NaAc介质对离子色谱法测定微量阴离子的影响

离子色谱法自1975年问世以来发展很快，已在环境监测、电力、半导体工业、食品、石油化工、医疗卫生和生化等领域得到广泛应用，并有数十项获有关国家批准的标准方法。美国国家环保总局规定水中的无机离子F^-、Cl^-、Br^-、NO2^-、NO3^-、PO4^3-、SO4^2-可用离子色谱法检测。我国生活饮用水标准检测方法也考虑将离子色谱法作为国家标准方法加以应用，由于环境样品常伴随有机弱酸的出现，但未见NaAc介质中微量F^-、NO3^-、SO4^2-、CO3^2-、Cl^-等阴离子测定方法的报道。因此笔者探讨了NaAc介质中Ac^-对测定F^-、Cl^-、CO3^2-、NO3^-、SO4^2-等阴离子的干扰情况及消除干扰的方法。     

镓掺杂SO4^2—／ZrO2的制备及其对正丁烷异构化反应的催化性能

通过沉淀、回流和浸渍法制备了镓掺杂的纳米级固体超强酸SO4^2-／Ga2O3／ZrO2，并用X射线衍射、透射电镜、热重、吡啶吸附红外光谱、低温N2-BET及化学分析等技术对SO4^2-／Ga2O3／ZrO2的结构、表面性质及其对正丁烷异构化反应的催化活性进行了研究．结果表明，掺杂Ga2O3可以抑制制备过程中ZrO2晶粒长大，有利于抑制高温下催化剂由四方相转变为单斜相．与未掺杂的催化剂相比，Ga2O3的掺杂提高了催化剂表面SO4^2-的分解温度，有利于催化剂表面形成更多的酸中心．SO4^2-／Ga2O3／ZrO2对正丁烷异构化反应显示出优异的催化性能．其中，含3％Ga2O3的样品的活性最高，220℃下其初活性为59．1％；反应1h后，其活性基本保持稳定，稳态转化率大于51％，接近该反应条件下正丁烷的平衡转化率．     

固体超强酸SO4^2-／SnO2-Al2O3的红外光谱研究

以四氯化锡、硫酸铝为原料，氨水为沉淀剂，采用共沉淀法制得新型固体超强酸SO4^2-／SnO2-Al2O3。采用FT-IR技术考察了金属元素摩尔比、焙烧温度、浸渍液以及掺杂稀土氧化物对该固体超强酸结构和性能的影响。兀：lR结果表明在该固体超强酸中，锡和硫酸根是以螯合和桥式两种方式配位结合，其中起催化活化作用的主要是和硫酸根以螯合双齿结合的锡；和SO4^2-／SnO2型超强酸相比，SO4^2-／SnO2-Al2O3超强酸的硫酸根FT-IR特征吸收峰发生蓝移，显示出更强的酸性。锡铝摩尔比为9：1、焙烧温度为773K、焙烧时间为3h时。制得的SO4^2-／SnO2-Al2O3样品对酯化反应的催化性能最好。     

失效阴离子分离柱性能恢复试验

国产YSA8型阴离子分离柱，因失效无法分离F^-、Cl^-、NO3^-和SO4^2- 4种离子，用HCL法处理，并重新选择合适淋洗液浓度后，能成功地分离F^-、Cl^-、NO3^-和SO4^2-。用美国Dionex公司AS4A型柱和国产YSA8型柱对同一样品测定，分析结果相近，基本上满足实验要求。     

催化裂解富气吸收液的离子色谱法测定

以催化裂解富气吸收液为测定对象，建立吸收液中目标离子（包括NO2^-，NO3^-，SO4^2-）的离子色潜分析方法。在选定色谱柱的前提下，通过优化淋洗液浓度等色谱条件，实现了在大量干扰离子S^2-及与SO4^2-相邻的未知离子存在的三乙醇胺溶液中目标离子的定量。方法的检出限分别为NO2^- 62μg／L，NO3^- 26μg／L，SO4^2- 90μg/L，RSD值为0．73％～1．19％，加标回收率在91％～109％。     

