direct determination of Cd(2+) in solution and, as an indicator electrode, in potentiometric titration of cadmium ions.     

A PVC plasticized sensor for Ni(II) ion based on a simple ethylenediamine derivative.

A new PVC membrane ion selective electrode which is highly selective towards Ni(II) ions was constructed using a Schiff base containing a binaphthyl moiety as the ionophore. The sensor exhibited a good Nernstian response for nickel ions over the concentration range 1.0x10(-1)-5.0x10(-6) M with a lower limit of detection of 1.3x10(-6) M. It has a fast response time and can be used for a period of 4 months with a good reproducibility. The sensor is suitable for use in aqueous solutions in a wide pH range of 3.6-7.4 and works satisfactorily in the presence of 25% (v/v) methanol or ethanol. The sensor shows high selectivity to nickel ions over a wide variety of cations. It has been successfully used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of nickel ions against EDTA and also for the direct determination of nickel content in real samples: effluent samples, chocolates and hydrogenated oils.     

Sulfate-selective PVC membrane electrode based on a strontium Schiff's base complex

A strontium Schiff's base complex (SS) can be used as a suitable ionophore to prepare a sulfate-selective PVC-based membrane electrode. The use of oleic acid (OA) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB), as additives, and nitrobenzen (NB), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and benzyl acetate (BA) as solvent mediators, were investigated. The best performance was observed with a membrane composition PVC: NB: SS: HTAB of 30%: 62%: 5%: 3% ratio. The resulting sensor works well over a wide concentration range (1.0 x 10(-2)-1.0 x 10(-6) M) with a Nernstian slope of -29.2 mV per decade of sulfate activity over a pH range 4.0-7.0. The limit of detection of the electrode is 5 x 10(-7) M. The proposed sensor shows excellent discriminating ability toward SO4(2-) ions with regard to many anions. It has a fast response time of about 15 s. The membrane electrode was used to the determination of zinc in zinc sulfate tablets. The sensor was also used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of SO4(2-) against barium ion.     

Chromium(III) ion-selective electrode based on 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene

A PVC-based membrane of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene reveals a Nernstian potentiometric response (with slope of 19.5+/-0.6 mV/decade and a correlation coefficient of 0.999) for Cr(III) over a wide concentration range (1.66 x 10(-6)-1.0 x10(-2) mol dm(-3)). The potential of this electrode is independent of pH in the range of 3.0-5.5. It has a fast response time of about 10 s and was used for a period of 3 months with good reproducibility. The detection limits of this membrane electrode was 8 x 10(-7) M. the proposed electrode has been used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Cr(III) with EDTA. This sensor exhibits a very good selectivities for Cr(III) over a wide variety of metal ions.     

ppt level detection of samarium(III) with a coated graphite sensor based on an antibiotic.

N-[2-[4-[[[(Cyclohexylamino)carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]phenyl]ethyl]-5-methyl pyrazine carboxamide (glipizid) was explored as an electro-active material for preparing a polymeric membrane-based sensor selective to samarium ions. The membrane incorporated 30% poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), 53% benzyl acetate (BA), 11% glipizid and 6% sodium tetraphenyl borate. When coated on the surface of a graphite electrode, it exhibits Nernstian responses in the concentration range of 1.0 x 10(-5) to 1.0 x 10(-10) M, with a detection limit of 8.0 x 10(-11)M samarium. The electrode shows high selectivity towards samarium over several cations (alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions), and specially lanthanide ions. The proposed sensor has a very short response time (< 15 s), and can be used in a wide pH range for at least ten weeks. It was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of Sm(III) ions with an EDTA solution, and for determination of samarium in binary and ternary mixtures.     

Novel sulfate ion-selective polymeric membrane electrode based on a derivative of pyrilium perchlorate

A sulfate ion-selective PVC membrane sensor based on 4-(4-bromophenyl)-2,6-diphenylpyrilium perchlorate (BDPP) as a novel sensing material is successfully developed. The electrode shows a good selectivity for sulfate ion with respect to common organic and inorganic anions. The sensor exhibits a good linear response with slope of -28.9+/-0.5 mV per decade over the concentration range of 1.0x10(-6)-1.0x10(-2) M, and a detection limit of 8.0x10(-7) M of SO(4)(2-) ions. The electrode response is independent of pH in the range of 4.0-9.0. The proposed sensor was applied as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of sulfate and barium ions, and to the determination of zinc in zinc sulfate tablets.     

