环糊精包合作用对疏水缔合聚合物流变调节与应用

近年来,利用超分子作用力调节体系流变行为备受人们关注,已在多领域中展现出广泛的应用前景。而环糊精包合作用是一类重要的超分子作用力,向缔合聚合物水溶液中加入环糊精,将拆散缔合结构,引起粘度和粘弹性急剧下降;竞争客体或酶的加入又会诱导分子间发生新的组装行为,使体系流变性得到恢复。本文综述了基于环糊精包合作用的分子组装与流变调节在理论及应用方面的研究现状,重点介绍了环糊精对不同缔合聚合物溶液的流变影响规律和外加物质对体系流变恢复的调节。     

环糊精超分子水凝胶*

本文综述了近年来基于环糊精包合作用的超分子水凝胶的研究进展,主要包括：环糊精与线性、星型、接枝、超支化聚合物包合形成的多聚(准)轮烷自组装制备超分子物理凝胶及功能化多聚(准)轮烷经交联反应制备超分子化学凝胶;环糊精、环糊精二聚体及其水溶性聚合物与带疏水性侧基的聚合物经“锁-钥匙”包合作用形成超分子物理凝胶;及其在药物、基因释放载体与组织工程支架中的应用。着重介绍了剪切、温度、pH值、光等刺激-响应性超分子水凝胶的设计与制备。     

生物医用类环糊精/聚合物(准)聚轮烷

环糊精及其衍生物具有“内疏水、外亲水”的特殊分子结构,可与许多客体分子包结形成包合物。利用环糊精与聚合物的包结作用构建稳定、结构可控并具有广泛应用前景的生物医用材料是材料及医学界研究的焦点之一。本文介绍了环糊精基(准)聚轮烷的概念及其组装驱动力,同时围绕由环糊精和聚合物组装形成的(准)聚轮烷在生物医用方面的研究包括药物载体(如超分子凝胶、超分子胶束、超分子纳米囊泡、药物键合(准)聚轮烷、刺激响应型(准)聚轮烷等)、基因载体、多重识别与靶向、形状记忆材料及其它相关领域工作进展作一概述。     

基于环糊精主客体包合作用构筑的聚合物

在由超分子作用构筑聚合物的研究中,环糊精因能与多种客体分子形成超分子包合物而被广泛应用。本文根据超分子构筑单元的不同,综述了两类基于环糊精主客体包合作用的聚合物:(1)通过具有环糊精及客体基团的大分子间的包合构筑的非共价键嵌段聚合物,包括不同拓扑结构聚合物的制备及其功能化;(2)通过客体基团修饰环糊精的相互包合构筑的超分子聚合物,主要涉及高聚合度超分子聚合物的制备及其研究进展。     

聚集诱导发光超分子聚合物的光物理性能研究

将一种含具有聚集诱导发光性能(AIE)的四苯乙烯的2-脲基-4[1H]-嘧啶酮衍生物(TPE-bis UPy)在氯仿中通过四重氢键作用组装形成的超分子聚合物,再以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为表面活性剂利用微乳法制备了基于超分子聚合物的纳米球.这种纳米球的形貌通过SEM进行了表征,具有规整的形貌与尺寸.相比在溶液里,该超分子聚合物纳米球的荧光显著增强.通过改变单体的浓度得到了3种不同粒径的超分子聚合物纳米球,DLS表征其粒径分别为46、66和91 nm.将这3种不同粒径的TPE-bis UPy超分子聚合物纳米小球与带负电的曙红(EY)进行组装,由于静电相互作用曙红吸附在纳米球表面,拉近了TPE-bis UPy和曙红之间的距离,使得在组装体内TPE-bis UPy可以有效地将激发能传递给曙红分子,该体系的发光颜色从蓝色荧光变为黄绿色荧光,其能量传递效率分别为62%、55%和39%,洗去表面活性剂CTAB后静电作用减弱,能量传递效率显著降低,分别为46%、36%和33%.研究表明,TPE-bis UPy超分子聚合物纳米小球与曙红的组装体系内,静电作用越强能量传递效率越高;超分子聚合物纳米球粒径越小,能量传递效率越高;并且通过这种组装可以调控体系的发光颜色,能量传递也可以通过体系的发光颜色变化观察到.     

α-环糊精/聚乙二醇自组装超分子纳米药物载体

研究了一种新型超分子纳米药物载体的制备方法及其药物释放性能. 将α-环糊精(α-CD)穿入肉桂酸改性的PEG分子链形成包含复合物(inclusion complex, IC), 通过超分子自组装成为纳米粒子. 将抗肿瘤药物阿霉素负载到纳米粒子中, 研究药物释放行为及其对肿瘤细胞的抑制效果. 以核磁共振(1H NMR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外吸收光谱(UV)、动态光散射(DLS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)表征了纳米粒子的结构和形貌, 用激光共聚焦显微镜(Confocal)研究了载药纳米粒子在细胞内的分布及其对肿瘤细胞的抑制效果. 结果显示超分子纳米粒子具有很好的生物相容性和药物缓释作用, 载药纳米粒子对肿瘤细胞具有很好的杀伤效果.     

