4-(4-羧基苯氧基)间苯二甲酸构筑的过渡金属配位聚合物: 合成、 晶体结构、 荧光传感与光催化

采用水热法合成了4个配位聚合物[Zn(Hcpoia)(2,2'-bpy)·H₂O]_n(1)和[M(Hcpoia)(phen)]_n·nH₂O[M=Zn(2), Mn(3), Co(4); H₃cpoia=4-(4-羧基苯氧基)间苯二甲酸; 2,2'-bpy=2,2'-联吡啶; phen=1,10-邻菲罗啉], 利用X射线单晶衍射分析确定了配合物的晶体结构. 配合物1为一维链状结构, 中心Zn ²⁺离子的配位环境为[ZnO₄N₂]扭曲的八面体构型, 配体Hcpoia ^2-以μ₁∶η ¹η ⁰和μ₁∶η ¹η ¹配位模式桥连相邻的Zn ²⁺离子. 配合物2和4的结构与配合物1类似, 是由配体Hcpoia ^2-以μ₁∶η ¹η ⁰和μ₁∶η ¹η ¹配位模式联接[MO₄N₂]结构单元而形成的一维链状结构. 配合物1, 2和4中均存在分子间氢键(O—H…O), 氢键的存在使一维链连接形成二维超分子结构. 配合物3为二维网状结构, Mn ²⁺离子的配位环境为[MnO₄N₂]扭曲的八面体构型, 配体Hcpoia ^2-以μ₂∶η ¹η ¹配位模式桥连相邻Mn ²⁺离子形成[Mn₂COO₂]结构单元, 该结构单元被Hcpoia ^2-连接形成二维结构. 在4个配合物中, 2,2'-bpy和phen配体均以端基的形式与金属离子螯合配位. 研究了水溶液中抗生素分子和Fe ³⁺离子对配合物1与荧光强度的影响, 实验结果表明, 甲硝唑、 Fe ³⁺离子对配合物1有荧光猝灭作用, 并进一步考察了甲硝唑浓度和Fe ³⁺离子浓度对配合物1荧光强度的影响. 基于荧光猝灭机理, 配合物1可以用作荧光传感器检测水溶液中的甲硝唑和Fe ³⁺离子. 研究了配合物4对罗丹明B(RhB)的催化降解性能, 发现在氙灯照射和H₂O₂存在条件下, 配合物4对RhB具有较好的光催化降解作用.     

平面五配位硅、 锗XBe5H6(X=Si,Ge)团簇

采用密度泛函理论PBE0方法, 在aug-cc-pVTZ水平上理论预测了含平面五配位硅和锗原子的XBe₅H₆ (X=Si, Ge)团簇. 势能面系统搜索及高精度量化计算表明, 它们均为全局极小结构. XBe₅H₆(X=Si, Ge)团簇整体呈完美的扇形结构: Si/Ge原子被5个金属Be原子配位; 4个H原子以桥基方式与Be原子相键连, 剩余的2个 H原子以端基方式与两端的Be原子成键. 化学键分析表明, XBe₅H₆(X=Si, Ge) 团簇中XBe₅单元具有完全离域的1个π及3个σ键, 外围铍氢间形成4个Be—H—Be 三中心二电子(3c-2e)键及2个定域的Be—H键. XBe₅单元上离域的2π及6σ电子赋予体系π和σ双重芳香性, 并使Si/Ge原子满足八隅律（或八电子规则）. 能量分解-化学价自然轨道分析揭示, Si/Ge和Be₅H₆之间主要为电子共享键.     

TiC、TiC1-x、(Ti1-xNbx)C电子结构的计算

采用离散变分x_α法（DV-X_α法）对TiC理想晶体、空位和掺杂缺陷结构中的电子结构进行了计算．通过选取分子簇模型,模拟了理想晶体、空位和掺杂缺陷情况．采用多重散射离散变分X_α法,通过自治迭代来求解局域密度泛函方程,得到了各个分子簇模型的电子结构．分析计算结果发现,在理想TiC结构的态密度图中,费米能级位于两峰之间．但在费米能级处的电子态密度不为零,这提供了TiC导电性的来源．在空位模型中,发现电子态密度在费米能级处有较大的值,说明空位的存在有利于提高TiC的导电能力．对于Nb掺杂后的电子结构,在费米能级处存在一个电子态密度峰,因而也有利于提高其导电性．在计算的过程中考虑到了分子簇模型边界条件带来的电行转移效应对电子结构的影响,通过提供适当的环境势,得到了较精确的计算结果．与已有的计算结果进行了对比,有较好的一致性．     

