线型与支化聚烯烃熔体高速挤出时的不稳定扰动源

采用恒速型双毛细管流变仪对比研究线型与支化聚烯烃熔体在高速流场中的流动曲线、挤出畸变、挤出压力变化及粘弹性的特征,分析讨论了引发熔体不稳定流动的扰动源位置及扰动性质.结果表明,高速流场中的扰动源有:口模入口区的扰动、口模壁处的扰动、口模出口区的扰动.支化聚合物易受入口区的扰动干扰,造成挤出物无规破裂;线型聚合物易受口模壁处的扰动干扰,造成挤出压力振荡和挤出物有规畸变;鲨鱼皮畸变主要由于口模出口区的振荡扰动造成.     

聚合物熔体挤出胀大的三维数值模拟

采用粘弹性PTT模型对聚合物熔体的矩形口模挤出胀大进行了三维等温数值模拟,得出了不同条件下的口模外流动速度和挤出胀大率沿挤出方向的分布规律.模拟时利用罚函数有限元法和把动量方程转化成椭圆类方程的去耦算法以降低模拟对计算机内存的要求和增加计算收敛的稳定性,采用用路线法对挤出胀大自由表面进行更新迭代.模拟结果表明:We数越大,则挤出胀大率越大,而且对于矩形口模挤出而言,高度方向的挤出胀大率比宽度方向的挤出胀大率大.     

芯棒与口模反向旋转挤出聚乙烯管结构与性能的研究

采用自行研制的新型旋转挤出装置,通过芯棒与口模同时反向旋转挤出制备聚乙烯(PE)管.结果表明,在口模与芯棒反向旋转挤出过程中,管道内外壁除受到轴向应力作用外,还受到芯棒和口模旋转所施加的环向应力,其合力方向不再是沿管道轴向而是与其有一定的角度.因此,分子链的取向方向和以此链为初级成核点形成的串晶偏离轴向,增强了管道抵抗...     

聚合物挤出过程中的数值模拟技术

介绍了计算流体力学中常用的数值计算方法,并从螺杆挤出过程、口模的设计以及挤出胀大等方面综述了数值模拟技术在聚合物挤出过程中的应用,最后针对聚合物挤出过程数值模拟发展的方向作了简要论述。     

聚四氟乙烯纤维加工技术北大核心CSCD

汇总了膜裂、乳液纺丝、糊料挤出等三种聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)纤维成型方法。研发了强剪切挤出口模等六项技术控制裂膜纤维的细度、均匀性、力学性能、热收缩率,形成工业化裂膜长丝和短纤加工技术;提出PTFE/PVA(聚乙烯醇)共混、利用硼酸与PVA的络合特性制备凝胶纺丝液并纺制PTFE短纤的思路,研究了烧结和牵伸对纤维的影响,形成凝胶法PTFE短纤加工技术;根据PTFE树脂剪切作用下原纤化特征,设计了导入口、导入段锥度和毛细孔长径比控制初生纤维强度的糊料挤出口模,筛选了润滑剂,形成糊料挤出PTFE长丝加工技术。     

顺式1,4-聚丁二烯的流变性质——Ⅰ.流动曲线的不连续性

用毛细管流变仪测定了四种不同催化体系高顺式1,4-聚丁二烯的流动曲线。流动曲线由连续变成不连续的临界温度随顺式含量的增加而增高。并发现长链支化也起重要作用,线性程度愈好则临界温度也愈高。挤出物的不同形状可作如下描述:流动不稳定性可独立地发生于口模入口、口模出口及模壁,但滑移本身并不导致外形不规整。     

高分子熔体和浓溶液流变性能的研究

基于多重缠结网络结构模型和高分子链上缠结点在流动中可进行动态解缠和再缠结的多重蠕动机理,用统计力学和动力学相结合的方法,分别计算出了缠结链组的末端距分布函数;处于缠结状态下高分子链构象统计分布函数;受力下聚合物熔体粘弹性形变自由能和解除外力下高分子挤出体可回复性粘弹性形变自由能,提出了高分子挤出体可回复形变的粘弹性分子理论。推导出的高分子熔体的回忆函数、简单剪切流下的本构方程和物料函数,并采用一种新的方法测定出物料的四种参数： η0、 GN0、 n′和 a。对于高分子挤出体,可回复性粘弹性形变由快速弹性形变和慢速粘弹性形变两者组成,当把两种形变量的复合结构参数－分子链的反式构象分数引入两种形变自由能表达式后,就从理论上得到了可回复形变量同挤出胀大比间的定量表达式,从而建立起一个具有分子链结构参数的新的挤出胀大比方程,可回复形变量同挤出条件（温度、挤出速率和量以及口模长径比不同的挤出机）和树脂结构特征（分子量及分布）的关系式以及在特殊情形下的简化表达式,并用几种高分子熔融体系的挤出胀大比和可回复性形变量的实验数据对理论进行验证,理论方程同实验数据较好的符合。     

