碳化钨-石墨烯插层复合物的制备及作为甲醇氧化助催化剂的性能研究（英文）

直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFCs)作为一种环境友好、高效的新能源,对解决世界目前面临的"能源危机"与"环境危机"这两大问题有着至关重要的意义,具有较广阔的应用前景.目前,甲醇氧化催化剂仍然以Pt基为主,但是Pt价格昂贵,且容易受甲醇氧化中间产物的毒化,从而影响了DMFCs的商业化进程.碳化钨(WC)作为非贵金属催化剂,在催化方面具有类铂的性能.在WC上负载适量的Pt,可以通过两者的协同效应加强催化剂的抗CO中毒能力.但是,由于WC的导电性能不佳,比表面积较小,因此寻找合适的载体显得尤为必要.在碳载体中,石墨烯(RGO)具有优良的导电性以及独特的片层结构,是电催化剂的理想载体.以RGO为载体,WC为插层物质制备的WC-RGO插层复合物具有化学稳定性好、电导率高且电化学活性面积大等优势.但是,由于石墨烯表面光滑且呈惰性,同时使用传统的碳化方法制备的碳化钨颗粒较大,因此,制备较小颗粒且分散均匀的WC-RGO插层复合物具有较大难度.一般以偏钨酸铵和氧化石墨烯(GO)为前驱体制备WC-RGO插层复合物,但是由于偏钨酸根和GO都带负电,因此不能成功地将偏钨酸根引入到石墨烯的片层结构中,造成WC-RGO插层复合物组装上的困难.本文采用硫脲成功地合成了具有高分散性WC纳米颗粒插层在少层RGO里的WC-RGO插层复合物.硫脲((NH_2)_2CS)作为阴离子接受器,具有较强的结合阴离子形成稳定复合物的能力,同时它也是合成具有片层结构的过渡金属硫化物的原料之一.因此在WC-RGO插层复合物组装过程中,硫脲既作为锚定及诱导剂,又是制备片层二硫化钨(WS_2)的硫源.材料具体制备方法如下:首先利用浸渍法,将偏钨酸根阴离子([H_2W_(12)O_(40)]~(6-))牵引到(NH_2)_2CS改性过的GO上形成[H_2W_(12)O_(40)]~(6-)-(NH_2)_2CS-GO前驱体;然后将前驱体放入管式炉中还原碳化,前驱体先反应生成WS_2;由于WS_2自身的2D片层结构,反应中可以得到WS_2-RGO插层复合物,接着原位碳化生成WC-RGO插层复合物.碳化钨-石墨烯负载铂电催化剂(Pt/WC-RGO)通过微波辅助法制得,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜及激光拉曼光谱等手段对其结构与形貌进行了表征.结果显示,在WC-RGO插层复合物中,WC的平均粒径为1.5 nm,RGO的层数约为5层.在甲醇电氧化反应中,相比于商用Pt/C催化剂,Pt/WC-RGO插层复合物催化剂具有更高的电化学活性面积(ECSA)和较高的峰电流密度(246.1 m~2/g Pt,1364.7 m A/mg Pt),分别是Pt/C的3.66和4.77倍.我们分别利用CO溶出伏安法、计时电流法及加速耐久性试验法验证了Pt/WC-RGO催化剂优秀的抗CO中毒能力及稳定性.Pt/WC-RGO催化剂特殊的插层结构,在增加WC与Pt接触机会以加强协同作用的同时,促进了催化过程中质量及电荷的转移,因而具有比Pt/C更高的催化活性.可见,通过制备WC-RGO插层复合物可降低Pt用量,从而大大地降低燃料电池中电催化剂的成本.同时,我们使用的是一种高效,可大批量生产纳米材料的方法,有助于催化剂的商业化.     

一步法制备还原态氧化石墨烯载铂纳米粒子及其对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

以天然石墨为原料,采用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨.然后采用简单的一步化学还原法在乙二醇(EG)中同时还原氧化石墨烯(GO)和H₂PtCl₆制备高分散的铂/还原态氧化石墨烯(Pt/RGO)催化剂.采用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对催化剂的微结构、组成和形貌进行表征.结果表明, GO已被还原成RGO, Pt纳米粒子均匀分散在RGO表面,粒径约为2.3 nm.采用循环伏安法和计时电流法评价催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能,测试结果表明, Pt/RGO催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化活性和稳定性与Pt/C和Pt/CNT相比有了很大提高.另外其对甲醇电催化氧化的循环伏安图中正扫峰电流密度(I_f)和反扫峰电流密度(I_b)的比值高达1.3,分别是Pt/C和Pt/CNT催化剂的2.2和1.9倍,表明Pt/RGO催化剂具有高的抗甲醇氧化中间体CO_ad的中毒能力.     