环糊精超分子组装体的研究进展

环糊精是由若干个D-吡喃葡萄糖单元通过α-1,4-糖苷键连接而成的环状低聚糖,具有一个亲水性的外表面和一个疏水性的空腔。利用主客体相互作用,环糊精及其衍生物能够选择性地与大小匹配的疏水性客体分子形成各种超分子包合物。本文概述了环糊精的结构与性质,并介绍了近年来国内外以环糊精为基础的纳米粒子、水凝胶等超分子组装体的设计原理、作用机制、刺激响应及应用特点,并对环糊精超分子组装体的前景进行了展望。     

“线性-超支化”超分子聚合物的制备及光响应性自组装行为研究

报道了一种"线性-超支化"超分子聚合物的制备、自组装及其光响应性解组装过程.分别通过可控阴离子开环聚合(ROMBP)和原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)的方法,制备了以β-环糊精为中心的超支化聚缩水甘油醚(CD-g-HPG)和一端带有偶氮苯基团的线性聚苯乙烯(AZO-PS).两者通过β-环糊精和偶氮苯基团之间的主客体识别作用形成"线性-超支化"超分子聚合物PS-b-HPG.该聚合物可以在水中自组装形成囊泡结构.通过紫外滴定法表征了CD-g-HPG和AZO-PS之间的主客体复合能力,通过SEM和TEM表征了组装体的形貌.最后基于偶氮苯在紫外光照射下发生顺反异构化的性质,用紫外光照射组装体成功实现了组装体的解组装.     

环糊精超分子聚合物在药物/基因递送载体领域的研究进展

超分子聚合物通常以非共价键作为构筑驱动力,其结构具有动态可逆的特点,在新型响应性聚合物材料中具有突出优势。环糊精可通过主客体识别作用与客体分子如二茂铁、偶氮苯、金刚烷、苯环等形成包合,以此构筑的超分子组装体展现出丰富的自组装-解组装特性、刺激响应性、较低的细胞毒性和较好的生物相容性,有望在药物/基因载体领域得到应用。本文从环糊精超分子聚合物的生物医用出发,着重对近年来环糊精超分子聚合物载体在药物控制释放、基因转染以及药物/基因共递送三方面的研究进展进行了总结和评述,并在此基础上展望了环糊精超分子聚合物的研究方向和发展趋势。     

软外延生长法构筑纳米粒子超晶格材料

由纳米粒子自下而上自组装而成、高度有序的纳米粒子超晶格材料是近年来兴起的一类新型材料.本文主要概述了软外延生长法构筑纳米粒子超晶格材料的概念及组装策略,结合近几年本课题组的相关研究工作,主要介绍了几种不同的基底材料,以及通过调控基底与纳米粒子之间的相互作用来构建纳米粒子超晶格材料.具体包括以纳米粒子超晶格、有机分子笼晶体以及超分子组装体等作为基底诱导纳米粒子软外延生长.通过软外延生长法可实现对纳米粒子超晶格维度(包括一维、二维以及三维)的有效调控.同时,阐明了纳米粒子与基底材料的弱键相互作用机制,该机制也成为构筑无机纳米粒子/有机分子有序组装体重要的物理化学基础.     

Preparation and encapsulation of highly fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles

A facile method has been developed to prepare aqueous dispersions of encapsulated conjugated polymer nanoparticles exhibiting high fluorescence brightness. Salient features of the nanoparticles include their small diameter and spherical morphology. Encapsulation of the nanoparticles with a silica shell reduces the rate of photooxidation and allows facile attachment of functional groups for subsequent bioconjugation and nanoparticle assembly. Functionalization of the nanoparticle with amine groups followed by the addition of Au nanoparticles resulted in the formation of nanoparticle assemblies, as evidenced by the efficient quenching of the conjugated polymer fluorescence by the Au nanoparticles.     

Controlled assembly of eccentrically encapsulated gold nanoparticles

Controlled partial attachment of polymer on gold nanoparticles breaks the symmetry of their surface functionalities, allowing tailored assembly of the nanoparticles.     

Cross-linked block copolymer micelles: functional nanostructures of great potential and versatility

Supramolecular self assembly techniques have provided a versatile means by which to selectively assemble polymer molecules into well-defined three dimensional core-shell nanostructures. The covalent stabilisation and tailoring of these dynamic nanostructures can be achieved using a range of chemistries within the assembly to afford robust functional nanoparticles. Many examples of the stabilisation, functionalisation and decoration of these nanoparticles have been reported in the literature and this tutorial review will focus on these recent developments and highlight their potential applications.     

