镧系元素光化学 III: 铕的光还原分离

本文报道了以低压汞灯做光源, HCO2H-HCO2Na做自由基清除剂, Na2SO4做光还原产物Eu(II)的沉淀剂, 在改变自由基清除剂、沉淀剂和稀土离子浓度、溶液的酸度和光强度的条件下, 研究了从铕和其它镧系元素氯化物的二元混合物中光还原分离提取铕的问题, 同时测定了沉淀的组成以及元素间的分离因数(β)。     

镧系元素光化学 Ⅳ 铁和铈对光还原分离铕的影响

本文在水溶液中以1:1HCOOH～HCOONa做自由基清除剂,Na_2SO_4做光还原产物Eu~(2+)沉淀剂,研究了杂质铁和含量变化对光还原分离铕的影响,并用紫外光谱证明了体系中是光反应生成的Fe和Ce~(4+)对发生氧化,致使Eu~(2+)光还原生成Eu~(2+)速度减慢,铕的收率下降。     

气相色谱法测定Fenton反应产生的羟基自由基及其清除作用

提出了一种测定羟基自由基的气相色谱法.由Fenton反应产生的羟基自由基氧化二甲亚砜(DMSO),生成的甲醛经2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)衍生化并用四氯化碳萃取.所得产物(甲隆DNPH)利用HP-5毛细管柱进行分离,氢火焰离子化检测器检测,通过测定甲醛-DNPH的峰面积可间接定量羟基自由基的产生量.拟定的方法测定了几种羟基自由基清除剂的浓度.此法可用于羟基自由基清除剂的筛选.     

沉淀剂对CuO超细粉体形态与性能的影响

采用Cu(NO3)2为原料,分别以NH4HCO3、NH3·H2O、NaOH及NaOH与Na2CO3的混合液为沉淀剂,制备了CuO超细粉体,借助XRD、SEM、FT IR、TG DTA、TPR等技术对粉体形态结构与活性等进行了研究。结果表明,沉淀剂对CuO超细粉体的粒径、形貌、催化活性和氧化能力有显著影响;含Na+沉淀剂制备的CuO粉体的各种性能均优于含NH4+的沉淀剂,前者所得粉体具有晶粒细小、粒度分布均匀、比表面积大、催化活性高、氧化能力强等特点;由NaOH与Na2CO3混合液沉淀剂得到的Cu2(OH)2CO3前驱体,热解制备CuO超细粉体简便易行。     

Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3的制备及光催化性能研究

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O、Na OH、Ti(OC4H9)4为原料,采用水热法制备Bi0.5Na0.5Ti O3纳米光催化剂。用XRD、TEM表征了Bi0.5Na0.5Ti O3光催化剂的结构和形貌。以亚甲基蓝为模型污染物,考察了不同浓度的Na OH对Bi0.5Na0.5Ti O3晶体在紫外光和可见光照射下光催化活性的影响。通过荧光技术研究了Bi0.5Na0.5Ti O3光催化剂表面羟基自由基的生成,探究了清除剂对光催化降解污染物活性的影响。结果表明:Na OH的浓度对Bi0.5Na0.5Ti O3光催化剂的紫外光和可见光活性有很大的影响,当Na OH浓度为8mol·L-1时制备的Bi0.5Na0.5Ti O3晶体光催化活性最高,光照1h,亚甲基蓝的紫外及可见光催化降解率分别达到69.8%、53.4%,在光催化降解过程中·O2ˉ和·OH起主要作用,尤其是·O2-起了重要作用。     

壳寡糖铕、铽配合物的合成、表征及抗·O-2活性

用壳寡糖分别与硝酸铕和硝酸铽反应, 制备了壳寡糖-铕、壳寡糖-铽两种配合物. 用红外光谱、紫外光谱、 荧光和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析测试手段对配合物进行了表征. 以吩嗪硫酸甲酯(PMS)-还原型辅酶Ⅰ烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)-硝基四氮唑蓝(NBT)产生超氧阴离子自由基(·O-2)来研究壳寡糖和壳寡糖稀土金属配合物对·O-2自由基的清除作用. 结果表明: 壳寡糖与Eu3 或Tb3 形成了配合物, 壳寡糖-铕、壳寡糖-铽配合物中不仅壳寡糖氨基上的N原子参与了配位, 同时仲羟基的O原子也参与了配位. 壳寡糖和壳寡糖稀土金属配合物对·O-2均具有明显的清除作用, 配合物与壳寡糖相比对·O-2具有更高的清除活性.     

