Br(o)nsted酸性离子液体催化异丁醛和叔丁醇缩合反应

考察了Br(o)nsted酸性离子液体同时作为溶剂和催化剂催化异丁醛和叔丁醇缩合制备 2,5-二甲基-2,4-己二烯的反应性能.结果表明,Br(o)nsted酸性离子液体具有良好的催化性能,反应后反应产物与离子液体自动分层易分离,离子液体经过真空干燥处理后可以作为溶剂和催化剂循环使用.调变离子液体中的阳离子或阴离子的结构对催化性能有较大的影响.     

Brnsted酸性离子液体催化异丁醛和叔丁醇缩合反应

考察了Brnsted酸性离子液体同时作为溶剂和催化剂催化异丁醛和叔丁醇缩合制备2,5-二甲基-2,4-己二烯的反应性能.结果表明,Brnsted酸性离子液体具有良好的催化性能,反应后反应产物与离子液体自动分层易分离,离子液体经过真空干燥处理后可以作为溶剂和催化剂循环使用.调变离子液体中的阳离子或阴离子的结构对催化性能有较大的影响.     

离子液体支载稀土催化剂催化 2,2-二甲基-三亚甲基碳酸酯均聚及其与ε-己内酯的共聚

首次合成了离子液体支载稀土催化剂,并探讨了其催化2,2-二甲基-三亚甲基碳酸酯(DTC)均聚及其与ε-己内酯(ε-CL)的共聚,结果表明该新型催化剂能有效地催化DTC的均聚及其与ε-CL的共聚.研究了不同稀土以及加料顺序等反应条件对聚合的影响,发现轻稀土的催化活性比重稀土高,其中离子液体支载La催化剂的催化活性最高,而通过控制不同的加料顺序可以制备DTC和ε-CL的无规及嵌段共聚物.对共聚物结构进行了表征.     

酸性聚离子液体溶胀诱导自组装形成类蜂窝状固体酸催化剂及其高效催化水解反应

酸催化反应在化学工业中占据着十分重要的地位.传统的液体酸催化剂催化性能优异,但面临着能耗高,腐蚀设备和环境污染严重等问题.相比于传统的液体酸催化剂,固体酸催化剂,如分子筛和磺酸树脂等大大缓解了经济和环境方面的问题,但也存在着催化活性差和易失活等缺陷.酸性聚离子液体因其高密度的反应活性位点,可设计调变的结构和酸性以及可循环利用等特性而成为一种新型的高效多相酸催化剂,引起了广泛的研究兴趣.然而,当酸性聚离子液体用作催化剂时,由于其酸中心不能充分地暴露在反应底物中,使得它们的催化活性难以达到甚至超越均相催化剂的水平.因此,发展一种催化活性高于均相的酸性聚离子液体催化剂仍是一个巨大的挑战.我们研究组发现在反应底物中溶胀的聚离子液体可作为一种准均相催化剂,其催化活性与相应的均相离子液体相当,这为提高多相催化剂的催化活性提供了一种新的策略.本文报道了一种在水中溶胀且自组装成类蜂窝状网络结构的酸性聚离子液体催化剂,该催化剂在水解和水合反应中表现出优异的催化性能,其活性高于均相酸催化剂.首先通过自由基聚合和酸化两步合成了一系列在水中高度溶胀的酸性聚离子液体(SAPIL-1-6).以三甲基磷氧(TMPO)为探针分子,用31P魔角旋转核磁共振(31P-TMPO NMR)对SAPILs的酸性进行了分析.结果表明,SAPILs具有中等强度的单一酸性.热重分析表明SAPILs拥有优异的热稳定性能(300-345℃),显著地优于商用磺酸树脂Amberlite IR-120(H)(245℃).扫描电镜和冷冻电镜表明,当SAPILs在水中溶胀时,无孔的结构会自发地形成微米级三维类蜂窝状网络结构.这些类蜂窝状网络结构的酸性聚离子液体在催化乙酸环己酯水解制备环己醇中表现出卓越的催化性能,其催化活性明显高于多相酸催化剂(Amberlite IR-120(H)和H-ZSM-5)和均相酸催化剂(硫酸,对甲苯磺酸和均相酸性离子液体[VSIm]HSO4).通过气相色谱定量分析了在一系列模拟的反应体系中溶胀SAPIL-1内部和外部各组分的平衡浓度,发现SAPIL-1内部乙酸环己酯的浓度和乙酸环己酯与环己醇的摩尔比分别是其外部的7.5-23.3倍和4.5-16.4倍,这表明在反应过程中乙酸环己酯被大量富集.此外,SAPILs在环己烯直接水合制备环己醇以及环氧乙烷水合制备乙二醇的反应中均表现出优异的催化性能.值得说明的是,SAPILs具有很好的循环使用性能,10次循环后催化活性无明显改变.这些具有蜂窝状结构和对反应底物高富集SAPILs的成功合成及应用为开发高效的多相酸催化剂提供了一种新的思路.     