Polymer Cages as Universal Tools for the Precise Bottom‐Up Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

A template synthesis allows the preparation of monodisperse nanoparticles with high reproducibility and independent from self‐assembly requirements. Tailor‐made polymer cages were used for the preparation of nanoparticles, which were made of cross‐linked macromolecules with pendant thiol groups. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared in the polymer cages in situ, by using different amounts of cages versus gold. The polymer cages exhibited a certain capacity, below which the AuNPs could be grown with excellent control over the size and shape. Control experiments with a linear diblock copolymer showed a continuous increase in the AuNP size as the gold feed increased. This completely different behavior regarding the AuNP size evolution was attributed to the flexibility of the polymer chain depending on cross‐linking. Moreover, the polymer cages were suitable for the encapsulation of AgNPs, PdNPs, and PtNPs by the in situ method.     

Janus hybrid hairy nanoparticles

Janus hairy nanoparticles (JHNPs) represent a new class of hybrid materials with a nanoparticle core and a layer of bicompartmentalized polymer brushes. This unique structure combines the complex properties of polymer brushes, the amphiphilic nature of surfactant, and the mechanical, optical, and electronic properties of nanoparticles. Over the past decade, tremendous efforts have been devoted to synthesizing JHNPs and understanding their structure and properties. In this review, we will summarize the recent progresses in the field, including fabrication approaches and the self- and directed assembly behavior of such JHNPs. We will specifically focus on the newly developed polymer single crystal directed nanoparticle assembly approach. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014 , 52, 1620–1640     

聚合物纳米粒子用于给药载体

聚合物纳米粒子用于给药载体具有广阔的前景，本文按聚合物纳米粒子的主要制备方法（单体聚合法，聚合物后分散法和两亲性聚合物自组装法等）综述了它近十年来在药物靶向输送上的应用研究进展。     

Fabrication of a covalently attached self-assembly multilayer film based on CdTe nanoparticles

A precursor film has been fabricated from TGA (thiolglycolic acid)-stabilized CdTe nanoparticles and NDR (nitro-containing diazoresin) using electrostatic interactions and the standard layer-by-layer assembly method; covalent bonds are formed under ultraviolet irradiation. XPS provided evidence for the presence of CdTe nanoparticles within the polymer ultrathin films. UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy provide evidence for the formation of a covalent linkage. Moreover, the UV-visible spectroscopy and AFM measurement support the improvement of the stability of the hybrid organic/inorganic film toward polar solvents when the linkages between the nanoparticles and polymer changed from ionic bonds to covalent bonds.     

Functionalization of nanoparticles for dispersion in polymers and assembly in fluids

The fluorescent, magnetic, and conductive properties of nanoparticles can transform polymer-based materials into composites with higher levels of sophistication than found in polymers alone. The ligand chemistry of nanoparticles is critically important in the development of polymer–nanoparticle composites to prevent nanoparticle aggregation and direct their assembly within polymers. Nanoparticle ligands can also prevent aggregation in solution and direct the assembly of nanoparticles at fluid–fluid interfaces, where interfacial chemistries can be performed to provide new routes to ultrathin composite sheets and capsules. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5076–5086, 2006     

Self‐assembly of polymer‐coated ferromagnetic nanoparticles into mesoscopic polymer chains

The self‐assembly of dispersed polymer‐coated ferromagnetic nanoparticles into micron‐sized one‐dimensional mesostructures at a liquid–liquid interface was reported. When polystyrene‐coated Co nanoparticles (19 nm) are driven to an oil/water interface under zero‐field conditions, long (≈ 5 μm) chain‐like assemblies spontaneously form because of dipolar associations between the ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Direct imaging of the magnetic assembly process was achieved using a recently developed platform consisting of a biphasic oil/water system in which the oil phase was flash‐cured within 1 s upon ultraviolet light exposure. The nanoparticle assemblies embedded in the crosslinked phase were then imaged using atomic force microscopy. The effects of time, temperature, and colloid concentration on the self‐assembly process of dipolar nanoparticles were then investigated. Variation of either assembly time t or temperature T was found to be an interchangeable effect in the 1D organization process. Because of the dependence of chain length on the assembly conditions, we observed striking similarities between 1D nanoparticle self‐assembly and polymerization of small molecule monomers. This is the first in‐depth study of the parameters affecting the self‐assembly of dispersed, dipolar nanoparticles into extended mesostructures in the absence of a magnetic field. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2267–2277, 2008     

发光反应型有机铵分子与CdSe纳米晶的组装

用巯基乙酸做稳定剂制备了水溶性CdSe纳米颗粒, 用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HTAB)、发光性(4-甲氧基均二苯乙烯基)二甲基乙基溴化铵 (MODAB)及末端含有双键的(4-甲基丙烯酰氧基均二苯乙烯基)二甲基乙基溴化铵(MSDAB)对该CdSe纳米颗粒进行了混合组装.通过改变三种有机分子的比例可以调控所得组装体的溶解性、聚合性及其发光性质.实验结果表明,当HTAB:MODAB:MSDAB=1:5.98～5.90:0.02～0.10(摩尔比)时,所得组装体具有较好的聚合性、溶解性和荧光性质.