片层WC/C的原位合成及其在甲醇氧化中的应用

以片层二硫化钨(WS2)为前驱体,氯化钠(Na Cl)为介质,CO为气体碳源,采用程序升温法一步合成片层碳化钨/碳复合材料(WC/C)。通过X射线衍射(XRD),X射线近边吸收谱(XANES)和扫描电镜(SEM)等一系列手段对样品的化学组成、形貌、结构等进行表征。研究发现,在高温渗碳过程中,不仅利用WS2的片层结构和Na Cl的锚定作用合成了具有薄层孔洞的WC,而且Na Cl和WS2金属面对碳膜生长的催化作用使WC表面覆有原位生长的碳膜,为电子传输提供了有效通道。将该材料作为载体材料进行电化学性能测试,结果表明:负载少量Pt后制得的Pt/WC/C电催化剂,在甲醇氧化反应(MOR)中表现出良好的电催化活性、稳定性及优异的抗CO中毒能力。     

碳化钨与蒙脱石纳米复合材料的制备与电催化活性

具有类铂催化性能的碳化钨(WC)催化材料是当前研究的热点与难点. 本文以六氯化钨为钨源, 用剥离后的蒙脱石片层为载体, 将化学浸渍法与原位还原碳化法技术相结合制备了碳化钨与蒙脱石纳米复合材料; 复合材料由碳化钨、碳化二钨(W₂C)和蒙脱石(MMT)组成, 碳化钨呈颗粒状分散或呈层状负载于MMT外表面; 样品的晶相组成与其还原碳化时间有关; 样品的微结构特征与前驱体中钨与蒙脱石的比例有关. 采用三电极体系和循环伏安法测试了样品在酸性溶液中对甲醇的电催化氧化性能, 结果表明, 碳化钨与蒙脱石复合之后对甲醇的电催化性能明显提升, 并具有类铂电催化活性; 当钨与蒙脱石质量比为4 的前驱体经5 h 还原碳化后, 样品中WC占绝对主导, WC和W₂C的质量分数分别为82%和18%, 两者的比值为4.556, 且在MMT外表面形成均匀的负载层. 此时样品的电催化活性最高. 这为制备具有类铂催化活性的高性能碳化钨催化材料奠定了坚实基础.     

掺氮碳化钨的制备及其电催化性能的研究

碳化钨是一种具有应用前景的电催化剂,本文尝试对碳化钨的非金属位进行氮掺杂,以钨酸钠为钨源,经由中间体氮化钨（WN）,并在一氧化碳气体中进行渗碳后合成掺氮的碳化钨纳米片（WN|WC）. 通过扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）观测发现,WN|WC纳米片尺寸均匀,碳原子进入WN晶格中形成具有密排六方结构的WC晶相,并和WN的晶格条纹紧密联结而形成异质结构. X射线衍射（XRD）结果显示碳化后的样品中含有WN和WC两种晶型,XPS结果进一步表明WN|WC表面形成了WN和WC的异质结构. 为讨论氮元素掺杂对电催化性能的影响,本文通过微波辅助加热法负载少量铂制备Pt/WN|WC催化剂,并以甲醇氧化为指针反应,纯相碳化钨和商用铂碳材料（Pt/C）等为对比样,评价了Pt/WN|WC催化剂的电化学性能. 电化学测试表明,该催化剂甲醇氧化的电流密度是商业Pt/C的3倍,具有较高的交换电流密度和速率常数,且经过200周的循环伏安扫描后,正扫峰电位（Ep_f）和负扫峰电位（Ep_b）仍保持稳定,结果表明氮的掺杂改变了碳化钨表面的电子状态,形成了WN和WC的异质界面,有利于催化性能的提高.     

微波合成Pt/WC催化剂及其对甲醇的电催化性能

分别采用微波加热乙二醇还原法(MW)和浸渍还原法(IR)制备以碳化钨(WC)为载体的Pt/WC催化剂, 并分别标记为: MW-Pt/WC及IR-Pt/WC. 用XRD、SEM对两种方法制备的复合材料的结构与形貌进行表征. 循环伏安测试结果表明MW-Pt/WC催化剂在酸性条件下的甲醇氧化性能比IR-Pt/WC催化剂更优, 表现在同一电位下MW-Pt/WC催化剂具有更高的电流且其氧化起始电位负移约30 mV, 还具有更大的电化学比表面积. 此外计时电流法实验结果表明MW-Pt/WC催化剂的稳定性高于IR-Pt/WC催化剂.     

氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯负载铂催化剂的制备及甲醇电氧化性能

采用高温热解聚苯胺修饰的氧化石墨烯(PANI-GO),得到了氮掺杂的还原氧化石墨烯碳材料(N-RGO),以其负载Pt制备了Pt/N-RGO纳米结构电催化剂.采用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)谱及拉曼光谱等技术对N-RGO和Pt/N-RGO的形貌及结构进行了表征,用循环伏安、计时电流等电化学技术研究了Pt/N-RGO电极催化剂对CO溶出反应和甲醇电氧化反应的催化性能.结果表明:高温热解PANIGO可同时实现GO的还原及其氮掺杂的过程,氮掺杂引起还原氧化石墨烯碳材料表面缺陷结构和导电性的增加;与相应的未掺杂氮样品Pt/RGO相比较,Pt/N-RGO样品上Pt颗粒的分散更均匀,显示出更强的抗CO毒化能力和更高的甲醇电氧化催化活性及稳定性.     

水热合成二硫化钨/石墨烯复合材料及其氧还原性能

以六氯化钨、硫代乙酰胺、氧化石墨烯为原料,采用一步水热法合成了二维的二硫化钨/石墨烯(WS_2/RGO)复合材料。水热合成的WS_2/RGO具有薄层的二维结构,且由于石墨烯的存在,WS_2以较少的层数形成薄片状生长在石墨烯的表面。尝试将这种非Pt类材料用于电催化氧化原反应,测试结果表明,WS_2在碱性条件下氧还原活性非常低,但是复合RGO形成WS_2/RGO复合材料后,电催化氧化原性能有了极大的提高,其起始电位为-0.17 V(vs SCE),转移电子数为3.7,极限电流密度为2.5 m A·cm-2,同时其具有较好的抗甲醇性能和循环稳定性。这是因为WS_2/RGO复合材料的二维结构具有更高的电子传输速率,同时硫化钨和石墨烯可以发挥协同催化作用。这种新型的二硫化钨/石墨烯(WS_2/RGO)复合材料作为非贵金属催化剂表现出良好的氧还原性能,在燃料电池上具有较好的应用前景。     

4-二苯胺基苯甲醇功能化石墨烯的制备、电子传递及光催化性能

在碱性条件下由氧化石墨(GO)还原获得还原石墨烯(RGO). RGO与4-二苯胺基苯甲醇(TPACH₂OH)混合后发生相互作用, 得到功能化石墨烯复合物(TPACH₂OH-RGO). 采用密度泛函理论(DFT)对TPACH₂OH-RGO模拟计算结果表明, TPACH₂OH和RGO之间主要通过氢键作用形成复合物. 利用紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、荧光光谱(Fluorescence)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和电化学等方法研究了TPACH₂OH-RGO结构和光电性质, 并研究了以TPACH₂OH-RGO为催化剂在光照射下光催化分解水制氢性能. 实验结果表明: 光照下复合物中激发态TPACH₂OH向RGO转移电子. 在TPACH₂OH和RGO的质量比为4/3, 体系pH＝6条件下, 光照6 h, TPACH₂OH-RGO的产氢总量达到35.0 μmol, 比RGO的产氢总量(20.4 mmol)有明显的提高.     

核壳结构碳化钨复合微球催化剂对甲醇电催化性能（英文）

以偏钨酸铵微球为前驱体,在不同反应时间和CO/CO_2气氛条件下,通过原位还原碳化反应制备了具有核壳结构碳化钨复合微球。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和扫描电镜(SEM)等对催化剂的形貌和结构进行了表征分析。硼氢化钠还原法将平均粒径为4.6 nm的Pt纳米粒子均匀分布在其表面,得到核壳结构碳化钨复合催化剂。采用循环伏安和计时电流法研究了在酸性溶液中催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化性能。结果表明,与Pt/WC-15 h和JM Pt/C催化剂的电化学性能相比,Pt/WC-6 h催化剂对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和稳定性。碳化钨复合微球表面少量WO2成分的存在有利于甲醇在其表面的电催化氧化过程的发生。     

Synthesis of palladium nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide-tungsten carbide composite and the investigation of its performance for electrooxidation of formic acid

Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on tungsten carbide (WC)-reduced graphene (RGO) oxide composite to synthesize a new electrocatalyst Pd-WC/RGO. The catalysts prepared with various amounts of tungsten carbide are characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. The electrocatalytic performance of the prepared materials toward formic acid oxidation reaction is tested to evaluate the effect of adding WC. The results show that Pd-WC/RGO electrocatalyst with a 25 wt% WC (Pd-WC(25)/RGO) presented a narrow Pd particle size distribution both on the surface of RGO and WC nanocrystallites. Its current density of the positive main anodic peak of formic acid electrooxidation is up to 42.35 mA cm^?2. Compared with the other catalysts, especially the Pd/RGO, the Pd-WC(25)/RGO demonstrate better electrocatalytic activity and higher stability toward the formic acid oxidation reaction. It is attributed to the small size and uniform dispersion of Pd NPs on both RGO sheets and WC nanocrystallines, and to the stronger synergistic effect between Pd NPs and WC nanocrystallines, which result from the proper mass percentage of 25 % WC in the Pd-WC(25)/RGO composite. The present work reveals that WC could be a good additive component, and the composite WC/RGO could be a better support in preparing Pd-based catalysts.     

Investigation of Platinum Dispersed on Reduced Graphene Oxide‐supported Tungsten Carbide via Sacrificial Cu Adlayers for Methanol Oxidation

Reduced graphene oxide‐supported tungsten carbide composite (WC/RGO) was prepared by program‐controlled reduction‐carburization technique. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) show that WC nanoparticles with a narrow distribution (10–20 nm) are highly dispersed both on the edge and between the layers of RGO. And then it was used as a support to load different low contents (no more than 0.4 wt%) of Pt via sacrificial Cu adlayers. The morphology and the electrocatalytic activity of the prepared catalysts were characterized by TEM and cyclic voltammograms (CV), respectively. The results indicate that a small amount of isolated Pt atoms show low or even no activity for methanol oxidation. With the increasing deposition cycles, the content of Pt and the ensembles of neighboring Pt atoms are increased, which makes the onset potential shift negatively and mass current density increase. The results demonstrate that controllable amount of Pt can be deposited on WC/RGO by galvanic displacement with Cu, and the extent and domain of Pt loading affect the electrochemical performance. Meanwhile, this research also provides another route to prepare a catalyst with ultra low noble metal on WC/RGO for solving the problem of high cost of the catalyst.     

Nanocrystalline tungstic carbide/graphitic carbon composite: synthesis,characterization, and its application as an effective Pt catalyst support for methanol oxidation

Tungsten carbide and graphitic carbon (WC/GC) composite has been synthesized by a simple solid-state pyrolysis method from an in situ route. The results indicate that the synthesized sample has a large specific surface area (S _BET) of 198 m² g^?1, and the WC nanoparticles (NPs) with a narrow particle size are well dispersed on the graphitic carbon. After loading Pt nanoparticles, the prepared Pt/WC/GC catalyst exhibits a mass activity of 416.1 mA mg^?1 Pt toward methanol electrooxidation, which is much higher than that of commercial Pt/C (JM) (231.2 mA mg^?1 Pt). Moreover, the onset potential is 100 mV more negative than that on Pt/C (JM) electrocatalyst. In addition, the Pt/WC/GC catalyst has stronger resistance to CO poisoning than the commercial Pt/C (JM). Its superior electrochemical performance could be attributed not only to the synergistic effect between Pt and WC NPs but also to the excellent electrical conductivity of GC and proper porous structure for desirable mass transportation in a porous electrode.     

Polymerization of graphene oxide nanosheet by using of aminoclay: Electrocatalytic activity of its platinum nanohybrids

This study describes the polymerization of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet to reduced‐GO‐aminoclay (RGC) by covalent functionalization of chemically reactive epoxy groups on the basal planes of GO with amine groups of magnesium phyllosilicate clay (known as aminoclay). The resulting RGC sheets were characterized and applied to support platinum nanostructures at toluene/water interface. Pt nanoparticles (NPs) with diameters about several nanometers were adhered to RGC sheets by chemical reduction of [PtCl₂(cod)] (cod = cis,cis‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene) complex. Catalytic activity of Pt NPs thin films were investigated in the methanol oxidation reaction. Cyclic voltammetry results exhibit that the Pt/reduced‐GO (RGO) and Pt/RGC thin films showed improved catalytic activity in methanol oxidation reaction in comparison to other Pt NPs thin films, demonstrating that the prepared Pt/RGO and Pt/RGC thin films are promising catalysts for direct methanol fuel cell.     