Na 1sO 1sC 1s(a)18000245300

酸催化反应在化学工业中占据着十分重要的地位.传统的液体酸催化剂催化性能优异,但面临着能耗高,腐蚀设备和环境污染严重等问题.相比于传统的液体酸催化剂,固体酸催化剂,如分子筛和磺酸树脂等大大缓解了经济和环境方面的问题,但也存在着催化活性差和易失活等缺陷.酸性聚离子液体因其高密度的反应活性位点,可设计调变的结构和酸性以及可循环利用等特性而成为一种新型的高效多相酸催化剂,引起了广泛的研究兴趣.然而,当酸性聚离子液体用作催化剂时,由于其酸中心不能充分地暴露在反应底物中,使得它们的催化活性难以达到甚至超越均相催化剂的水平.因此,发展一种催化活性高于均相的酸性聚离子液体催化剂仍是一个巨大的挑战.我们研究组发现在反应底物中溶胀的聚离子液体可作为一种准均相催化剂,其催化活性与相应的均相离子液体相当,这为提高多相催化剂的催化活性提供了一种新的策略.本文报道了一种在水中溶胀且自组装成类蜂窝状网络结构的酸性聚离子液体催化剂,该催化剂在水解和水合反应中表现出优异的催化性能,其活性高于均相酸催化剂.首先通过自由基聚合和酸化两步合成了一系列在水中高度溶胀的酸性聚离子液体(SAPIL-1–6).以三甲基磷氧(TMPO)为探针分子,用31P魔角旋转核磁共振(31P-TMPONMR)对SAPILs的酸性进行了分析.结果表明, SAPILs具有中等强度的单一酸性.热重分析表明SAPILs拥有优异的热稳定性能(300–345oC),显著地优于商用磺酸树脂Amberlite IR-120(H)(245oC).扫描电镜和冷冻电镜表明,当SAPILs在水中溶胀时,无孔的结构会自发地形成微米级三维类蜂窝状网络结构.这些类蜂窝状网络结构的酸性聚离子液体在催化乙酸环己酯水解制备环己醇中表现出卓越的催化性能,其催化活性明显高于多相酸催化剂(AmberliteIR-120(H)和H-ZSM-5)和均相酸催化剂(硫酸,对甲苯磺酸和均相酸性离子液体[VSIm]HSO4).通过气相色谱定量分析了在一系列模拟的反应体系中溶胀SAPIL-1内部和外部各组分的平衡浓度,发现SAPIL-1内部乙酸环己酯的浓度和乙酸环己酯与环己醇的摩尔比分别是其外部的7.5–23.3倍和4.5–16.4倍,这表明在反应过程中乙酸环己酯被大量富集.此外, SAPILs在环己烯直接水合制备环己醇以及环氧乙烷水合制备乙二醇的反应中均表现出优异的催化性能.值得说明的是, SAPILs具有很好的循环使用性能, 10次循环后催化活性无明显改变.这些具有蜂窝状结构和对反应底物高富集SAPILs的成功合成及应用为开发高效的多相酸催化剂提供了一种新的思路.     

