Preparation of Propanols by Glycerol Hydrogenolysis over Bifunctional Nickel-Containing Catalysts

The paper presents the results obtained in studying glycerol hydrogenolysis into 1-propanol and 2-propanol over bifunctional Ni/WO₃-TiO₂ and Ni/WO₃-ZrO₂ catalysts in the flow system. Due to the optimal combination of acidic and hydrogenation properties of the heterogeneous catalysts, they exhibit higher performance in glycerol conversion into C₃ alcohols, although the process is carried out in rather mild conditions. At the reaction temperature of 250 °C and hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa, the total yield of 1-propanol and 2-propanol reaches 95%, and the glycerol conversion is close to 100%.     

Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols over supported Ag–Cu catalysts

Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol has significant scientific importance and commercial interest due to the huge surplus of glycerol and the various application of propanediols. A series of supported Ag–Cu catalysts synthesized by impregnation method were studied for hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols. The catalysts were characterized by H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD, XRD, BET, N₂O chemisorption, TG, ICP and SEM. It was observed that the loading of 5% Ag–Cu-based catalysts facilitated the reduction, surface acidity and dispersion of the Cu particles, which improved the conversion of glycerol and promoted the generation of propanediols. It was also found that when loading Ag and Cu simultaneously on Al₂O₃, the catalyst had a better performance for the reaction because of the higher acidity, dispersion and surface area of the Cu species on the catalyst surface. In addition, effects of metal concentrations, metal impregnation sequence, reaction temperature, reaction pressure, reaction time, solvent and pH value of the solution on glycerol hydrogenolysis together with the recyclability of catalyst were investigated in detail. The optimal 5Ag–15Cu/Al₂O₃ achieved 66.4% glycerol conversion with 68.2% 1,2-propanediol and 3.1% 1,3-propanediol selectivity at 200 °C under 3.5 MPa in ethanol for 8 h.     

不同载体负载Cu催化剂上甘油氢解制1,2-丙二醇催化性能的研究

采用等体积浸渍法合成了一系列不同载体负载的Cu基催化剂,并研究了其在甘油氢解反应中的催化性能。借助X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行了表征,同时考察了反应温度、反应压力、反应时间和催化剂重复使用次数对其催化性能的影响。结果表明,载体对催化剂反应性能影响较大,且甘油氢解反应需要适当的酸性;当在催化剂8Cu/γ-Al₂O₃用量为反应原料质量的2.5%、反应温度513 K、反应压力6 MPa、反应时间6 h、反应原料为质量分数为10%的甘油水溶液的条件下,其催化效果最优,甘油转化率最高为88.4%,1,2-丙二醇的选择性可达到86.2%,且催化剂显示了良好的稳定性。     

Thiophene Hydrogenation to Tetrahydrothiophene over Tungsten Sulfide Catalysts

Independent reactions of thiophene reduction to tetrahydrothiophene and thiophene hydrogenolysis to form hydrogen sulfide and C₄ hydrocarbons are shown to occur over supported tungsten sulfide catalysts and unsupported tungsten sulfide at an elevated temperature and a high pressure. The highest rate of tetrahydrothiophene formation over the supported catalysts is observed when alumina was used as a support, and the lowest reaction rate is found when silica gel was used as a support. Both catalysts are less active than unsupported tungsten disulfide. The rate of thiophene hydrogenation over tungsten disulfide increases with increasing thiophene concentration and hydrogen pressure and is inhibited by tetrahydrothiophene. The selectivity to tetrahydrothiophene is constant (70–90%) in the whole range up to high thiophene conversions. The high selectivity over tungsten sulfide catalysts is suggested to be due to the reaction pathway through thiophene protonation mediated with the surface SH groups and to the inhibition of hydrogenolysis.     

Ni掺杂的Cu-ZnO催化剂甘油加氢反应性能

采用浸渍法制备了Ni掺杂的Cu-ZnO催化剂,采用多种物理化学手段研究了其化学物理性质及甘油加氢制取1,2-丙二醇反应催化性能。结果发现,金属Ni助剂的引入可以进一步优化Ni-Cu-ZnO催化剂的甘油加氢生成1, 2-丙二醇的反应活性。少量金属Ni的加入,Ni-Cu-ZnO催化剂的甘油转化率变化不大,生成1, 2-丙二醇的选择性明显增加。而进一步增加Ni含量到n_Ni/n_Cu=0.5,Ni含量过高会导致Ni-Cu-ZnO催化剂中实际Cu原子的量减少,从而导致甘油转化率下降。Ni掺杂的Cu-ZnO催化剂甘油加氢性能稳定性较好,在反应102 h后没有明显变化。     