沉淀剂种类对水煤气变换Au/Fe2O3催化剂结构和催化性能的影响

 采用7种沉淀剂(K2CO3, Na2CO3, NH4OH, (NH4)2CO3, NaOH, KOH和尿素)通过共沉淀法制备了低温水煤气变换(WGS) Au/Fe2O3催化剂,考察了沉淀剂种类对其催化性能的影响. 通过N2吸附, X射线荧光光谱、 X射线衍射、 H2程序升温还原和CO程序升温脱附等表征手段,探讨了不同沉淀剂影响Au/Fe2O3催化剂WGS性能的原因. 结果表明,采用K2CO3和Na2CO3制备的催化剂样品在200 ℃以上具有较好的活性和稳定性,其中K2CO3是最佳沉淀剂. 而采用NH4OH和(NH4)2CO3制备的样品的催化活性相对较低,在200 ℃达到峰值. 由其它3种沉淀剂制备的样品的催化活性都较差, CO转化率最高只有35%. 沉淀剂种类不仅明显地影响金离子和铁离子的共沉淀,而且会明显地影响共沉淀物在后续焙烧过程中的结晶行为. 前者将影响金的负载量,后者则影响金粒子的分散度以及氧化铁载体的还原性质和对CO的吸脱附性能. Au/Fe2O3催化剂的低温高活性及其稳定性归因于高度分散的金粒子及其与易被还原的氧化铁载体间的协同作用. 催化剂中金负载量增大、金粒子分散度提高以及氧化铁晶粒减小均有利于其催化性能的提高.     

共沉淀-熔盐焙烧法制备Y2O3:Eu及其发光性能的研究

采用共沉淀-熔盐焙烧法制备了Y2O3：Eu红色荧光粉,研究分析了EDTA、柠檬酸＋氨水、淀粉等3类络合剂、沉淀温度及熔盐对其发光性能、粒度及形貌等的影响.研究结果表明： 采用柠檬酸＋氨水为络合剂、草酸为沉淀剂制备钇铕的草酸盐前驱体,然后加入（Na2CO3＋S＋NaCl）复合熔盐在1200 ℃下焙烧2 h即可制得发光强度高出商用粉5%的近球形Y2O3：Eu.     

海水中铁(Ⅲ)-二元有机酸盐配合物的光化学反应研究

采用实验室模拟的方法研究了高压汞灯模拟日光照射下铁(Ⅲ)-二元有机酸盐配合物在天然海水中的光化学反应.结果发现,在二元有机酸盐配体的存在下,铁(Ⅲ)发生光化学反应生成还原态的铁(Ⅲ),铁(Ⅲ)会被溶液中的氧再氧化为铁(Ⅲ).铁(Ⅲ)的光还原反应速率受到配体浓度、pH、光强以及温度的影响.在二元有机酸与Fe(Ⅲ)浓度配比大于2的情况下,Fe(Ⅲ)-二元有机酸盐配合物的光还原反应初期铁(Ⅲ)浓度的增长符合一级动力学反应规律,100min后浓度趋于稳定,方程式为[Fe(Ⅲ)]t=kOA[OA]·[Fe(Ⅲ)]ini×[1-exp{-(kOA[OA]+kox)t}]/(kOA[OA]+kox).光强升高和pH降低都能加快光还原反应速率,而改变温度则基本上对光还原反应速率无影响,证明铁(Ⅲ)的光还原反应为自由基引发的电子转移过程.     

制备条件对新型糠醛加氢催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备CuO-ZnO-Al2O3-MnO2复合氧化物为活性组分体系的新型铜基催化剂,并评价其在糠醛选择性加氢制备糠醇过程中的活性,比较Na2CO3、NH4HCO3、H2C2O4三种沉淀剂制得催化剂的活性差异并通过TPR、XRD、ICP、BET等手段表征,结果表明:用Na2CO3作沉淀剂制得催化剂转化率最高.进一步对制备条件进行考察,发现采用Al(OH)3的添加形式和并流共沉淀法有利于提高催化剂的活性,而助剂Mg的添加能有效提高催化剂稳定性.     