磺酸功能化离子液体催化3-羟基丙酸甲酯酯交换聚合反应

以磺酸功能化咪唑离子液体为催化剂,以3-羟基丙酸甲酯为原料,采用自身酯交换法合成了具有生物可降解性能的聚羟基脂肪酸酯.系统考察了离子液体种类、反应温度以及聚合反应时间对反应性能的影响,同时采用红外、核磁、热分析等手段对产物进行表征.研究结果表明:阴离子为CF3SO-3的磺酸功能化离子液体在120℃的低温下催化聚合反应所得聚酯Mw可达10 159,收率82.1%;通过水洗方法可有效去除产物中的离子液体催化剂,从而避免催化剂污染产物.     

六氟代戊二酮合镍/乙氧基二乙基铝催化丙烯的线性齐聚

丙烯二聚和齐聚生成高碳直链烯烃的研究已经引起人们的注意.Keim使用单组份催化剂六氟代戊二酮、1,5-环辛二烯镍络合物、Jones使用双组份催化剂β-戊二酮合镍/乙氧基二乙基铝、作者使用六氟代戊二酮合镍/三异丁基铝催化丙烯齐聚反应,都得到了直链烯烃含量较高的丙烯齐聚物.但是,上述各体系的催化剂活性相差很大.本文简要报道以甲苯为溶剂,六氟代戊二酮合镍/乙氧基二乙基铝〔简称(Hfacac)_2Ni/Et_2AlOEt〕为催化剂的丙烯齐聚反应的规律.     

设计新型液液两相催化体系:π配体离子液体

 π配体催化剂与离子液体体系相结合有助于解决反应效率、产物分离和催化剂循环等一系列均相催化体系不易解决的难题. 近几年相关的研究逐渐深入,由简单地使用离子液体作为π配体催化反应的介质向利用离子液体自身结构的方向发展,相继出现了几类不同的研究思路. 例如,利用π配体催化剂与离子液体形成络合物,使用离子型π配体改善催化剂在离子液体中的溶解性,以及合成功能化阳离子或功能化阴离子的π配体离子液体. 本文结合这几类离子液体化学键联π配体(简称π配体离子液体)的研究进展,从离子液体功能化设计的角度探讨了π配体离子液体的合成思路,为设计具有更好催化性能的功能化离子液体体系提供借鉴.     

酸性离子液体催化的异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应研究

以一系列酸性离子液体作为催化剂,考察了异丁烷/丁烯在不同离子液体中催化异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应,研究了离子液体在进行酸性和阴阳离子调整后对烷基化反应的影响.其中[MBSIM]OTf类离子液体催化所得目的产物三甲基戊烷含量最高可达69.8%,该类催化体系重复使用8次,催化性能没有明显下降.     

聚醚季铵离子液体合成及其催化CO2与环氧烷加成反应

设计合成了八个聚醚季铵盐型离子液体, 这类离子液体催化剂都可在无溶剂条件下催化CO2与环氧氯丙烷环加成反应, 并对空气和水稳定. 离子液体的阳离子结构对催化活性影响较大, 阳离子越大, 催化剂活性越高. 以IL1为催化剂, 在140 ℃, 2.0 MPa, 6 h条件下, 催化产物收率可以达到99%. 催化剂可以循环使用.     

The influence of pore structure on reaction mechanism of propylene dimerization in zeolite: A theoretical viewpoint

Molecular sieves have been widely used in the petrochemical industry as environment-friendly catalysts. The pore structure is an important factor influencing the catalytic performance of the zeolite. In this work, a combined Our own N-layered Integrated molecular Orbital and Molecular mechanics method was used to study the mechanism of propylene dimerization in four zeolites (ZSM-5, BEA, MCM-22, and MOR) with different pore structures. Comparing the stepwise mechanism and the concerted mechanism, it is found that the two mechanisms compete with each other in the macroporous BEA, MCM-22, and MOR zeolites, and both mechanisms are possible. However, in ZSM-5 zeolite with medium pore size, the propylene dimerization reaction tends to proceed according to the stepwise mechanism. Furthermore, no matter which mechanism is adopted, the activation energy of propylene dimerization reaction in MCM-22 is the smallest in the four zeolites, indicating that its MWW-type structure (A framework type defined by the International Zeolite Association) may be the most favorable pore structure for the reaction and possesses the highest catalytic activity.     