玻璃中银粒子对稀土离子发光影响的研究

在玻璃制备过程中加入硝酸银,然后通过高温退火得到包含银纳米粒子的Er^3＋掺杂锗酸盐玻璃和Eu^3＋掺杂硼酸盐玻璃样品。根据Mie—Drude理论拟合了这些玻璃样品中银纳米粒子等离子体振荡吸收谱,得到了退火时间与银粒子粒径的关系。用488nm Ar^＋激光器激发不同退火时间的这些玻璃样品,分别监测Er3^3＋的^4S3/2-^4I15/2和Eu^3＋的^5D0-^7F2的发射,发现包含银纳米粒子的玻璃样品较不包含银纳米粒子的玻璃样品,Er3^3＋和Eu^3＋的发射分别增强3．6和1.25倍。通过分析玻璃样品的吸收谱和发射谱,排出了表面等离子振荡引起稀土离子发射增强的可能性。对Er^3＋掺杂的玻璃样品进行Judd—Ofelt理论分析,发现随着退火时间增加J-O强度参数减小,Er^3＋的^4S3/2能级的辐射跃迁几率保持增加,表明引入银纳米粒子引起稀土离子周围晶体场发生变化是稀土离子发光增强的一个原因。     

层状纳米催化复合材料HNbWO6／Pt的合成及性质

用固相合成法合成出LiNbWO6,并用离子交换法制备出HNbWO6;通过PrNH2层间膨胀、Pt(NH3)4^2 层间插入和紫外光分解等反应,合成出一种新的层状光催化纳米复合材料HNbWO6／Pt,并比较了不同合成方法对样品性能的影响,X射线衍射、漫反射、ICP和比表面积测定等的表征结果表明：该样品的层间高度为0.3-0.5nm ,禁带能隙为2.25-3.10eV,用波长大于290nm和450W汞灯照射5h,1g样品可催化分解甲醇溶液（10％）产生氢气约40ml,表明所研制的层状纳米合材料具有较高的光催化活性。     

纳米半导体材料SO2-4/La-α-Fe2O3的表面结构与酒敏特性

对纳米半导体材料SO4^2-/La-α-Fe2O3进行了IR、XPS分析和比表面积测定实验，并制成厚膜型酒敏元件，探索了焙烧温度与灵敏度的关系以及气敏元件的稳定性。结果表明。样品中SO4^2-与La-α-Fe2O3表面的金属离子（Fe^3 或La^3 ）结合构型是无机桥式配位型，SO4^2-的加入使Fe2p3/2电子结合能从710.85eV提高到712.10eV，表面Fe^3 在SO4^2-的作用下显示出更正的电位，从而改变了半导体性质，由p型转变成为n型；在焙烧温度为450℃烧结的SO4^2-／La-α-Fe2O3元件，对酒精的灵敏度最高（S＝35.7）、稳定性好。     

离子色谱法测定AgNO3中的微量Cl-、NO2-和SO42-

用离子色谱法测定AgNO3溶液中的Cl^-、NO2^-和SO4^2-，以5.0mmol/L Na2CO3-5.0mmol/L NaHCO3混合溶液作淋洗液，采用离子交换法将AgNO3转换成KNO3，以除去Ag ^ 。讨论了NO3^-对Cl^-、NO2^-和SO4^2-测定的影响。AgNO3溶液中Cl^-、NO2^-和SO4^2-的回收率分别为93.3%、108%和94%。     

具有中孔结构的SO4^2—／Zr—HMS型固体超强酸的合成和结构表征

用TEOS－Zr-HAD-H2O-Etheanol体系合成了Zr-HAD的中孔分子筛，脱除模板剂后用0．5mol/L硫酸处理和550℃高温焙烧3h，制得一种中孔SO4^2－／Zr-HAD超强酸催化剂，采用XRD对其结构进行表征，用指示剂法，TG和NH3－TPD对其酸性进行了表征。结果表明，经过一系列处理后制得的SO4^2-／Zr-HAD催化剂具备HMS中孔分子筛的结构特征，其酸强度可达H0＝－13．75，在锆及SO4^2-含量远远低于SO4^2-／ZrO2的条件下，SO4^2-／Zr-HAD催化剂对于苯酐和正丁醇酯化反应的活性仍高于SO4^2-／ZrO2催化剂。     

