磺化聚醚醚酮/三羧基丁烷膦酸锆复合质子交换膜的研究

通过在磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)中掺杂1,2,4-三羧基丁烷-2-膦酸锆(Zr(PBTC))制备出SPEEK/Zr(PBTC)复合质子交换膜.结果表明,与纯SPEEK膜相比,Zr(PBTC)的掺杂能降低复合膜的吸液量及甲醇透过系数,且随着Zr(PBTC)含量的增加,这种作用越趋明显.在室温至80℃范围内,复合膜的甲醇透过系数在10-7cm2.s-1数量级上,远小于Nafion115膜.在饱和湿度下,当温度大于90℃时,含40wt%Zr(PBTC)的复合膜电导率超过Nafion115膜,并在160℃时达到0.36S.cm-1.使用温度的提高及在高温下的高电导率表明该复合膜适合在高温DMFC中使用.     

Proton and methanol transport behavior of SPEEK/TPA/MCM-41 composite membranes for fuel cell application

This paper reports proton and methanol transport behavior of composite membranes prepared for use in the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The composite membranes were prepared by embedding various proportions (10–30 wt.%) of inorganic proton conducting material (tungstophosphoric acid (TPA)/MCM-41) into sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) polymer matrix. The results indicate that the proton conductivity of the membranes increases with increasing loading of solid proton conducting material. The highest conductivity value of 2.75 mS/cm was obtained for the SPEEK composite membrane containing 30 wt.% solid proton conducting material (50 wt.% TPA in MCM-41). The methanol permeability and crossover flux were also found to increase with increasing loading of the solid proton conducting material. Lowest permeability value of 5.7 × 10⁻⁹ cm² s⁻¹ was obtained for composite membrane with 10 wt.% of the solid proton conducting material (40 wt.% TPA in MCM-41). However, all the composite membranes showed higher selectivity (ratio between the proton conductivity and the methanol permeability) compared to the pure SPEEK membrane. In addition, the membranes are thermally stable up to 160 °C. Thus, these membranes have potential to be considered for use in direct methanol fuel cell.     

Comparative studies on performance of radiation-induced and thermal cross-linked ion-exchange membrane for water electrolysis

Radiation-induced and thermal cross-linked sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) (SPS)–sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPK) composite ion-exchange membranes (SPS/SPK(γ) and SPS/SPK(T), respectively) were prepared. Their performances for water electrolysis were comparatively assessed. Thermal cross-linked membrane (SPS/SPK(T)) showed cross-linking of part functional groups (–SO₃H) and thus deterioration in membrane conductivity. While, radiation-induced cross-linked membrane (SPS/SPK(γ)) avoided any cross-linking between functional groups and thus conductivity. Electrolysis performances of these membranes were evaluated in comparison with Nafion117 membrane. Relatively low current efficiency (CE) for SPS/SPK and SPS/SPK(T) membranes was due to their high mass transfer (water) via electro-osmotic drag, which was negligible for SPS/SPK(γ) membrane. SPS/SPK(γ) membrane exhibited comparable stabilities and water splitting performance with Nafion117 membrane, which revealed its suitability as substitute for electrochemical applications.     

Electrochemical methanol reformation (ECMR) using low-cost sulfonated PVDF/ZrP membrane for hydrogen production

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)-based electrochemical methanol reformation has gained interest as a practical way to produce hydrogen than water electrolysis due to its low operating voltages. Development of alternative PEM for this application is of considerable interest in order to reduce the cost as well as increase the system efficiency. Presently, a novel SPVDF/ZrP composite membrane was synthesized as proton exchange membrane for hydrogen production using electrochemical methanol reformation (ECMR). PVDF-co-HFP granules were defluorinated by alkali treatment followed by sulfonation using chlorosulfonic acid to prepare sulfonated polymer. Inorganic zirconium phosphate (ZrP) was further added to increase proton conductivity. The membranes were characterized for their physicochemical properties, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. The enhancement in proton exchange capacity and water uptake with adequate dimensional stability was observed with dehydrofluorination and impregnation of ZrP. A novel electrolyzer consisting of Pt-Ru/C as anode electrode, same format as anode as cathode electrode and the SPVDF/ZrP composite membrane was assembled and its performance was tested for hydrogen production. It was found that SPVDF/ZrP composite membrane showed good electrochemical cell performance of 0.65 V at 0.15 A cm^?2 current density at ambient temperature and gives scope for operating ECMR cell at higher current densities for to increase the hydrogen production rate which is comparable to the performance of commercial Nafion^® 117 membrane.     