Metal complex catalysts immobilized in polymer gels

A number of polymer gels have been prepared using tertiary ethylene‐propylene‐ethylidenenorbomene copolymer as a rubber base with grafted poly‐4‐vinylpyridine, polymethacrylic acid and polymethacrylamide ligand chains. The grafted copolymers were crosslinked and complexes of nickel, zirconium and titanium were immobilized in the formed crosslinked copolymers. After treatment with organoaluminium compounds the obtained catalysts demonstrate high catalytic activity in the reactions of dimerization of lower olefins. Structures of the complexes and the catalytic activity of the gel immobilized catalysts have been investigated.     

Formation and nature of catalysts based on nickel(0) phosphine complexes active in lower alkene dimerization and oligomerization

The catalytic properties and formation mechanism of alkene dimerization-active complexes in systems based on Ni(PPh₃)₄ and boron trifluoride etherate are considered. The nature of the modifying action of Brønsted acids on the properties of metal complex catalysts for propylene dimerization is reported. The interaction between Ni(PPh₃)₄ and BF₃ · OEt₂ is influenced by water. Depending on the water concentration, the reaction can proceed via formally one-electron oxidation to yield cationic Ni(I) complexes or via two-electron oxidation to yield Ni(II) hydrides. The catalytically active species in alkene dimerization and oligomerization in these systems are Ni(II) hydrido complexes.     

Mechanism of propylene insertion using bis(phenoxyimine)-based titanium catalysts: an unusual secondary insertion of propylene in a group IV catalyst system

A highly regioselective secondary enchainment of propylene in a group IV catalyst system is reported. End-group analysis of polypropylene formed using the phenoxyimine-based titanium catalysts revealed a reversal in the regioselectivity of insertion for this class of catalysts. To the best of our knowledge, bis(phenoxyimine)-based titanium complexes are the only known group IV catalysts that insert propylene with exclusive 2,1-regiochemistry. Insertion of propylene into the initiating titanium hydride occurs with high 1,2-regiochemistry. Subsequent insertions into primary titanium alkyls are regiorandom, while insertions into secondary titanium alkyls proceed with high 2,1-regioselectivity. Cyclopolymerization and ethylene/propylene copolymerization strategies are employed to support this proposal.     

负载型纳米金催化剂用于丙烯气相环氧化反应的研究进展

丙烯气相选择氧化制备环氧丙烷是催化领域的难题之一,负载型纳米金催化剂因在氢气和氧气共存条件下对环氧丙烷具有高选择性而被广泛研究,并在丙烯转化率,反应稳定性,氢气有效利用率上都取得了长足的进步。本文综述了负载型纳米金催化剂在丙烯气相环氧化反应的研究结果和发展趋势。重点阐述了催化剂制备方法、载体材料、金粒径、催化助剂等方面对丙烯气相环氧化反应的影响。最后,综合各催化剂的优缺点,分析并展望了具有高转化率与高选择性的纳米金催化剂的前景和发展方向。     

Novel polymer‐supported β‐dithioketonate nickel catalysts for selective propylene dimerization

Brominated and chloromethylated styrene–divinylbenzene resins were used for the synthesis of polymer‐bound dithio‐β‐diketones, obtained by anchoring the chelate ligand through the central position. The heterogenized dithio‐β‐diketone ligand was subsequently reacted either as sodium salt with a Ni(II) phosphino derivative or directly with a Ni(0) complex in the presence of a free phosphine and activated in situ with an aluminum co‐catalyst for the selective dimerization of propylene to 2,3‐dimethylbutenes. The hetetogenized catalysts so obtained showed, particulary when prepared starting from chloromethylated styrene/divinylbenzene resins, very high activity and selectivity towards 2,3‐dimethylbutenes. Moreover, the above catalysts, at least under the adopted reaction conditions, did not display any appreciable metal leaching during the catalytic cycle, thus working as really heterogeneous systems. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丙烯直接环氧化Cu基催化剂的研究进展与挑战