阀切换-离子色谱法测定难溶性药物中的氯离子和三氟乙酸根

建立了头孢克肟、月桂酰吲达帕胺、布地奈德等难溶性药物中氯离子和三氟乙酸根的阀切换-离子色谱检测方法。分离柱为IonPac AS23柱,通过考察阴离子保留情况,选择3.5 mmol/L碳酸钠+1.0 mmol/L碳酸氢钠作淋洗液,对难溶性药物中氯离子和三氟乙酸根进行了分析。在上述条件下,氯离子和三氟乙酸根能很好地分离,并在质量浓度为0.10~10.00 mg/L时与对应色谱峰面积之间的线性关系良好,检出限分别为0.006 mg/L和0.06 mg/L,回收率为90%~94%。该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于实际样品的测定。     

Separation of inorganic anions on hydrophobic stationary phases in ion chromatography

Inorganic anions were separated on hydrophobic stationary phases such as triacontyl-functionalized silica. Eluent conditions were examined in detail, and iodate, nitrate, iodide, and thiocyanate could be separated by using aqueous solutions. The effect of the eluent concentration on the retention of analyte anions was examined for a wide range of sodium sulfate concentrations of up to 1 M. The retention factor of hydrophobic anions decreased with increasing sodium sulfate concentration in the lower concentration region, while it increased with increasing sodium sulfate concentration in the higher concentration region. The addition of a small amount of an organic substance such as acetonitrile and tetraethylene glycol increased the retention of iodide and thiocyanate, while the addition of alcohols decreased their retention. Operating at lower temperature also increased the retention of analyte anions. It was expected that inorganic anions were retained on the stationary phase via hydrophobic interactions. The retention mechanism was discussed, considering the results obtained.     

Capillary zone electrophoresis for the determination of light-absorbing anions in environmental samples.

A rapid and simple method for separation and determination of inorganic anions by capillary zone electrophoresis was described. The detection was carried out directly with a diode array detector. The experimental conditions, such as concentration of carrier electrolyte, capillary length, voltage, and temperature were optimized. In order to improve selectivity, different organic modifiers were also investigated. The baseline separation of 10 light-absorbing anions was accomplished within 3.5 min with a background electrolyte consisting of 50 mM sodium tetraborate containing 5% MeOH. Linear plots were obtained in the concentration range of 0.1-10 microg/ml. With sample stacking injection, the quantitation limits of the anions were found to be in the range of 0.02-0.1 microg/ml. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of inorganic anions in environmental samples and in effluents of a power plant.     

Chitosan as cationic polyelectrolyte for the modification of electroosmotic flow and its utilization for the separation of inorganic anions by capillary zone electrophoresis.

Cationic polyelectrolyte of chitosan was used for the reversal of electroosmotic flow in capillary zone electrophoresis. The chitosan was dissolved in acetic acid solution, and stable electroosmotic flow was obtained at the chitosan concentrations between 50 and 300 microg/mL. Separation of inorganic anions was carried out using the dynamically coated capillary by capillary zone electrophoresis. Nine kinds of anions were separated and detected with the capillary. The electrophoretic mobility of the analyte anions decreased with increasing concentrations of chitosan in the migrating solution through ion-ion interaction, but the migration order of the analyte anions was not changed in the concentration range of the chitosan examined. The signal shape for the analyte anions was developed by using field-enhanced sample stacking with 10 mM sodium sulfate.     

Determination of iodide in seawater and edible salt by microcolumn liquid chromatography with poly(ethylene glycol) stationary phase

An ion chromatography method for rapid and direct determination of iodide in seawater and edible salt is reported. Separation was achieved using a laboratory-made C30 packed column (100 mm x 0.32 mm i.d.) modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Effects of eluent composition on retention behavior of inorganic anions have been investigated. Both cation and anion of the eluent affected the retention of analyte anions. The retention time of anions increased with increasing eluent concentration when lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate were used as the eluent, while it decreased with increasing eluent concentration when ammonium sulfate was used as the eluent. The detection limit for iodide obtained by injecting 0.2 microl of sample was 9 microg/l (S/N = 3). The present method was successfully applied to the rapid and direct determination of iodide in seawater and edible salt samples. Partition may be involved in the present separation mode.     

Polymeric ionic liquid as a background electrolyte modifier enhancing the separation of inorganic anions by capillary electrophoresis

A novel and easy method for the separation of inorganic anions by capillary electrophoresis using a polymeric ionic liquid (PIL), poly(1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide) as a background electrolyte modifier has been developed. The PIL has been proved to generate a reversed electroosmotic flow which reduces the analysis time and improves the separation significantly. Effects of the PIL concentration and buffer composition (pH and concentration) were evaluated on basis of the resolution and efficiency of the sample. Under optimum conditions, good separation of six model inorganic anions was achieved with high efficiency and excellent reproducibility within 3 min. The results obtained indicate that the combination of reversed EOF and the association between the analytes and the PIL on the capillary wall or BGE play a prominent role in the separation of anions. Therefore, the PIL presents a useful alternative for the BGE modifier in the study of inorganic anions by CE.     