Novel potentiometric sensor for monitoring beryllium based on naphto-9-crown-3.

A novel poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane electrode based on naphto-9-crown-3 was prepared and tested for the selective detection of beryllium ions. A suitable lipophilicity of the carrier and appropriate coordination ability were found to be essential for designing an electrode with good response characteristics. A PVC membrane with 9% naphtho-9-crown-3 carrier, 58% o-NPOE plasticizer, 3% tetraphenylborate anionic excluder and 30% poly(vinyl chloride) satisfied these requirements. The proposed sensor displayed a linear response to beryllium over a wide concentration range of 1.0 x 10(-1)-8.0 x 10(-6) M with a Nernstian slope of 29.5 mV per decade. The electrode showed very short response time (<15 s) and could be used in the pH range 3.5-9.0. The selectivity coefficient for alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions was smaller than 4.0 x 10(-4). The sensor was successfully used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Be2+ with EDTA. The proposed Be(II) sensor was also used for the determination of Be2+ ions in binary mixtures.     

Cobalt(II)-selective membrane electrode based on a recently synthesized benzo-substituted macrocyclic diamide.

A PVC-membrane electrode based on a recently synthesized 18-membered macrocyclic diamide is presented. The electrode reveals a Nernstian potentiometric response for Co2+ over a wide concentration range (2.0 x 10(-6)-1.0 x 10(-2) M). The electrode has a response time of about 10 s and can be used for at least 2 months without any divergence. The proposed sensor revealed very good selectivities for Co2+ over a wide variety of other metal ions, and could be used over a wide pH range (3.0-8.0). The detection limit of the sensor is 6.0 x 10(-7) M. It was successfully applied to the direct determination and potentiometric titration of cobalt ion.     

Mercury(II) ion-selective electrodes based on p-tert-butyl calix[4]crowns with imine units.

A PVC membrane incorporating p-tert-butyl calix[4]crown with imine units as an ionophore was prepared and used in an ion-selective electrode for the determination of mercury(II) ions. An electrode based on this ionophore showed a good potentiometric response for mercury(II) ions over a wide concentration range of 5.0 x 10(-5) - 1.0 x 10(-1) M with a near-Nernstian slope of 27.3 mV per decade. The detection limit of the electrode was 2.24 x 10(-5) M and the electrode worked well in the pH range of 1.3 - 4.0. The electrode showed a short response time of less than 20 s. The electrode also showed better selectivity for mercury(II) ions over many of the alkali (Na+, -1.69; K+, -1.54), alkaline-earth (Ca2+, -3.30; Ba2+, -3.32), and heavy metal ions (Co2+, -3.67; Ni2+, -3.43; Pb2+, -3.31; Fe3+, -1.82). Ag+ ion was found to be the strongest interfering ion. Also, sharp end points were obtained when the sensor was used as an indicator electrode for the potentiometric titration of mercury(II) ions with iodide and dichromate ions.     

Lead(II)-Selective Membrane Electrode Based on Tetraphenylporphyrin

ABSTRACT

A PVC membrane electrode for Pb² ions based on tetraphenylporphyrin was prepared. The sensor exhibits a Nernstian response for lead ions over a wide concentration range (1.0 x 10^?5-1.0 x 10^?2 M). The limit of detection is 8.5 x 10^?6M. It has a response time of 15 s and can be used for at least three months without any divergence in potential. The proposed electrode shows a fairly good discriminating ability towards Pb² ion in comparison to some alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The electrode can be used in the pH range 5.0 to 7.5. It was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of lead ion.     

Aluminium(III)-selective electrode based on a newly synthesized tetradentate Schiff base

A PVC membrane electrode for aluminium ion based on bis(5-phenyl azo salicylaldehyde) 2,3-naphthalene diimine (5PHAZOSALNPHN) as an ion carrier was developed. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian slope of 19.3+/-0.8 mV per decade and a linear range of 5.0x10(-6)-1.0x10(-2) M for Al(NO(3))(3). The limit of detection is 2.5x10(-6) M. It has a fast response time of about 10 s and can be used for at least 10 weeks without observing any deviation. The proposed membrane sensor revealed good selectivity for Al(3+) over a wide variety of other metal ions and could be used in pH range of 2.9-5.0. It was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of aluminium ion.     