基于概念密度泛函理论磷酸酯类反应性物质毒性预测

磷酸酯类反应性物质是乙酰胆碱酯酶不可逆抑制剂。本文应用概念密度泛函理论(CDFT),采用四组条件(B3LYP/6-311++G(2d, 3p)/gas,B3LYP/6-311++G(2d, 3p)/CPCM/water,MP2/6-311++G(2d, 3p)/gas,MP2/6-311++ G(2d, 3p)/CPCM/water),对20多个磷酸酯反应性物质进行反应性描述指数计算,包括分子的化学势μ,绝对硬度η、亲电性指数ω、分子的前线轨道能量等分子整体描述参数,以及原子福井函数、自然键轨道(NBO)电荷、Wiberg键级、NBO键级等分子局域描述参数。通过对反应性描述指数以及定量构性关系(QSPR)方程预测结果的比较分析,得出结论：大多数化合物亲电进攻的反应中心发生在磷原子上;磷酸酯类化合物侧链乙胺基叔氮的质子化,将显著增强反应中心磷原子的亲电进攻能力;B3LYP/6-311++G(2d, 3p)/gas为最合理的计算条件;应用反应性描述指数建立的QSPR模型明显优于常规的2D-QSPR模型,能够用于乙酰胆碱酯酶不可逆抑制剂的精确毒性预测。     

接枝羟基对有限长碳纳米管电子结构的影响

基于局域密度泛函理论, 采用第一原理方法, 建立了(5, 5)型和(8, 0)型有限长碳纳米管的原子模型, 并在两个端口接枝1～8个羟基官能团, 先用DMol3中BLYP方法对其结构进行优化, 再利用CASTEP软件计算其电子分布和态密度的变化, 从而讨论羟基官能团对碳纳米管电子结构和电子输运特性的影响. 计算表明, 接枝羟基的碳纳米管的电子结构明显改变, 费米能级上的电子态密度下降, 最高占据轨道上电子的非定域程度减弱, 致使电子输运性能呈下降趋势.     

锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函(B3LYP)方法计算锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4/FePO4,净电荷和共价键级的计算结果都表明磷氧原子间作用力最强,锂氧原子间作用力最弱,有利于Li离子在晶格中的自由移动.以Li/LiFePO4锂离子电池的平均电压为3.2 V,和实验值3.4 V基本一致.态密度分析表明FePO4和LiFePO4都是典型的半导体,O原子轨道主要贡献总态密度靠费米能级价带一侧,Fe原子轨道主要贡献总态密度靠费米能级导带一侧.     

Li掺杂ZnO的电子结构与电性能的研究

采用密度泛函理论平面波超软赝势方法研究了p型Li掺杂的纤锌矿结构ZnO的能带结构、态密度和电荷分布,并分析了Li掺杂ZnO的电输运性能.结果表明,Li掺杂ZnO具有1.6eV的直接带隙,且为p型半导体,体系费米能级附近的态密度大大提高,在导带和价带中都出现了由Li电子能级形成的能带,其费米能级附近的能带主要由Li的s态、Zn的p态、Zn的d态和O的p态电子构成,且他们之间存在着强相互作用.电输运参数和电输运性能分析结果表明,Li掺杂的ZnO氧化物价带和导带中的载流子有效质量均较大;其载流子输运主要由Li的s态、Zn的p态和O的p态电子完成;Li掺杂有望改善ZnO的电输运性能.     