MgO负载金属双功能催化剂用于生物基山梨醇氢解制丙二醇、乙二醇和甘油

甘油、丙二醇和乙二醇是非常重要的化工原料和合成聚酯类、聚醚类树脂的单体,也可作为功能化合物直接应用于化妆品、食品及制冷等领域.随着生物炼制行业的发展,其作为生物基平台化合物在未来可以获得更为广泛的应用.从富含氧原子的纤维素出发制备甘油和二元醇,符合绿色化学化工的原子经济性、工艺经济性和生产过程清洁等原则,也是生物质资源化利用的重要途径.因此,近年来以纤维素及其衍生物糖和糖醇为原料,通过氢解反应制备甘油和二元醇的研究在国外已广泛开展.在目前已报道的氢解糖和糖醇研究中,几乎均采用包含金属催化剂和液体碱助剂的耦合催化体系,所用液体碱为NaOH, KOH和Ca(OH)2等,使用量很大.这些碱性助剂可以提高金属催化剂对糖醇加氢和氢解反应的催化活性,促进底物转化,但同时也不可避免地加剧了二醇产物进一步氢解和自身缩合反应,使产物选择性降低.在产物分离和提纯过程中,过高的碱浓度也会诱导甘油和二醇产品自身缩合,使分离困难,提高了分离成本.反应液的强碱性还增加了生产过程的设备成本.本文以固体碱MgO为载体,分别负载Ni, Co和Cu等金属制备出Ni-MgO, Co-MgO和Cu-MgO等双功能催化剂,应用于糖醇氢解反应,从而减少或避免使用液体碱添加剂.木质纤维素降解得到的单糖中含量最大的是六碳糖,本文以六碳糖加氢衍生物山梨醇为模型底物,考察了所制MgO负载金属双功能催化剂催化糖醇氢解制甘油和二元醇的活性和选择性,研究了反应条件对山梨醇氢解生成二醇和甘油的影响. 山梨醇氢解反应在不锈钢反应釜中进行.采用气相色谱-质谱联用对氢解产物进行定性分析,采用气相色谱和离子色谱分别对反应中低沸点和高沸点产物进行定量分析.结果表明,在Ni-MgO, Co-MgO和Cu-MgO (其中活性金属和载体MgO的比例为1：3)三种催化剂上山梨醇均能高效转化为乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和甘油;无论是否添加Ca(OH)2,山梨醇氢解活性顺序均为Ni-MgO>Co-MgO>Cu-MgO.三种催化剂上产物选择性有较大差异, Ni-MgO和Co-MgO对乙二醇和1,2-丙二醇具有较好的选择性,其中1,2-丙二醇与乙二醇比例约为2,而Cu-MgO催化剂对1,2-丙二醇选择性较高,1,2-丙二醇与乙二醇比例约为7.同时,考察了反应温度、压力和反应时间对三种催化剂上山梨醇转化活性和产物选择性的影响.随着温度升高,所有催化剂活性均显著增加,其中Ni-MgO和Cu-MgO催化山梨醇氢解对反应条件较为敏感,而Cu-MgO催化剂对反应条件不敏感.在Ni-MgO催化剂上,可以在较低的反应温度下获得较高的产物选择性.     

Ni掺杂的Cu-ZnO催化剂甘油加氢反应性能

采用浸渍法制备了Ni掺杂的Cu-Zn O催化剂,采用多种物理化学手段研究了其化学物理性质及甘油加氢制取1,2-丙二醇反应催化性能。结果发现,金属Ni助剂的引入可以进一步优化Ni-Cu-Zn O催化剂的甘油加氢生成1,2-丙二醇的反应活性。少量金属Ni的加入,Ni-Cu-Zn O催化剂的甘油转化率变化不大,生成1,2-丙二醇的选择性明显增加。而进一步增加Ni含量到nNi/nCu=0.5,Ni含量过高会导致Ni-Cu-Zn O催化剂中实际Cu原子的量减少,从而导致甘油转化率下降。Ni掺杂的Cu-Zn O催化剂甘油加氢性能稳定性较好,在反应102 h后没有明显变化。     

Hydrogenolysis of dimethyl disulfide in the presence of bimetallic sulfide catalysts

The hydrogenolysis of dimethyl disulfide in the presence of Ni,Mo and Co,Mo bimetallic sulfide catalysts was studied at atmospheric pressure and T = 160–400°C. At T ≤ 200°C, dimethyl disulfide undergoes hydrogenolysis at the S-S bond, yielding methanethiol in 95–100% yield. The selectivity of the reaction decreases with increasing residence time and temperature due to methanethiol undergoing condensation to dimethyl disulfide and hydrogenolysis at the C-S bond to yield methane and hydrogen sulfide. The specific activity of the Co,Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst in hydrogenolysis at the S-S and C-S bonds is equal to or lower than the total activity of the monometallic catalysts. The Ni,Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst is twice as active as the Ni/Al₂O₃ + Mo/Al₂O₃ or the cobalt-molybdenum bimetallic catalyst.     