磷酸掺杂的聚苯并咪唑复合膜在高温质子交换膜燃料电池中的应用

磷酸掺杂的聚苯并咪唑复合膜在高温质子交换膜燃料电池中的应用     

Sulfonated montmorillonite/sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SMMT/SPEEK) nanocomposite membrane for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs)

A nanocomposite membrane of sulfonated montmorillonite/sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SMMT/SPEEK) is proposed for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The SMMT is clay modified with silane of which the structure consists of a sulfonic acid group for proton conductivity improvement. The micro- and nano-scaled morphologies of the membranes perform the increase in inorganic aggregation with SMMT loading content as confirmed by SEM and AFM. The membrane stability, i.e., the liquid uptake in water and in methanol aqueous solution, as well as the mechanical stability increases with the SMMT loading content whereas thermal stability does not improve significantly. The methanol permeability reduction is obtained when the SMMT loading content increases for various methanol concentrations (1.5–4.5 M). A comparative study of the SPEEK nanocomposite membranes with SMMT and with pristine MMT shows fourfold proton conductivity enhancement after sulfonation. The DMFC single cell tests inform us that all nanocomposite membranes give the significant performance revealed by the plot of current density–voltage and power density.     

Carboxyl-functionalized Nanocellulose Reinforced Nanocomposite Proton Exchange Membrane

Nanocellulose(NCC) was prepared through the acid hydrolysis of microcellulose(MCC) and was reacted with maleic anliydride to obtain carboxyl-functionized nanocellulose(MA-NCCs). The presence of .OH and .SO3H on the surface of rod-like MA-NCC was confirmed by Fourier transfonn infrared spectrometry(FTIR). Sulfonated poly(aryl ether ether ketone ketone)(Ph-SPEEKK) was synthesized with bis(4-fluorophenyl-methanone) and 2-phenylhydroquinone as monomer. MA-NCC/Ph-SPEEKK nanocomposite membranes with different MA-NCCs content were prepared, and their properties were characterized. Compared with Ph-SPEEKK, MA-NCC/Ph-SPEEKK nanocomposite membrane showed better mechanical and thermal properties and higher proton conductivity. The proton conductivity of the composite membrane with 4%(mass fraction) MA-NCCs under 80℃ was 0.095 S/cm. And its tensile strength reached 30.3 MPa, which was 21.2% higher than that of Ph-SPEEKK pure polymer membrane.     

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) composite membranes based on amino-modified halloysite nanotubes that effectively immobilize phosphotungstic acid

In this work, we prepared amino-modified halloysite nanotubes (PEI-DHNTs) via the co-deposition of self-polymerized dopamine and polyethylenimine (PEI) on the surface of nanotubes, which was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A series of composite proton exchange membranes (PEMs) were prepared by incorporating PEI-DHNTs and phosphotungstic acid (HPW) into sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK). It was found that both PEI-DHNTs and HPW were well dispersed in the polymer matrix, exhibiting excellent filler-matrix compatibility. The composite membranes demonstrated enhanced proton conductivity, reaching as high as 0.078 S cm⁻¹ with 33.3 wt.% HPW loading, which was ~90% higher than that of SPEEK control membrane. Such improvement was mainly attributed to the strong acid–base pairs formed by PEI-DHNT with both SPEEK and HPW, which shortened proton hopping distance and created more continuous proton conduction pathways. Furthermore, the membrane conductivity remained almost constant after 1 year's immersion in liquid water, indicating the successful immobilization of HPW in the composite membranes.     

Investigation of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone sulfone)/heteropolyacid composite membranes for high temperature fuel cell applications

The sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone sulfone) (SPEEKS)/heteropolyacid (HPA) composite membranes with different HPA content in SPEEKS copolymers matrix with different degree of sulfonation (DS) were investigated for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Composite membranes were characterized by Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR band shifts suggested that the sulfonic acid groups on the copolymer backbone strongly interact with HPA particles. SEM pictures showed that the HPA particles were uniformly distributed throughout the SPEEKS membranes matrix and particle sizes decreased with the increment of copolymers' DS. The holes were not found in SPEEKS‐4/HPA30 (consisting of 70% SPEEKS copolymers with DS = 0.8 and 30% HPA) composite membrane after composite membranes were treated with boiling water for 24 h. Thermal stabilities of the composite membranes were better than those of pure sulfonated copolymers membranes. Although the composite membranes possessed lower water uptake, it exhibited higher proton conductivity for SPEEKS‐4/HPA30 especially at high temperature (above 100 °C). Its proton conductivity linearly increased from 0.068 S/cm at 25 °C to 0.095 S/cm at 120 °C, which was higher than 0.06 S/cm of Nafion 117. In contrast, proton conductivity of pure SPEEKS‐4 membrane only increased from 0.062 S/cm at 25 °C to 0.078 S/cm at 80 °C. At 120 °C, proton conductivity decreased to poor 0.073 S/cm. The result indicated that composite membranes exhibited high proton conductivity at high temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1967–1978, 2006     