Mn掺杂TiO_2(101)提高锂空电池阴极催化活性的第一性原理研究

本文基于密度泛函理论对TiO_2(101)和Mn_xTi_(1-x)O_2(101)作为锂空电池阴极催化材料进行了研究,发现其表面能够生成两种不同结构的Li_2O_2,进一步地研究了其中最稳定的生成结构并通过计算锂空电池首次充放电过程中的过电势来评价催化性能.结果表明,Mn掺杂进入Ti O_2(101)对充放电的过电势均有降低作用,深入分析发现掺杂Mn对TiO_2促进阴极催化反应的本质因素源于掺杂原子Mn的d态轨道的分布以及其平均能量.掺杂原子的d态轨道在费米能级处的峰态诱导了附近O的p态轨道,二者共同作用在Mn_xTi_(1-x)O_2(101)的总态密度的费米能级处形成多个新峰,改变了催化剂的导电方式.此外,由于掺杂原子Mn的d态轨道的平均能量高于Ti原子,使得O的p态轨道受到更多的激发,促使在Mn掺杂原子附近的氧空位形成能降低,为放电过程阴极催化反应的氧还原提供了更多的活性位点并且有利于氧气的吸附与还原.     

NH3在硼纳米管表面吸附的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论研究了NH₃在完整和含有缺陷的硼纳米管上的吸附行为以及相关电子性质. 计算结果表明, 对于α硼纳米管, 在不同的直径和手性条件下, NH₃均倾向于吸附在配位数为6的顶位上. 电子结构计算结果表明, NH₃能够吸附在纳米管表面主要是由于N和B原子产生了较强的相互作用. 表明硼纳米管是一种潜在的NH₃气气敏材料.     

光生电荷梯度连续传递链的构筑及对光催化性能的增强作用

选取能带位置匹配的γ-Bi₂O₃, α-Bi₂O₃和Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂, 采用等体积浸渍法原位构筑了具有梯度能级的Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂@α/γ-Bi₂O₃三元同素结光催化剂. 光催化降解高浓度罗丹明B(RhB)和四氯苯酚(4-CP)的实验结果表明, 相比于γ-Bi₂O₃和α/γ-Bi₂O₃, Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂@α/γ-Bi₂O₃显示出优异的光催化活性, 其中0.5%Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂@α/γ-Bi₂O₃显示了最佳的光催化性能, 光降解RhB(或4-CP)的活性是γ-Bi₂O₃的32倍(或10.4倍)和α/γ-Bi₂O₃的4.4倍(或2.2倍). 光电性质表征结果证实, Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂@α/γ-Bi₂O₃三元同素结具有高效的光生电荷分离和迁移效率, 这是Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂@α/γ-Bi₂O₃三元同素结具有较高光催化性能的主要原因之一.     

稀土及杂质元素对ZA27合金晶间腐蚀的影响

To understand the influence of impurities and rare earth elements in nature on the intergranular corrosion of the zinc-aluminum alloys, taking efficient methods to retard the inter granular corrosion, the atomic cluster of α phase grain boundary including impurities (Pb, Sn, Cd), rare earth elements (La, Y) and phase grain was constructed by computer programming based on the coincidence-site lattice theory. The recursion method was used to calculate the charge transfer over the grain boundary of α phase, and discuss influence of impurities (Pb, Sn, Cd) and Rare Earth elements (La, Y) on the electrode-potential of Zn and Al. The results shows that impurity elements (Pb, Sn, Cd) can increase the charge transfer between atoms over the grain boundary, leading to the large difference of electrode-potential between Zn and Al. Therefore the eroding is speeding up, but the RE element can reduce the charge transfer between atom sover the grain boundary, and lower the difference of electrode-potential between Zn and Al. Thus RE element is of the role of restraining the inter granular corrosion of zinc-aluminum alloys.     

Cu—Nd（Ce,La）—Al合金及Raney Cu—Nd（Ce,La）催化剂的XRD研究

采用ＸＲＤ表征手段对不同稀土元素不同组成的Ｃｕ－Ａｌ－Ｍ（Ｍ＝Ｎｄ，Ｃｅ和Ｌａ）合金及其碱抽提产物ＲａｎｅｙＣｕ－Ｍ催化剂的体相结构进行了表征，发现所有Ｃｕ－Ａｌ－Ｍ合金均形成有二元ＣｕＡｌ２和三元ＣｕＭＡｌ８的两种晶相，随着稀土元素含量的增中，三元Ｃｕ，ＭＡｌ８晶相逐渐增多。而且其中的Ａｌ难于ＣｕＡｌ２中的Ａｌ的抽提，ＲａｎｅｙＣｕ－Ｍ催化剂中只存在金属铜的晶相，未形成Ｃｕ－Ｍ晶相，而一随着Ａｌ     