One-step synthesis of Pt nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide composite with enhanced electrochemical catalytic activity

A one-step electrochemical approach for synthesis of Pt nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide(Pt/RGO) was demonstrated.Graphene oxide(GO) and chloroplatinic acid were reduced to RGO and Pt nanoparticles(Pt NPs) simultaneously,and Pt/RGO composite was deposited on the fluorine doped SnO 2 glass during the electrochemical reduction.The Pt/RGO composite was characterized by field emission-scanning electron microscopy,Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,which confirmed the reduction of GO and chloroplatinic acid and the formation of Pt/RGO composite.In comparison with Pt NPs and RGO electrodes obtained by the same method,results of cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements showed that the composite electrode had higher catalytic activity and charge transfer rate.In addition,the composite electrode had proved to have better performance in DSSCs than the Pt NPs electrode,which showed the potential application in energy conversion.     

Preparation of FePd‐RGO Bimetallic Composites with High Catalytic Activity for Formic Acid Electro‐Oxidation

FePd‐RGO composites through the growth of uniformly dispersed iron‐palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets were prepared by a two‐step method. The firstly formed Fe is used as the seed for the subsequent Pd growth. The formation of Fe NPs on RGO in the first step is performed by an in‐situ reduction reaction with the reducer ethylene glycol under oil bath at 180°C. NPs in the as‐prepared FePd‐RGO have an average particle size of 6.5 nm, and Pd is added to one side of Fe which leads to the formation of Fe‐Pd bimetallic interfaces. As compared with the commercial Pd black at the same loading, the composites have higher electro‐catalytic activity, better electrochemical stability and higher resistance to CO poisoning for formic acid electro‐oxidation.     

Platinized mesoporous tungsten carbide for electrochemical methanol oxidation

Mesoporous WC with hexagonal crystal structure was synthesized by a surfactant-assisted polymer method. A new electrocatalyst composed of a small amount of Pt supported on the mesoporous WC exhibited higher activity for electrooxidation of methanol than microporous Pt/WC or Pt/W₂C as well as commercial Pt–Ru(1:1)/C catalysts. The mesoporosity and the phase of WC appear important for the high activity. Compared to the commercial Pt–Ru/C catalyst, the Pt/WC (mesoporous) showed the higher activity per mass of Pt by a factor of six even without Ru. Since the catalyst is also stable in electrochemical environment, it could become an alternative electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells.     

Multifunctional Active‐Center‐Transferable Platinum/Lithium Cobalt Oxide Heterostructured Electrocatalysts towards Superior Water Splitting

Designing cost‐effective and efficient electrocatalysts plays a pivotal role in advancing the development of electrochemical water splitting for hydrogen generation. Herein, multifunctional active‐center‐transferable heterostructured electrocatalysts, platinum/lithium cobalt oxide (Pt/LiCoO₂) composites with Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs) anchored on LiCoO₂ nanosheets, are designed towards highly efficient water splitting. In this electrocatalyst system, the active center can be alternatively switched between Pt species and LiCoO₂ for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. Specifically, Pt species are the active centers and LiCoO₂ acts as the co‐catalyst for HER, whereas the active center transfers to LiCoO₂ and Pt turns into the co‐catalyst for OER. The unique architecture of Pt/LiCoO₂ heterostructure provides abundant interfaces with favorable electronic structure and coordination environment towards optimal adsorption behavior of reaction intermediates. The 30 % Pt/LiCoO₂ heterostructured electrocatalyst delivers low overpotentials of 61 and 285 mV to achieve 10 mA cm^?2 for HER and OER in alkaline medium, respectively.     

碳化钨负载纳米铂催化剂的制备及其析氢催化性能

以喷雾干燥处理的偏钨酸铵为前驱体, 采用CH4/H2为还原碳化气氛, 利用固定床气固反应法制备了具有介孔结构的碳化钨(WC)粉体. 然后通过浸渍法制备了Pt/WC粉末催化剂. 通过XRD和SEM等测试手段对Pt/WC粉末样品进行了表征, 结果表明, Pt颗粒平均直径约为13.5 nm, 且均匀分散在介孔结构WC载体上. 采用循环伏安和线性扫描等方法研究了酸性介质中Pt/WC粉末微电极对电化学析氢过程的电催化行为. 结果表明, 该电极对析氢反应具有很好的电催化活性和化学稳定性. 通过测试和计算, Pt/WC粉末微电极的Tafel方程中的a值为0.292 V, 属于低超电势析氢材料, 析氢交换电流密度为4.42 mA·cm-2, 与铂电极在同一个数量级上, 当超电势为250 mV时, 其析氢反应的活化能为26.20 kJ·mol-1.