Preparation and Properties of Hybrid Silane-crosslinked Sulfonated Poly(aryl ether ketone)s as Proton Exchange Membranes

A series of novel organic-inorganic hybrid proton-conducting electrolyte membranes with silane-crosslinked sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone)(SC-SPAEK) networks was prepared via a simple procedure that includes solution casting and acid treatment. The organosilicon pendants of the silane-grafted SPAEK, which were expected to serve as coupling and crosslinking agents, were found to play a key role in the homogenous dispersion of inorganic particles and improved the performance of hybrid membranes. The hybrid membranes exhibited enhanced proton conductivity, and SC-SPAEK/TiO2-4 showed an extremely high proton conductivity of 0.1472 S/cm at 100℃. The crosslinked hybrid membranes also demonstrated good chemical resistance, oxidative stability, and mechanical properties. The crosslinked hybrid membranes with excellent comprehensive performance may be a promising material for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.     

Proton Conductivity Improvement Effect of Cellulose on SPEEKK Based PEM

The proton exchange membranes(PEMs) were prepared through the solution mixing method of sulfonated poly(etlier ether ketone ketoneXsPEEKK) and cellulose. Cellulose was dissolved by 1-ally 1-3-methylimidazolium chioride(AMIMC1) and then mixed with sPEEKK solution. sPEEKK/cellulose(SC) composite membranes were prepared by solution casting. The membranes have high flexibility and transparency, which meant the compounding in molecular level. Meanwhile, the composite membranes showed excellent mechanical properties and high proton conductivity. The mechanical property reached 29 MPa, and the proton conductivity was as high as 0.32 S/cm. Thus, as a kind of biomaterials, cellulose could be ail excellent reinforcing material for poly(aryl ether ketone)(PAEK) based PEMs.     

Preliminary evaluation of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/monoethanolamine/adipic acid composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cell applications

A series of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/monoethanolamine/adipic acid (SPEEK/MEA/AA) composite membranes are prepared and investigated to assess their possibility as proton exchange membranes in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). A preliminary evaluation shows that introducing MEA and AA into SPEEK matrix decreases the thermal stability of membrane. However, the degradation temperatures are still above 260 °C, satisfying the requirement for fuel cell operation. Compared with the pure SPEEK membrane, the composite membranes exhibit not only lower water uptake and swelling ratios but also better mechanical property and oxidative stability. Noticeably, the methanol diffusion coefficient of the composite membranes decrease significantly from 3.15 × 10^?6 to 0.76 × 10^?6 cm²/s with increasing MEA and AA content, accompanied by only a small sacrifice in proton conductivity. Although both the methanol diffusion coefficient and the proton conductivity of composite membranes are lower than those of pure SPEEK and Nafion® 117 membranes, their selectivity (conductivity/methanol diffusion coefficient) are higher. In addition, the composite membranes show excellent stability in aqueous methanol solution. The good thermal and chemical stability, low swelling ratio, excellent mechanical property, low methanol diffusion coefficient, and high selectivity make the use of these composite membranes in DMFCs quite attractive. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2871–2879, 2007     

磺化聚醚醚酮与壳聚糖共混制备直接甲醇燃料电池用质子交换膜

给出了不同磺化度下的磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)用作质子交换膜的一系列性能,另外提出了一种新型的酸碱共混质子交换膜,其中,磺化聚醚醚酮和壳聚糖分别被选为酸性、碱性高分子电解质,并对所制备的质子交换膜的相关性能如质子传导性,甲醇渗透性,吸水率以及膜溶胀性、热稳定性等进行了表征,结果表明此种新型复合膜尽管在质子传导性能方面有所下降,阻醇性能改变不大,但是膜溶胀性和吸水率方面有了较大的改善.磺化度为71.4%的SPEEK与壳聚糖以5∶1摩尔比共混制备的质子交换膜,其性质可以与商品化的Nafion 117相媲美,有望在甲醇燃料电池中得到应用.     