Sorbitol Hydrogenolysis to Glycols over Baisic Additive Promoted Ni-based Catalysts

A series of Ni based catalysts with different supports and basic additives were prepared by sequential impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, H₂-TPR and CO₂-TPD techniques. It was found that the introduction of basic additives enhanced the basicities of catalyats and promoted the dispersities of Ni particles by strong interaction between Ni²⁺ and basic additives. Among the Ni based catalysts, 10%Ni/10%La₂O₃/ZrO₂ showed the superior performance in sorbitol hydrogenolysis. The synergistic effect of Ni and La₂O₃ was proven to play an essential role in selective synthesis of EG and 1,2-PG. In the optimal reaction condition, the catalyst presented 100% sorbitol conversion and over 48% glycols (EG and 1,2-PG) yield. The kinetics study of polyols (sorbitol, xylitol and glycerol) hydrogenolysis showed that polyols with more hydroxyl number have higher activity and products distribution was final results of kinetic balance, which could give us some inspiration about how to change the products selectivity.     

Thermodynamics of glycerol hydrogenolysis to propanediols over supported copper clusters: Insights from first-principles study

Copper catalysts supported on metal oxides display unique efficiency and selectivity in catalyzing glycerol hydrogenolysis to propanediols. Understanding the reaction at the molecular level is the key to rational design of better catalysts for propanediol synthesis, which is one of the major challenges for glycerol application in energy. In this work, extensive calculations based on periodic density functional theory were carried out to study thermodynamics of glycerol hydrogenolysis over binary model catalysts, including Cu/ZrO₂ and Cu/MgO, with the focus to elucidate the competitive reaction pathways to produce the 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO). Our results suggest that the reaction starts with glycerol dehydration on the metal oxide, followed by sequential hydrogenation over metal centers. Based on our explorations on the stabilities of adsorbed reactants, dehydrated intermediates and hydrogenated species along the reaction channels, the DFT calculations show that the 1,2-PDO formation will dominate in comparison to the 1,3-PDO from thermodynamic viewpoint. This is consistent with our experiments where the Cu catalysts seem to give the 1,2-PDO as a main product. The calculations and experiments also indicate that the Cu/MgO exhibits superior activities than Cu/ZrO₂ for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol molecules.     

Hydrogen production by glycerol reforming in supercritical water over Ni/MgO-ZrO2 catalyst

Nano ZrO₂ and MgO-ZrO₂ were prepared by a self-assembly route and were employed as the support for Ni catalysts used in hydrogen production from glycerol reforming in supercritical water (SCW). The reforming experiments were conducted in a tubular fixed-bed flow reactor over a temperature range of 600–800 °C. The influences of process variables such as temperature, contact time, and water to glycerol ratio on hydrogen yield were investigated and the catalysts were charactered by ICP, BET, XRD and SEM. The results showed that high hydrogen yield was obtained from glycerol by reforming in supercritical water over the Ni/MgO-ZrO₂ catalysts in a short contact time. The MgO in the catalyst showed significant promotion effect for hydrogen production likely due to the formation of the alkaline active site. Even when the glycerol feed concentration was up to 45 wt%, glycerol was completely gasified and transfered to the gas products containing hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane along with small amounts of carbon monoxide. At a diluted feed concentration of 5 wt%, near theoretical yield of 7 mole of H₂/mol of glycerol could be obtained.     

Dimethyl disulfide conversion into dimethyl sulfide in the presence of sulfidized catalysts

The conversion of dimethyl disulfide in the presence of various supported sulfidized metal-containing catalysts at atmospheric pressure and T = 150−350°C was studied. Sulfidized transition metals supported onto aluminum oxide were more active than catalysts based on a carbon support, silicon dioxide, amorphous aluminosilicate, and zeolite ZSM-5. The most active catalyst was 10% Co/Al₂O₃ prepared with the use of cobalt acetate as an active component precursor and treated with a mixture of hydrogen sulfide with hydrogen at T = 400°C. From kinetic data, it follows that all of the reaction products were formed simultaneously at a temperature of <200°C, whereas a consecutive reaction scheme took place at higher temperatures. In the presence of a sulfidized alumina-cobalt catalyst, the output of dimethyl sulfide was higher than that reached with the use of other well-known catalysts.     