A Practical,Water‐Soluble,Ionic Scavenger for the Solution‐Phase Syntheses of Amides

A new ionic, water‐soluble scavenger for acyl chlorides, 1‐(2‐aminoethyl)pyridinium bromide ( 1 ), has been investigated. Compound 1 was used for the rapid and simple purification of a series of benzamides and sulfonamides (Table) obtained by solution‐phase synthesis from the corresponding amines (Scheme). The inexpensive scavenger, which can be prepared on large scale, was shown to readily ‘eliminate’ excess acyl chlorides (reagent) by simple aqueous extraction. The amides purified in this way were obtained in excellent yields and purities (Table), which makes 1 a versatile new reagent, especially for the combinatorial solution‐phase synthesis of amide libraries.     

Electron beam induced degradation of clopyralid in aqueous solutions

The degradation characteristics of clopyralid irradiated by electron beam (EB) was studied in aqueous solutions. The effects of factors, such as initial clopyralid concentrations, addition of radicals scavenger, initial solution pH and addition of H₂O₂, were investigated on clopyralid degradation efficiency and mechanism. It was found that the EB-radiolysis was an effective way to degrade clopyralid and its degradation rate decreased with the increasing of substrate concentration. In the investigated initial concentrations range of 100?C400 mg L^?1, the radiolytic degradation of clopyralid followed a pseudo-first kinetic order. The results from addition of radicals scavenger indicated that both ^?OH and e _aq ^? played significant roles in the degradation of clopyralid. Furthermore, the alkaline condition and addition of H₂O₂ (<10 mM) in the solution also slightly enhanced the efficiency of clopyralid degradation. The ion chromatography analysis showed that some organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid) were formed, while the completely dechlorination of the substrate was achieved and organic nitrogen was recovered in the form of ammonium and nitrate ions during the irradiation process.     

NASICON类固溶体的形成和稳定

用固相反应法合成了NASICON固溶体Na~1~+~2Zr~2~-~xM~x(PO~4)~3(M=Y、Yb或In)。测定了晶胞参数随着取代量x的变化, 并从结构和结晶化学的角度进行解释。用三价离子Y^3^+、Yb^3^+、In^3^+或二价离子Mg^2^+作为结晶化学稳定剂取代Na~3Zr~2Si~2PO~1~2中的Zr^4^+离子能生成固溶体, 并把NASICON的高温三方相(空间群R3c)稳定在室温, 阻止了在150℃左右时单斜三方的相转变。总结了高温相稳定在低温的条件。     

葡萄糖水溶液中碳酸盐热力学研究 1.二氧化碳-碳酸氢钠-氯化钠-葡萄糖-水体系

在278.15～318.15K和一定离子强度范围内,测定了无液接电池Pt,(1-x)H~2+xCO~2│NaHCO~3(m~1),NaCl(M~2),.CO~2(m~3),葡萄糖(m~4)│AgCl-Ag的电动势,利用改进的Harned外推法和我们提出的多项式拟合法确定了二氧化碳在15%葡萄糖水溶液中的一级酸常数K 两种方法所得PK 值在实验误差范围内一致.PK 随温度变化符合经验方程PK =A~1+A~2/T+A~3T,并计算了二氧化碳在葡萄糖水溶液中解离过程的各热力学量.     

镧系元素的光化学II.铽(III)在焦磷酸钠溶液中的光助氧化反应

在紫外光(2537A)作用下,由Tb(ClO4)3-Na4P2O2-(NH4)2S2O8-HClO4体系中制得了焦磷酸铽(IV)的沉淀.研究了光助氧化的反应级数及影响沉淀中Tb(IV)/ΣTb比值的因素.报道了焦磷酸铽(IV的磁矩,热稳定性.红外光谱并分析了沉淀的组成Tb(IV)和Tb(III)混合物与其它镧系元素的分离因数.同时还对在酸性介质中生成焦磷酸铽(IV)配合物的吸收光谱,还原反应动力学进行了研究.     