Novel membrane potentiometric sulfate ion sensor based on zinc-phthalocyanine for the quick determination of trace amounts of sulfate.

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) based membranes of zinc-phthalocyanine (ZPC) with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) as a cation excluder, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and benzyl acetate (BA) as plasticizing solvent mediators were prepared and investigated as a SO4(2-) selective electrode. The best performance was observed with a membrane having a composition of ZPC-PVC-HTAB-BA in a ratio of 5%:32%:3%:60%, which works well over a wide concentration range (1.0 x 10(-2) - 1.0 x 10(-6) M) with a Nemstian slope of -29.2 mV per decade of activity, between the pH values of 2.0 to 7.0. This sensor shows a very fast response time of 10 s, and can be used over a period of 2 months with good reproducibility. The proposed sensor displays excellent selectivity for SO4(2-) over a large number of common inorganic anions. The sensor has been successfully applied for the direct and indirect determination of sulfate and zinc in zinc sulfate tablets, respectively. It was also used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of sulfate ions with barium ions.     

Charge-transfer triiodide ion-selective electrode based on 7,16-dibenzyl-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane.

A new PVC membrane electrode for the triiodide ion based on a charge-transfer complex of iodine with 7,16-dibenzyl-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane as a membrane carrier was prepared. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian response for triiodide ions over a wide concentration range (1.0 x 10(-1)-1.0 x 10(-5) M) with a slope of 59.3 +/- 0.9 mV decade(-1) and a detection limit of 6.3 x 10(-6) M. It has a response time of 30 s and can be used for at least 3 months without any divergence in the potential. The potentiometric response is independent of the pH, in the pH range 1.6 - 10.0. The proposed electrode has shown very high selectivity for the triiodide ion over a wide variety of other anions. This electrode was successfully applied as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of ascorbic acid and hydroquinone from pharmaceutical preparations as well as ascorbic acid in orange juice and dissolved O2 in tap water.     

An Eu(III) sensor based on N,N-diethyl-N-(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)guanidine.

A highly selective poly(vinyl chloride)-based membrane sensor produced by using N,N-diethyl-N-(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)guanidine (GD) as active material is described. The electrode displays Nernstian behavior over the concentration range 7.0 x 10(-5) - 1.0 x 10(-1) M. The detection limit of the electrode is 5.0 x 10(-5) M. The best performance was obtained with the membrane containing 30% PVC, 55% benzyl acetate, 5% GD and 10% oleic acid. The response of the sensor is pH-independent in the range of 3.0 - 7.0. The sensor possesses satisfactory reproducibility, fast response time (< 20 s), and specially excellent discriminating ability for Eu(III) ion with respect to the alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The membrane sensor was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of Eu(III) ion with EDTA. It was also applied in determination of fluoride ions in mouth wash preparations.     

Hydroxy-thioxanthones as suitable neutral ionophores for the preparation of PVC-membrane potentiometric sensors for Al(III) ion.

The complexation of five recently synthesized hydroxy-thioxanthone derivatives with Al3+ ion was studied in a methanol solution spectrophotometrically, and the stepwise formation constants of the resulting 1:1 and 2:1 (ligand-to-metal) complexes were evaluated. The suitability of the thioxanthone derivatives as neutral ionophores for the preparation of a new Al3+ ion-selective PVC-membrane electrode was investigated, and 1-hydroxy-3-methyl-thiocanthone was selected as the best compound for this purpose. The prepared electrode exhibits a Nernstian response for Al3+ ions over a wide concentration range (2.0 x 10(-2) to 2.0 x 10(-6) M), with a limit of detection of 1.0 x 10(-6) M. It has a very fast response time of about 5 s and can be used for at least 3 months without any considerable divergence in the potentials. The proposed membrane sensor revealed very good selectivities for Al3+ over a wide variety of other metal ions, and could be used at a working pH range of 3.4 - 5.0. It was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of aluminum ions with EDTA, and in the determination of Al3+ in different real samples.