预处理方法对Ru/SBA-15催化丙三醇氢解反应性能的影响(英)

使用浸渍法结合不同预处理方法制备了一系列的Ru/SBA-15催化剂,并将其应用于丙三醇氢解反应中.使用N₂吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、CO化学吸附以及透射电子显微镜等方法对所制备Ru/SBA-15进行了表征.结果表明,催化剂前驱体经过空气焙烧后再经H₂还原的Ru/SBA-15催化剂上Ru的分散度较低,而直接使用H₂处理较高.同时,随着H₂还原温度提高,Ru分散度逐渐降低.保持反应活性接近时,随着Ru分散度的降低,TOF增加.表明Ru/SBA-15催化剂上丙三醇氢解是结构敏感反应.     

Chemoselective hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol to 1,5-pentanediol over Ir-MoOx/SiO2 catalyst

In this work, MoO_x promoted Ir/SiO₂ catalysts were prepared and used for the selective hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) to 1,5-pentanediol in a continuous flow reactor. The effects of different noble metals (Ir, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh), supports and Ir contents were screened. Among the investigated catalysts, 4 wt%Ir-MoO_x/SiO₂ with a Mo/Ir atomic ratio of 0.13 exhibited the best catalytic performance. The synergy between Ir particles and the partially reduced isolated MoO_x species attached on them is essential for the excellent catalytic performance of Ir-MoO_x/SiO₂. The catalyst exhibited a better hydrogenolysis efficiency of THFA with the selectivity of 1,5-pentanediol of 65%–74% at a conversion of THFA of 70%–75% when the initial THFA concentration is ranging from 20 wt% and 40 wt%. And higher system pressure was also in favor of the conversion of THFA. During a stability test, the conversion of THFA and 1,5-pentanediol yield over Ir-MoO_x/SiO₂ decreased with reaction time, which can be explained by the leaching of Mo species during the reaction.     

Synthesis, characterization and activity of Co and Ni catalysts supported on AlMe (Me?=?Zn, Zr, Ti) mixed oxides

Binary Al?CTi, Al?CZr and Al?CZn oxides, prepared by the sol?Cgel method were used as supports of catalytic systems. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation of these supports with the low cost Co or Ni nitrate salts and subsequent calcination at 700?°C. Catalysts have been characterized by S_BET, XRD and TPR techniques. The catalysts were tested in ethanol partial oxidation using a fixed-bed quartz reactor at atmospheric pressure and temperature at 600?°C. In test reactions a constant feed composition was used with O₂/EtOH molar ratio of 0.75 in nitrogen balance. The catalytic performance of the systems depends on type of support and type of promoter. Hydrogen and CO are the predominant products beside some by-products in different quantities (CO₂, methane, ethylene, acetaldehyde, acetone, acetic acid). The Co and Ni catalysts supported on AlZn binary oxide showed the highest selectivity to hydrogen and to carbon monoxide with full ethanol conversion. Selectivity of hydrogen follows the order of Co(Ni)AlZn?>?Co(Ni)AlTi?>?Co(Ni)AlZr. The best performance was obtained by NiAlZn catalyst with 89?% hydrogen selectivity.     

Effect of Nano‐support and Type of Active Metal on Reforming of CH4 with CO2

Two series of Co and Ni based catalysts supported over commercial (ZrO₂, CeO₂, and Al₂O₃) nano supports were investigated for dry reforming of methane. The catalytic activity of both Co and Ni based catalysts were assessed at different reaction temperatures ranging from 500—800 °C; however, for stability the time on stream experiments were conducted at 700 °C for 6 h. Various techniques such as N₂ adsorption‐desorption isotherm, temperature‐programmed reduction (H₂‐TPR), temperature‐programmed desorption (CO₂‐TPD), temperature‐programmed oxidation (TPO), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied for characterization of fresh and spent catalysts. The catalytic activity and stability tests clearly showed that the performance of catalyst is strongly dependent on type of active metal and support. Furthermore, active metal particle size and Lewis basicity are key factors which have significant influence on catalytic performance. The results indicated that Ni supported over nano ZrO₂ exhibited highest activity among all tested catalysts due to its unique properties including thermal stability and reducibility. The minimum carbon deposition and thus relatively stable performance was observed in case of Co‐Al catalyst, since this catalyst has shown highest Lewis basicity.     