Y型分子筛结构破坏的动力学分析(英文)

Y型分子筛是催化裂化(FCC)的速率控制组分.FCC过程中,催化剂在反应器和再生器中往往面临高温水蒸气存在的苛刻环境.因此,分子筛的热稳定性和水热稳定性是催化剂最为关注的性能之一.由于FCC原料中通常含有V、Ni、Na、Fe等不同数量的金属污染物,会对催化剂造成污染及钝化.进料中存在的卟啉类有机复合物持续不断的沉积在催化剂表面,由于含钒的有机金属卟啉化合物在反应中转化形成V_2O_5,V_2O_5在水热条件下形成H_3VO_4组分,在高温水热气氛下加速分子筛骨架结构水解,破坏了Y型分子筛的晶体结构,从而降低了催化剂活性,影响产品选择性.稀土Y型分子筛在FCC中扮演重要的角色,稀土交换分子筛可以提高催化酸性、裂化活性和热与水热稳定性.此外,Na在高温水蒸气条件下也会对分子筛结构造成破坏.一方面,钠能够中和Y型分子筛B酸中心,降低催化裂化活性;另一方面,水热条件下钠的存在会加速破坏Y型分子筛的结构.有关Y型分子筛结构破坏的机理解释较多,然而该过程的动力学研究鲜有报道.反应动力学不能提供一个直接的反应机理,但是任何反应机理的提出必须符合反应动力学的数据.本文采用离子交换法分别制备了一系列不同Na含量USY,不同稀土含量USY,以及含钠和稀土的USY分子筛,通过固相动力学模型考察了上述Y型分子筛水热结构破坏活化能的变化及钒对其活化能的影响.结果表明,Y型分子筛的结构破坏存在三种路径,分别是脱铝、脱硅和La-O键的断裂.钒加速了分子筛骨架水解速率;钒钠具有协同作用,同时存在时对分子筛破坏作用更加显著;NaOH的形成是速率控制步骤;稀土稳定了分子筛的结构,降低了分子筛的水热脱铝速率;钒与定位于分子筛小笼里稀土作用,破坏分子筛的[RE-OH-RE]~(5+)的RE-O键夺取分子筛的骨架氧,导致骨架结构崩塌.由于稀土本身稳定了分子筛的结构,同时钒稀土作用时形成稳定的REVO_4固定了钒的流动性,因此钒对REY结构的影响是几种因素相互叠加和抵消的结果.     

Study of the magnetic state of transition element atoms in compounds and alloys usingKα 1 spectra

A review is given for investigations of the magnetic state of transition element atoms in compounds and alloys using K₁ spectra. The shift and width of the K₁ line are used for determining changes in the spin and charge density on the emitting atom depending on the type and concentration of the components. This method permits us to determine the local magnetic moment at an atom with precision of 0.1–0.2 _B . The electron state density in the conductance band affects the spin density formed on the resonance 3d level of an atom in the field of a 2p vacancy. Localization of 3d states was observed upon the transition of an atom to an impurity state. The contribution to the spin state on the emitting atom in Pauli paramagnetics is proportional to the state density on the Fermi level. The width of the K₁ line of transition element atoms was found to depend on the magnetic moment on the atoms of the immediate environment and on the magnitude and sign of the exchange interaction between them, which permits us to study magnetic phase transitions.Institute of the Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Crystal Chemistry of Rare Elements. Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 122–137, November–December, 1989.     

Analysis of molybdenum oxide by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and mass spectrometry

Procedures for the analysis of molybdenum oxide by of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are proposed on the basis of preliminary extraction separation of molybdenum from impurity elements. To separate 39 impurity elements (Li, Be, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Cd, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Pb, Bi, Th, and U), the extraction of molybdenum from hydrochloric acid solutions using 5-n-pentylthio-8-hydroxyquinoline was used. The capacities of both methods ICP-AES and ICP-MS in the analysis of molybdenum oxide analysis were examined without the removal of the matrix and after the extraction separation of molybdenum.     