Synthesis and characterization of bisulfonated poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide composite membranes with improved proton exchange capabilities

Composite membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and graphene oxide (GO) were prepared by solution-casting method to be used as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) in fuel cell (FC) applications. Bisulfonation was employed as a strategy to enhance the proton conductivity of these membranes. First, a direct sulfonation of the polymer matrix was accomplished by intra-sulfonation of the polymer matrix with propane sultone, followed by the inter-sulfonation of the polymer chains using sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) as a crosslinking agent. Furthermore, the addition of graphene oxide (GO) as inorganic filler was also evaluated to enhance the proton-conducting of the composite membranes. These membranes were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile tests. Besides, the proton conductivity of these membranes in a fully hydrated state was also analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effect of the intra- and inter-sulfonation of the polymer matrix on the structural, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of the membranes were determined. Increasing the density of sulfonic acid groups in the membranes resulted in a trade-off between a better proton conductivity (improving from 0.26 to 1.00 mS/cm) and a decreased thermal and mechanical stability. In contrast, the incorporation of GO nanoparticles into the polymer matrix improved the thermal and mechanical stability of both bisulfonated composite membranes. The proton conductivity appreciably increased by the combination of bisulfonation and introduction of GO nanoparticles into the polymer matrix. The sPVA/30SSA/GO composite membrane exhibited a proton conductivity of 1.95 mS/cm at 25 °C. The combination of the GO nanoparticles with the chemical bisulfonation approach of PVA allows thus assembling promising proton exchange membrane candidates for fuel cell applications.     

Tailoring the structure of S-PEEK/PDMS proton conductive membranes through applied electric fields

Composite membranes were formed composed of proton conductive sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (S-PEEK) particles dispersed in a non-proton conductive polymeric matrix, a cross-linked poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS). The structure of the composites was controlled by applying electric fields to suspensions of S-PEEK particles in the liquid PDMS precursor, followed by thermally initiated cross-linking polymerization to fix the field-induced structure. The effects of the electric field on membrane structure, proton conductivity, methanol permeability, and water swelling were examined. Under certain conditions, the applied electric field induced the S-PEEK particles to form long chains across the liquid PDMS prepolymers. The degree of particle chaining was a function of the electric field frequency, magnitude, and application time. The S-PEEK particle chaining resulted in an improvement of the membrane conductivity, water uptake ability, and dimensional stability in comparison to membranes containing randomly distributed particles. The particle chaining also increased the methanol permeation across the composite membranes, but the selectivity of the membranes for protons over methanol increased sharply because the increase in proton conductivity was much larger relative to the methanol permeability increase. The membranes also display anisotropic swelling behavior in water that may prove advantageous for enhancing mechanical stability in fuel cells undergoing humidity cycling. The present study demonstrates a novel fabrication approach that can be used to control the structure of a variety of types of composite membranes to enhance performance for fuel cell applications.     

不同磺化度下的磺化聚醚醚酮对全钒储能液流电池性质影响的研究

本文报道了采用浓硫酸作为磺化剂,成功合成了不同磺化度下的聚醚醚酮(PEEK)膜,并深入研究了磺化条件包括磺化时间和磺化剂的用量对所获薄膜性能的影响,获得了在不同磺化度（DS）下SPPEK膜的离子交换容,含水率,机械性能,质子电导率等参数,特别测定了在全钒液流电池工作条件下钒离子(Ⅳ)渗透率,首次为该类液流储能电池使用价廉质优的质子交换膜提供了基础实验数据。室温条件下的实验结果如下：1）磺化12小时后,膜的磺化度46%,含水量为28%,钒离子(Ⅳ)选择性最佳（钒离子渗透率为1.2×10-7 cm2/min-1,是Nafion117 (2.9×10-6 cm2/min-1)的1/24）,其质子电导率只有0.02 S/cm;2）磺化96小时其磺化度达79%的膜,质子电导率达0.16 S/cm,是Nafion117 (0.10S/cm) 的1.6倍, 但其机械性能最差;3）与Nafion117膜相比,磺化在36到48小时的SPPEK膜其机械力学性能好,薄膜的钒离子渗透率、离子交换容IEC、质子导电率和含水率高,且对钒离子的选择性佳,尤其价格仅为Nafion膜的1/13,是理想的Nafion膜的代替物,可望直接应用于全钒氧化还原液流（VRB）电池中。本文还讨论了磺化时间和不同磺化剂量对膜的性质的影响。     

磺化聚芳醚砜/磺化聚酰亚胺复合质子交换膜的制备与性能研究

利用溶液浇铸法制备了一系列双磺化型磺化聚芳醚砜/磺化聚酰亚胺(SPAES/SPI)复合质子交换膜.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果显示复合膜不存在明显的相分离,表明二者具有很好的相容性.由于SPI的引入,复合膜在甲醇中稳定性较纯SPAES具有大幅的提高,比Nafion112低得多的甲醇吸收率表明了这些复合膜具有比后者更低的甲醇透过率.复合膜显示了与单组分膜相类似的高温分解稳定性,磺酸基团的分解温度达到了290℃以上.复合膜显示出远高于纯SPAES膜的尺寸稳定性能,在130℃高温中200h处理后,所有的复合膜均保持了高的机械性能,而此时纯SPAES膜已经溶解于水中.而且由于两种磺化聚合物间的复合,复合膜维持了较高的IEC水平,显示了较高的质子导电率,在80%相对湿度时的质子导电率与Nafion112相近,而在水中的质子导电率均高于Nafion112.     