Characterization and catalytic behavior of EDTA modified silica nanosprings (NS)-supported cobalt catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch CO-hydrogenation

The effect of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) modification on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic performance of silica nanosprings(NS) supported cobalt(Co) catalyst was investigated in the conversion of syngas(H~(2+) CO) to hydrocarbons by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS). The unmodified Co/NS and modified Co/NS-EDTA catalysts were synthesized via an impregnation method. The prepared Co/NS and Co/NS-EDTA catalysts were characterized before the FTS reaction by BET surface area,X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),temperature programmed reduction(TPR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),differential thermal analysis(DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) in order to find correlations between physico-chemical properties of catalysts and catalytic performance. FTS was carried out in a quartz fixedbed microreactor(H_2/CO of 2 ∶1,230 ℃ and atmospheric pressure) and the products trapped and analyzed by GC-TCD and GC-MS to determine CO conversion and reaction selectivity. The experimental results indicated that the modified Co/NS-EDTA catalyst displayed a more-dispersed phase of Co_3O_4 nanoparticles(10.9%) and the Co_3O_4 average crystallite size was about 12.4 nm. The EDTA modified catalyst showed relatively higher CO conversion(70.3%) and selectivity toward C_(6-18)(JP-8,Jet A and diesel) than the Co/NS catalyst(C_(6-14))(JP-4).     

An efficient catalytic system for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate by oxidative carbonylation of glycerol

Glycerol carbonate was synthesized by the oxidative carbonylation of glycerol catalyzed by the commercial Pd/C with the aid of NaI.High conversion of glycerol(82.2%),selectivity to glycerol carbonate(>99%),and TOF(900 h–1)were obtained under the conditions of 5 MPa(pCO:pO2=2:1),140 oC,2 h.The highly active palladium species were generated in situ by dissolution from the carbon support and stabilized by re-deposition onto the support surface after the reaction was finished.Palladium dissolution and re-deposition were crucial and inherent parts of the catalytic cycle,which involved heterogeneous reactions.This Pd/C catalyst could be recycled and efficiently reused for four times with a gradual decrease in activity.Moreover,the influences of various parameters,e.g.,types of catalysts,solvents,additives,reaction temperature,pressure,and time on the conversion of glycerol were investigated.A reaction mechanism was proposed for oxidative carbonylation of glycerol to glycerol carbonate.     

Activity of palladium sulfide catalysts in the reaction of gas-phase hydrogenation of 2-methylthiophene

In the interaction of hydrogen with 2-methylthiophene in the gas phase over palladium sulfide catalysts at 180–260?C and 0.1–0.8 MPa, the saturation of the thiophene ring resulting in 2-methylthiolane and the hydrogenolysis of 2-methylthiophene occurs. When the conversion is lower than 60%, these reactions occur independently; at higher conversions, methylthiolane also undergoes hydrogenolysis. The specific catalytic activity of PdS supported on γ-Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and carbon and without support is much lower in the hydrogenation of 2-methylthiophene than the activity of PdS supported on SiO₂, aluminosilicate, and zeolite HNaY having strong Brönsted acid surface sites.     

Role of preparation parameters of Cu–Zn mixed oxide catalyst in solvent free glycerol carbonylation with urea

Solvent-free carbonylation of glycerol with urea to glycerol carbonate (GC) was achieved over heterogeneous Cu–Zn mixed oxide catalyst. Cu–Zn catalysts with different ratios of Cu:Zn were prepared using co-precipitation (CP) and oxalate gel (OG) methods. As compared to CuO–ZnO(2:1) catalyst prepared by oxalate gel (OG) method, much higher conversion of glycerol and highest selectivity towards glycerol carbonate (GC) was achieved with CuO–ZnO_CP(2:1) catalyst. Physicochemical properties of prepared catalysts were investigated by using XRD, FT-IR, BET, TPD of CO₂ and NH₃ and TEM techniques. The effect of stoichiometric ratio of Cu/Zn, calcination temperature of CuO–ZnO catalysts and effect of reaction parameters such as molar ratio of substrates, time and temperature on glycerol conversion to GC were critically studied. Cu/Zn of 2:1 ratio, glycerol–urea 1:1 molar ratio, 145 ​°C reaction temperatures were found to be optimized reaction conditions to achieve highest glycerol conversion of 86% and complete selectivity towards GC. The continuous expel of NH₃ from reaction the mixture avoided formation of ammonia complex with CuO–ZnO catalyst. As a result of this, CuO–ZnO catalyst could be recycled up to three times without losing its initial activity.