Effect of eluent composition on retention behavior of anions in ion chromatography on anion-exchangers modified with heparin

Effects of eluent composition on retention behavior of inorganic anions have been investigated in ion chromatography using anion-exchangers modified with heparin. Both cation and anion of the eluent affected the retention of analyte anions and unusual retention behavior was observed on the modified stationary phase. The retention time of anions decreased with decreasing eluent concentration when sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and chlorides of alkali metals were used as the eluent, whereas it increased with decreasing eluent concentration when aluminum sulfate, copper sulfate and sulfuric acid were used as the eluent. The retention of nitrate increased in the order of Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ and Cs⁺ when their chlorides were used as the eluent. When sodium perchlorate and chlorides of alkaline-earth metals were used as the eluent, the eluent should include heparin. Otherwise, the modifier was partially bled from the column.     

Determination of inorganic anions by ion chromatography using a graphitized carbon column dynamically coated with cetyltrimethylammonium ions.

The simultaneous determination of inorganic anions by ion chromatography using a dynamically coated graphitized carbon column with cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA) ions was investigated with suppressed conductivity detection. Column preparations with CTA and sodium carbonate-sodium hydrogencarbonate concentration in the eluent were examined to optimize the separation of seven common anions (F-, Cl-, NO2-, Br-, NO3-, HPO(4)2- and SO(4)2-). Calibration curves were linear from 0.5 to 5 micrograms/ml for F-, from 1.0 to 10 micrograms/ml for Cl-, from 1.5 to 15 micrograms/ml for NO2-, from 2.0 to 20 micrograms/ml for Br- and NO3-, from 5.0 to 50 micrograms/ml for HPO(4)2- and from 3.0 to 30 micrograms/ml for SO(4)2- with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.999 or better. The relative standard deviations of peak areas were between 0.3 and 0.9% for 10 repeated measurements. The application of this newly developed method was demonstrated by the determination of inorganic anions in the water for pharmaceutical purposes. Using CTA-Br as the coating agent, a permanently coated ion-exchange column was obtained, which allowed efficient separations of seven anions without adding any coating agent to the eluent.     

Spectroscopic characterization of aqueous microdroplets containing inorganic salts

We have developed and studied methods to characterize the time-varying composition of liquid microdroplets, under controlled changes to environmental conditions, using Raman tweezers. This work has focussed on measurements of inorganic salts, such as nitrate and sulfate anions, which comprise a major fraction of the dissolved solutes in atmospheric aerosols. The experimental Raman intensities for the anions of inorganic salts in optically tweezed droplets were found to be in good agreement with theoretical estimates of photon scattering. The detection limit for sodium nitrate salt in a single particle was found to be ~4 pg. The mass of an inorganic salt in the droplet can be estimated from the Raman intensity of the anion bands using a calibration curve which is independent of droplet volume. The volume of the droplet, and concentration of solute, can be found directly from the spacing of morphology dependent resonances in the Raman band of water, or indirectly from the integrated-intensity of the Raman band for the solvent. The later strategy eliminates the uncertainty in the collection efficiency of Raman-scattered light related to varying particle sizes.     

Gas dispersion concentration of trace inorganic contaminants from fuel gas and analysis using head-column field-amplified sample stacking capillary electrophoresis

The presence of inorganic elements in fuel gas generally accelerates the corrosion and depletion of materials used in the fuel gas industry, and even leads to serious accidents. For identification of existing trace inorganic contaminants in fuel gas in a portable way, a highly efficient gas-liquid sampling collection system based on gas dispersion concentration is introduced in this work. Using the constructed dual path gas-liquid collection setup, inorganic cations and anions were simultaneously collected from real liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with indirect UV absorbance detection. The head-column field-amplified sample stacking technique was applied to improve the detection limits to 2-25 ng mL(-1). The developed collection and analytical methods have successfully determined existing inorganic contaminants in a real LPG sample in the range of 4.59-138.69 μg m(-3). The recoveries of cations and anions with spiked LPG samples were between 83.98 and 105.63%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 7.19%.