聚丙烯/尼龙6挤出原位成纤后的牵引作用

用挤出机共混挤出聚丙烯和尼龙6，加工中尼龙6作为分散相在聚丙烯中形成微纤。改变挤出物挤出模口后所受的牵引作用的速度会产生材料形态与力学性能的变化。发现随牵引速度的提高，尼龙6微纤的平均直径变小，尺寸分布更均匀，力学性能也随之提高。差热分析表明，随牵引速度的增加聚丙烯与尼龙6的相容性略有提高，X-射线衍射分析表明拉伸作用对尼龙纤维晶体中分子链的取向无影响。     

丙烯-乙烯共聚物/乙烯-1-辛烯共聚物层状复合材料的力学性能研究

利用自主设计的一套可进行微层共挤出的口模,分别制备了2层、16层、32层和64层丙烯-乙烯共聚物(PPE)/乙烯-1-辛烯共聚物(POE)交替层状复合材料。研究了制得的层状复合材料的应力-应变行为,利用等效盒子模型(equivalent box model)描述了层状复合材料与相应的常规PPE/POE共混材料力学行为的区别.通过对共挤出材料和共混材料的拉伸数据进行分析后发现,具有层状结构特别是多层结构的共挤出材料具有比共混材料更为优异的屈服和断裂伸长性能.     

不同管径聚乙烯管的旋转挤出

通过口模旋转挤出制备3种管径聚乙烯(PE)管,系统研究其结构与性能。结果表明,相较于传统挤出PE管内串晶平行与轴向,旋转挤出过程中聚合物熔体的流动是轴向牵引流动和环向拖曳流动的叠加,其方向偏离轴向,可诱导串晶偏离轴向排列,从而提高PE管的环向取向度,实现PE管的环向增强,抑制裂纹在PE管内沿轴向扩展。随PE管管径的增加,在相同旋转角速度下环向流动线速度增大,串晶偏离轴向的夹角增加,环向取向度更高,因而旋转挤出制备的大口径PE管具有更优的性能。     

Flow-induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) melts in a capillary die: Formation and properties of the crystalline toroid

An unusual crystalline aggregate, which is toroidal in shape, has been formed at the entrance region to capillary dies during the high-pressure extrusion of poly(ethylene terephthalate) melts in an Instron capillary rheometer. The toroidal remnant was discovered in capillary dies removed from the rheometer after the occurrence of oscillating flow. Detailed observations of the rheological factors involved in the formation of the crystalline toroid were made. Examination of recovered entrance plugs disclosed that the crystalline toroid was a hard, stagnant zone which throttled the bulk flow of polymer melt into the capillary during the extrusion experiments. Hot-stage optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide-angle x-ray techniques were used to initiate a structural study of the crystalline toroid. The toroid contained clusters of fibrous crystals which persisted to high temperatures. The fibrous clusters were randomly oriented in a matrix polymer which melted normally. Based upon the rheological and structural evidence, a mechanism of crystalline toroid formation is proposed.     

Numerical simulation of three‐dimensional polymer extrusion flow with differential viscoelastic model

The numerical simulation of viscoelastic flow problems is nowadays an effective way of investigating the complex flow mechanism related to practical engineering problems, such as plastic injection, blow molding and extrusion. The mathematical model of a three‐dimensional (3D) viscoelastic flow in a typical contraction die for polymer extrusion is established and a stable solving method is investigated. The penalty finite element method (FEM) is performed to simulate the viscoelastic melts flow in the channel with a differential constitutive model. The discrete elastic‐viscous split stress (DEVSS) formulation and the streamline‐upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) technology are employed to improve the computation stability. Both the implementation of the numerical scheme and its application in the practical process analysis are investigated. The effects of various calculation control parameters and different material parameters upon the numerical results are discussed. The 3D flow patterns in the extrusion die with different contraction angles are further investigated based on the above discussions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling and simulation of morphology variation during the solidification of polymer melts with amorphous and semi‐crystalline phases

The solidification of polymer melts in practical processing such as extrusion, injection molding and blow molding can significantly influence the inner structure and performance of final products. The investigation of its mechanism has both scientific and industrial interests. In the study, the three‐dimensional mathematical model is developed for the simulation of morphology variation in the solidification of polymer melts with amorphous and semi‐crystalline phases. The amorphous phase is simulated as the finite extensible nonlinear elastic dumbbell with a peterlin closure approximation (FENE‐P) fluid and the semi‐crystalline phase is approximated as rigid rods that grow and oriented in the flow field. The model of amorphous phase and semi‐crystalline phase are coupled through the stress and momentum balance and the feedback of crystallinity to the system relaxation time. The evolution of crystallization kinetics process are described by using a set of Schneider equation that discriminating the relative roles of the thermal and the flow effect on the crystallization behavior. With the standard Galerkin formulation adopted as basic computational framework, the discrete elastic viscous stress splitting algorithm in cooperating with the streamline upwinding approach serves as a relatively robust numerical scheme by using penalty finite element–finite difference simulation with a decoupled solving algorithm. The proposed mathematical model and numerical method have been successfully applied to the investigation of solidification of polymer melts in the extrusion process. The variations of orientation and crystallization morphology during the solidification process are further discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A flow visualization technique for the determination of velocity profiles in dies with circular cross sections