大豆糖蛋白的结构研究

应用NaClO2-HOAc提取结合层析柱提纯, 从大豆细胞壁物质(膳食纤维)中分离出PRF3纯组分。这是一种富含羟脯氨酸的糖蛋白, 本文对其结构特征作详尽剖析。结果表明, PRF3多糖部分的主链结构是由β(1→4)糖苷键连接的半乳聚糖,主链通过3-C分支点连接由α(1→3)键连的低聚阿拉伯糖侧链, 多糖与多肽之间通过HPr-Ara和Ser-Gal糖苷键连接在一起。     

牛血清蛋白在NaCl水溶液中渗透压的研究

将NaCl水溶液中带电蛋白质分子间的静电排斥作用用Yukawa位能函数描述,蛋白质分子间的色散作用用Lennard-Jones位能函数描述,代替了经典DLVO理论。基于McMillan-Mayer渗透压统计理论,将Duh和Mier-Y-Teran的Yukawa状态方程与Cotterman等的Lennard-Jones微扰公式相结合,建立了一个新的状态方程,并采用该状态方程研究了含有NaCl的牛血清蛋白(简称BSA)水溶液的渗透压,依据BSA在0.15mol/LNaCl水溶液中的回归参数可预测其在1～5mol/LNaCl水溶液中的渗透压。该状态方程采用了两个回归参数(硬球直径和LJ参数),具有一定的关联和预测效果,并与己有的其它理论模型进行了比较。     

Deblocking of o-Nitrophenylsulfenyl-Protected Peptides by Ammonium Thiocyanate and (2-Methyl-1-indolyl)acetic acid

The thiocyanate cleavage of the N^a-o-nitrophenylsulfenyl group from peptides in solution or on a solid support proceeds effectively in the presence of (2-methyl-1-indolyl)acetic acid. This scavenger was prepared from 2-methylindole and sodium bromoacetate; it can readily be removed by extraction with base after the cleavage reaction, together with (2-methyl-3-(2-nitrophenylthio)-1-indolyl)acetic acid.     

Photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzenes to aminobenzenes in aqueous suspensions of titanium(IV) oxide in the presence of hole scavengers under deaerated and aerated conditions

Photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzenes to corresponding aminobenzenes in aqueous suspensions of titanium(IV) oxide (TiO(2)) containing hole scavengers under various conditions was examined. In photocatalytic reduction of m-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid (m-NBS) in the presence of formic acid (FA) under deaerated conditions, m-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (m-ABS) was produced almost quantitatively in acidic suspensions and high efficiency (>99%) in FA utilization as a hole scavenger was achieved. No re-oxidation of m-ABS occurred in acidic conditions both in the presence and absence of FA. The high yield of m-ABS was explained by strong ability of FA as a hole scavenger and possible repulsion of the reduced functional group (ammonium group, -NH(3)(+)) from the protonated, i.e., positively charged TiO(2) surface in acidic suspensions avoiding re-oxidation of m-ABS. Using TiO(2) samples of various physical properties, which had been synthesized by a solvothermal method and post-calcination at various temperatures, effects of physical properties of the TiO(2) samples on m-ABS yield were also investigated. A linear correlation between the amount of m-NBS adsorbed and the m-ABS yield was observed, suggesting that ability of TiO(2) for m-NBS adsorption is one of the key factors for effective photocatalytic reduction of m-NBS to m-ABS. This photocatalytic system can be applied for reduction of aminonitrobenzenes to corresponding diaminobenzenes (DAB) in the presence of oxalic acid as a hole scavenger. High yields of m-ABS and DAB were achieved even when the reactions were performed in the presence of oxygen.     

钙离子和PH值对海藻酸钠液流变性能影响

海藻酸钠溶液是假塑性体系, 它的粘度与体系的浓度、温度、PH值和外加盐类的浓度等有密切关系, 并有一定触变性, 在某个钙离子浓度范围内, 体系出现了负触变性,对此用配离子的"屏蔽"现象进行了解释。