皂化反应动力学实验中几个问题的讨论

许多物理化学实验教科书都将乙酸乙酯皂化作为二级反应的例子。本文主要讨论皂化反应偏离二级反应的行为及实验方法、实验数据处理模型的选择。一、乙酸乙醋皂化反应偏离二级反应的行为     

1stOpt软件在蔗糖水解实验教学中的应用

将1stOpt软件用于物理化学实验蔗糖水解反应速率常数的测定中，在无需严格记录反应开始时间和测定反应终了旋光度的情况下，通过非线性拟合无需编程及公式变换就可以简单方便准确地得到反应速率常数，避免了传统数据处理方法所带来的人为误差，可以补充和改进物理化学实验的教学。     

1stΟpt软件在蔗糖水解实验教学中的应用

将1stΟpt软件用于物理化学实验蔗糖水解反应速率常数的测定中,在无需严格记录反应开始时间和测定反应终了旋光度的情况下,通过非线性拟合无需编程及公式变换就可以简单方便准确地得到反应速率常数,避免了传统数据处理方法所带来的人为误差,可以补充和改进物理化学实验的教学。     

SigmaPlot软件在物理化学实验中的应用

SigmaPlot软件功能强大,使用方便、快捷,普遍用于数据分析和科研绘图。将其应用到物理化学实验数据处理、计算以及对所作的图形进行线性拟合、非线性曲线拟合,不仅简化了数据处理的过程,而且还提高了分析结果的准确度,同时也可以培养学生运用现代技术手段学习物理化学实验科学规律的能力。该文以物理化学实验教学中相关实验数据处理为例,探讨了SigmaPlot在物理化学实验教学中运用的基本原理和方法。     

微量反应系统化学动力学教学实验的设计与应用

利用光纤光谱仪构建微量反应系统,并通过偶氮染料橙黄II在铁-亚硫酸钠-溶解氧体系中的脱色反应,分别用特征动力学方程法及初始速率法进行了脱色反应动力学分析。该实验体系能够实现简单、快速的均相溶液反应动力学实验,其数据处理方法较好地巩固和提升了对反应动力学理论课教学内容的学习。整个实验体系的设计与应用能够满足物理化学、大学化学、环境化学等相关课程中有关反应动力学的实验教学需求。     

对电导法测量乙酸乙酯皂化反应速率常数的一点改进

电导法测量乙酸乙酯皂化反应速率常数的实验,是二级反应动力学的一个较经典实验。目前高等学校物理化学实验教材中均有介绍。但在数据处理中都用到当时间 t→∽时的电导率 L(?)数据。一般采用二种方法进行测量L(?):一是让反应达到平衡后测定其电导率(一     

计算机与化学Origin软件在物理化学实验中的应用

物理化学实验数据处理类型分为直线型和曲线型。本文结合实例对每一类实验数据利用Origin软件作图并进行线性拟合、非线性拟合和分段拟合处理。最后得出运用Origin软件进行物理化学实验数据处理具有客观性和规范性、可以大大提高处理效率的结论。     

脉冲气相色谱法研究Diels-Alder加成反应动力学

脉冲色谱法研究液相化学反应动力学具有简便、样品用量少,溶质无需严格纯化,把化学反应与样品分析联合成一简单过程等优点。与多相催化反应动力学比较,数据处理容易。目前国内各高等院校物理化学实验课程中,化学动力学实验教学内容与其它部分比较尚有不足之处,因此,把脉冲色谱法研究液相反应动力学介绍给高年级的学生,既可     

D-101大孔树脂对根皮苷的吸附动力学教学实验设计

介绍了医药类院校物理化学实验“D-101大孔树脂对根皮苷的吸附动力学”。从该实验的背景、意义与目的、原理、操作、数据处理、讨论与教学建议等方面进行了详细介绍。在操作部分附上了各步原始操作记录的样例,在数据处理部分附上了处理数据与绘图拟合的样例,并附上了已录制的实验教学及数据处理指导视频网址。所设计的实验兼具了鲜明的物理化学特征与制药行业特点,在实现了基础化学实验操作教学目的的同时,也起到了与医药领域各专业实验教学紧密支撑的衔接作用。     

Origin用于物理化学实验数据的非线性拟合

在物理化学实验数据处理中应用Origin软件对数据进行非线性拟合,介绍用Origin求得实验曲线的非线性拟合参数的方法。结果表明,使用该软件能降低数据处理的随意性,减少处理误差,并且快捷方便,使实验结果更合理。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.