Comparative instrumental multi-element analysis I: Comparison of ICP source mass spectrometry with ICP atomic emission spectrometry, ICP atomic fluorescence spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry for the analysis of natural waters from a granite region

Summary Multi-element analysis by ICP source mass spectrometry for practically matrix-free natural waters, coming from a granitic area and, therefore, rich in trace elements, has been compared with ICP-atomic emission, ICP atomic fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry. The following elements have been investigated and their concentrations are in the decreasing order: Ca, Si, Na, Mg, K, Al; Sr, Mn, Ba, Fe, Rb, Zn, B, U, Y, Li, La, Be, Cs, Co, Cr, V, Sb, Bi, Th, Cu, Cd, Ni, Se, Pb, As, Hg, Mo, Tl, Sn. The concentration ranges were between 10 ppm and <0.01 ppb.As a measure of agreement between the different methods under investigation, two criteria have been used (a) the relative variation coefficient VK (%) of the mean element concentration of an element, determined by different methods in all the 98 water samples and (b) the linear, logarithmic and Spearman rank correlation coefficients between ICP-MS and each of the other methods. Detection limits are given from literature for about 32 elements using different methods.The elements Ca, Na, Mg, K, Mn, Sr, Zn, Fe, Li, Cu have been determined with ICP-MS, ICP-AES and AAS; Al, Ba with ICP-MS and ICP-AES; Si only with ICP-AES, whereas B, Be, Bi, Co, Cr, Cs, Hg, La, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Th, Tl, U, V, Y only with ICP-MS. In all 34 of the investigated 36 elements could be analysed by ICP-MS, 14 (from about 20 possible) by AAS, 13 by ICP-AES and 12 by ICP-AFS.The agreement between ICP-MS and ICP-AES as well as between ICP-MS and AAS in most cases is remarkably good according to (a). VK (%) for each element in 98 water samples is in the range from ±2.6 to 10% for Na, Mg, Ca, K, Fe, Sr, Ba, Cu, Li (increasing order). Cd and Zn have unexpectedly higher values (±17.3 and ±20.5%); Cd concentrations are, however, near the detection limit.Comparing the different methods on the basis of correlation coefficients according to (b), gives for the Spearman rank correlation coefficient over the whole range of concentrations, respectively for ICP-MS/ICP-AES, AAS, ICP-AFS in case of Ca: 0.998; 0.984; 0.899; Na: 0.993; 0.991; 0.978; Mg: 0.997; 0.993; 0.959; K: 0.986; 0.942; 0.677; Al: 0.987; -; -; Fe: 0.864; 0.974; 0.701; Mn: 0.989; 0.990; 0.198; Sr: 0.988; 0.992; -; Zn: 0.894; 0.819; 0.300; Cu: -; 0.977; 0.202; Li: -; 0.907; 0.586.It is evident from these trace element concentrations as well as the electrical conductivities, that only about three fourths of the investigated samples are typical granitic waters and the remaining ones are associated with different geological background. The samples have been mainly radon waters with more than 18 nCi/l of Rn-222.

---

Vergleichende Instrumentelle Multielementanalyse I: Vergleich von ICP-Massenspektrometrie mit ICP-Atomemissionsspektrometrie, ICP-Atomfluorescenzspektrometrie und Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie zur Analyse natürlicher Wässer aus einem Granitgebiet

---

6th Contribution to the principles of trace analysis of elements and radionuclides

---

Dedicated to Professor Dr. H. Kelker, Frankfurt, on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

稀土金属掺杂对锐钛矿型TiO2光催化活性影响的理论和实验研究

从理论和实验两方面探讨稀土金属掺杂对锐钛矿型TiO2光催化活性的影响.理论上采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理,对稀土掺杂TiO2前后的几何结构、能带结构、态密度及电子结构进行了系统的研究.结果表明,Y,La,Gd,Lu,Ce,Eu,Yb和Tb掺杂有助于TiO2光催化活性的提高;而对于Pr,Nd,Pm,Sm,Dy,Ho,Er和Tm掺杂,由于在价带顶和导带底之间形成了较多的可能成为光生电子和空穴的复合中心的杂质能级,故此类稀土的掺杂浓度需要控制在较小的范围内.另一方面,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了9种稀土金属(RE=Y,Ce,Pr,Sm,Gd,Dy,Ho,Er,Yb)掺杂的TiO2粉体,运用X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外-可见光谱法(UV-Vis)分别表征其晶体结构和光学吸收性质.结果表明,掺杂前后的TiO2均为锐钛矿相,且Ho,Pr,Ce,Sm,Y,Yb和Gd掺杂使TiO2在可见光区的吸收有不同程度的提高.理论预测与实验结果基本一致,且理论研究结果与周期表中稀土元素外层电子轨道排布规律一致,从而揭示了稀土元素掺杂的本质规律,指明了适量的稀土掺杂有利于TiO2光催化活性的提高.     