A unique retainer/transparent quartz die assembly was designed and fabricated to fit on a melt extruder. It permitted visualization of polymer flow behavior during melt spinning. Tracer particles were mixed with polymer chips prior to extrusion. A laser beam was directed through a lens system and used to illuminate the tracer particles in the melt only in a thin, vertical cross section of the transparent quartz die. Streak photography was used to determine the cross-sectional velocity distribution of the melt as it passed through the die.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MORPHOLOGY OF POLYMER CHAIN COILS IN COMPLEX FLOWS

A new coupled finite element formulation is proposed to calculate a conformation tensor model in two complex flows： a planar contraction flow and a planar flow around a symmetrically placed cylinder. The components of conformation tensor are first computed together with the velocity and pressure to describe the change of morphology of polymer chain coils in flow fields. Macroscopic quantities of viscoelastic flow are then calculated based on the conformation tensor. Comparisons between the numerical simulations and experiments for stress patterns and velocity profiles are carried out to prove the validity of the method.     

Characterisation of multi-extruded poly(lactic acid)

The effect of multiple (up to 10 times) extrusion of polylactide on its mechanical properties (determined by a static tension test), Charpy impact strength, melt flow rate, phase transition temperatures, degradation temperature, and permeability of water vapour and oxygen is presented. It was found that, with raising the number of the extrusion cycles, the tensile strength at break slightly diminished and the impact strength clearly decreased, while the melt flow rate and water vapour and oxygen transmission rates steadily increased. Variation of the number of extrusion cycles did not affect the glass transition temperature, whereas it did cause a lowering of the cold crystallisation temperature and slight diminishing of the melting point. The presented results indicate that PLA technological waste is suitable to be reused as an additive to a neat polymer.     

Mechanism for effect of ultrasound on polymer melt in extrusion

This paper explores the rheological characteristic and molecular mechanism of the polymer melts during extrusion when ultrasound is applied to them at the entrance of the die. Applying of ultrasound disturbs the convergent flow of polymer melt in the entry zone and changes the stream patterns, which leads to lesser elastic tensile strains happen. It also activates the molecular chains, so that the elastic tensile strains can be recovered very quickly. That is why the ΔP measured is reduced. These conclusions are made based not only on rheological calculations but also on looking‐inside characterizations of the molecular conformations. Ultrasound irradiation increases the free volume of PS, reduces the molecular entanglements of polymer melt. All these effects of ultrasound contribute to the productivity raising and product quality improvement of extrusion processing. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1226–1233, 2007     

A comparison of theoretically determined and experimentally measured velocity distributions of poly(ethylene terephthalate) flow in a capillary

A streak photographic technique was used to determine the velocity distribution in a capillary produced by the flow of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). This uniquely designed quartz die assembly, which was fitted onto a melt extruder, permitted visualization of polymer flow behavior during melt spinning. Aluminum tracer particles were mixed with polymer chips prior to extrusion. A laser beam was directed through a lens system that illuminated the tracer particles in the melt only in a thin, vertical cross section of the transparent quartz die. A pressure-drop analysis was also performed on PET, under the same experimental conditions, to determine rheological properties of the polymer. By using these rheological properties theoretical velocity distributions were calculated for PET and then compared with the profiles obtained by the streak photographic technique.     

塑料挤出吹塑的机理问题

挤出吹塑过程由型坯成型，型坯吹胀与制品冷却三个阶段构成。采用不同的方法对该三阶段的机理问题进行了研究。采用神经网络方法预测了受模口温度和挤出流率影响的型坯成型阶段的膨胀，利用建立起来的神经网络模型预示的膨胀与实验结果很吻合，且可在一定范围内，预示不同工艺条件下型坯的直径膨胀和壁厚膨胀。为型坯的直径和壁厚的在线控制提供了理论依据。基于薄膜近似和noe-Hookean本构关系。建立了描述型坯自由吹胀的数学模型，并通过实验方法获得了型坯吹胀的瞬态图象，比较发现，理论预示的型坯轮廊分布与实验观察结果较吻合，该模型还可预示型坯的自由吹胀对材料性能，型坯尺寸和工艺条件等的依赖性，基于ANSYS有限元软件，对吹塑制品的三维冷却进行了模拟，预示了制品厚度方向任一位置的瞬态温度分布，并可预示成型工艺参数，制品壁厚，塑料与模具材料的热性能以及吹塑模具冷却的强度与时间等对吹塑制品冷却的影响，这可为进一步分析吹塑制品的显微结构和性能提供温度数据。     

同向啮合双螺杆挤出机挤出过程的计算机模拟

计算机模拟研究了聚苯乙烯在TSE-35A型同向啮合双螺杆挤出机的挤出过程.计算得到不同喂料速率与不同转速下的停留时间分布,并与在线荧光法测量值对比,二者基本相符.确定了停留时间与螺杆转速及喂料速率之间的函数关系式.模拟结果还预测了喂料速率、螺杆转速等工艺参数对双螺杆内流场变量,如温度、填充率、压力及粘度等的影响.模拟计算有助于了解双螺杆挤出机内部聚合物材料流动状态及停留时间长短,从而指导实际聚合物生产.