填充型具有微孔结构的磺化聚芳醚砜/聚醚砜复合质子交换膜的制备及性能

制备了基于磺化聚芳醚砜(SPAES)及聚醚砜(PES)的填充型复合质子交换膜, 研究了其吸水率、 尺寸变化、 热-机械特性、 质子电导率、 甲醇透过性及稳定性等性能. 通过浸入沉淀相转化法, 采用磺化度分别为30%(S30), 40%(S40)及50%(S50)的SPAES与PES制备了系列微孔型复合质子交换膜 Sx-y(x为SPAES的磺化度, y为SPAES的质量分数); 然后利用真空抽滤法在微孔中填充S50制备了相应的填充型复合质子交换膜Sx-y+F50. 结果表明, 由于微孔的引入及皮层结构的存在, Sx-y膜在低离子交换容量(IEC)条件下仍具有较高的电导率、 优良的机械强度、 优异的化学稳定性及较低的甲醇透过性. 经S50填充后, Sx-y+F50膜的IEC及电导率明显提升, 甲醇透过率大幅下降, 但机械强度及化学稳定性未见劣化. 其中S30-40+F50膜(IEC=0.69 mmol/g)的综合性能最佳, 其质子电导率在90 ℃水中达到50.4 mS/cm; 经140 ℃水处理24 h后失重率仅为8.2%, 质子电导率降低仅9%; 经过芬顿试剂(3% H₂O₂, 20 mg/L FeSO₄, 80 ℃, 1 h)处理后失重率仅为0.66%; 甲醇透过率仅为6.8×10^-8 cm²/s.     

Preparation of Nafion/sulfonated poly(phenylsilsesquioxane) nanocomposite as high temperature proton exchange membranes

Nafion/sulfonated poly(phenylmethyl silsesquioxane) (sPPSQ) composite membranes are fabricated using homogeneous dispersive mixing and a solvent casting method for direct dimethyl ether fuel cell (DDMEFC) applications operated above 100 °C. The inorganic conducting filler, sPPSQ significantly affects the characteristics in the nanocomposite membranes by functionalization with an organic sulfonic acid to PPSQ. Moreover, sPPSQ content plays an important role in membrane properties such as microstructure, proton conductivity, fuel crossover, and single cell performance test. With increasing sPPSQ content in the nanocomposite membrane, the proton conductivity increased and fuel crossover decreased. However, in a higher temperature range above 110 °C, Nafion/sPPSQ 5 wt.% composite membrane has the highest proton conductivity. Also, the DME permeability for the composite membrane with higher sPPSQ content increased sharply. The excessive sPPSQ content caused a large aggregation of inorganic fillers, leading to the deterioration of membrane properties. In this study, the optimal sPPSQ content for maximizing the DDMEFC performance was 5 wt.%. Our nanocomposite membranes demonstrated proton conductivities as high as 1.57 × 10⁻¹ S/cm at 120 °C, which is higher than that of Nafion. The cell performances were compared to Nafion/sPPSQ composite membrane with Nafion 115, and the composite membrane with sPPSQ yielded better cell performance than Nafion 115 at temperatures ranging from 100 to 120 °C and at pressures from 1 to 2 bar.     

Ionomer-silicates composite membranes: Permeability and conductivity studies

Polymer composite membranes based on sulphonated polymers, such as sulphonated poly(ether ketone) and sulphonated poly(ether ether ketone), and silicates were prepared and characterized for water/methanol permeabilities and proton conductivity studies. The study showed methanol and water permeability in the composite system decreased, with respect to the plain polymer/ionomer, with the increase in content of silicates. The permeability reduction in the composite membranes is discussed using models and theories. It was also found that the proton conductivity of the ionomer-composite membranes increased with the increase in total flux of the system, emphasising a good correlation between the total flux of the composite membranes and proton conductivity. The work clearly demonstrates that the same transport mechanism governs both methanol-water crossover and proton conductivity in these polymer electrolyte composite membranes.