作为一种重要的化工原料,环氧丙烷年产量近千万吨,然而目前工业上制备环氧丙烷的方法仍然面临着成本高、副产物多以及污染严重等问题。直接氧气氧化法进行丙烯环氧化因为具有原子经济、环保等优点受到了越来越多的关注。但是,催化过程中丙烯的α-H和环氧丙烷都具有很高的活性,使得在高转化率的条件下提升环氧丙烷选择性成为一个巨大的挑战。研究者们发现相较于其他币族金属,Cu基催化剂表现出更优异的丙烯直接环氧化反应性能。本综述总结梳理了近年来关于Cu基催化剂催化丙烯直接环氧化反应的研究成果,聚焦于Cu基催化剂改性方法,并对Cu基催化剂依然存在的问题和挑战进行深入探讨。     

Ag-MoO3催化丙烯直接气相环氧化反应的原位红外研究

制备了对丙烯直接气相环氧化具有较好催化性能的Ag-MoO3催化剂, 采用原位FT-IR技术研究了丙烯、环氧丙烷及丙烯+氧气的混合气在Ag和Ag-MoO3催化剂表面上的吸附及反应行为. 研究表明, 丙烯在Ag和Ag-MoO3催化剂表面上吸附后, 均不发生化学反应, 而环氧丙烷吸附后在较高温度下则发生开环和聚合反应直至产生积炭. 与Ag催化剂相比, 在Ag-MoO3催化剂上, MoO3的加入在降低催化剂活性的同时, 在一定程度上抑制了产物环氧丙烷的开环及深度反应, 使环氧丙烷的选择性提高. 另外, 在较低的反应温度和较短的滞留时间下, 环氧丙烷发生深度反应的程度明显降低.     

Theoretical Insight into the Effect of Fluorine-Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework Supported Palladium Single-Site Catalyst in the Ethylene Dimerization Reaction

Ethylene dimerization reaction is one of the most common mechanisms for the production of 1-butene. Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have received extensive attention in this area since they combine all the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in a single compound. Here a computational mechanistic study of MOF-supported palladium single-site catalyst for ethylene dimerization reaction is reported. Catalytic systems with both biphenyl-type backbone as organic ligand and its fluorine-functionalization have been investigated to reveal the origin of ligand effects on the catalytic activity and selectivity. The calculations revealed that the nonfluorinated palladium MOF catalyst undergoes dimerization over isomerization reaction. Then the influence of the fluorine-functionalized organic ligand was compared in the dimerization catalytic cycle, which was strongly favored in terms of activity and selectivity. Catalyst-substrate interactions were analyzed by energy decomposition analysis revealing the critical role of ligand backbone functionalization on the activity. This theoretical analysis identified three chemically meaningful dominant effects on these catalysts; steric, electrostatic and charge transfer effects. The steric effects promote nonfluorinated MOF catalyst, whereas the electrostatic effects are the dominant factor that promotes its fluorinated counterpart. This theoretical study provides feedback with future experimental studies about the role of fluorine ligand functionalization in palladium MOF catalysts for ethylene dimerization reaction.     

Study on Chemisorption, Catalytic Behavior, and Stability of Supported Au Catalyst for the Propylene Epoxidation Reaction

The supported Au/TiO2 and Au/TiO2-SiO2 catalysts were prepared by deposition precipitation method. The TPD study reveals that propylene oxide competes with propylene to be adsorbed on the same adsorptive center-Tin site on the surface of the catalyst and that the adsorbing capacity of the catalyst for propylene oxide is larger than that for propylene. Catalytic behavior for propylene epoxidation with H2 and O2 was tested in a micro-reactor. Under typical conditions, the selectivity for propylene oxide is over 87%. The TG curves show that PO successive oxidation cause carbon deposition on the active center and deactivation of the Au catalysts. Because the amounts of Tin site decrease significantly, and consequently the separation between Tin sites increases, the Au/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst is more stable than Au/TiO2.