Mapping of rare earth elements in nuclear waste glass–ceramic using micro laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

A micro-LIBS system was set up based on a quadruple Nd:YAG laser at 266 nm coupled with a microscope. Elemental mapping was performed on a Mo-rich glass–ceramic sample containing CaMoO₄ crystallites hundreds of microns in length and about 25 μm in section diameter. The topography of single-shot laser-induced craters was characterized using an atomic force microscope (AFM), which revealed a crater size less than 7 μm. Mappings of Mo, Ca, Sr, Al, Fe, Zr and rare earth elements such as Eu, Nd, Pr and La were undertaken. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was conducted to validate the micro-LIBS analysis. Principal components analysis calculation was used to investigate the correlation of elements in the two phases of glass–ceramic. Correlation between Ca, Sr, rare earth elements and Mo indicates their preferential incorporation into the calcium molybdate crystalline phase. Anti-correlation between Fe, Zr, Al and Mo revealed their affinity to the glass phase.     

On the Structural Chemistry of γ‐Brasses: Two Different Interpenetrating Networks in Ternary F‐Cell Pd–Zn–Al Phases

Novel ternary phases, (Pd_1?xZn_x)₁₈(Zn_1?yAl_y)_86?δ (0≤x≤0.162, 0.056≤y≤0.088, 0≤δ≤4), which adopt a superstructure of the γ‐brass type (called γ′‐brass), have been synthesized from the elements at 1120 K. Single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis reveals a phase width (F$\bar 4$ 3m, a=18.0700(3)–18.1600(2) Å, Pearson symbols cF400–cF416), which is associated with structural disorder based on both vacancies as well as mixed site occupancies. These structures are constructed of four independent 26‐atom γ‐clusters per primitive unit cells and centered at the four special positions A (0, 0, 0), B (1/4, 1/4, 1/4), C (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) and D (3/4, 3/4, 3/4). Two of these, centered at B and C , are completely ordered Pd₄Zn₂₂ clusters, whereas the other two, centered at A and D , contain all structural disorder in the system. According to our single‐crystal X‐ray results, Al substitutions are restricted to the A ‐ and D ‐centered clusters. Moreover, the outer tetrahedron (OT) site of the 26‐atom cluster at D is completely vacant at the Al‐rich boundary of these phases. Electronic structure calculations, using the tight‐binding linear muffin‐tin orbital atomic‐spheres approximation (TB‐LMTO‐ASA) method, on models of these new, ternary γ′‐brass phases indicate that the observed chemical compositions and atomic distributions lead to the presence of a pseudogap at the Fermi level in the electronic density of states curves, which is consistent with the Hume‐Rothery interpretation of γ‐brasses, in general.     

Systematics and anomalies in rare earth/aluminum bromide vapor complexes: thermodynamic properties of the vapor complexes LnAl3Br12 from Ln = Sc to Ln = Lu

Systematics and anomalies in the rare earth/aluminum bromide vapor complexes have been investigated by the phase equilibrium-quenching experiments. The measurements suggest that the LnAl3Br12 complexes are the predominant vapor complexes for the 16 rare earth elements Ln = Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu in the temperature range 601-833 K and pressure range 0.01-0.22 MPa, which is different from the rare earth/aluminum chloride systems, where the predominant vapor complexes are LnAl3Cl12 from Ln = La to Ln = Lu, but LnAl2Cl9 for Ln = Sc and Y are roughly in the same ranges, which indicates the importance of the halogen anion radius on the rare earth vapor complex formation. In the temperature and pressure ranges, gaseous Al2Br6 and AlBr3 are dominant species and the molar fraction of LnAl3Br12 is normally less than 0.01. Thermodynamic functions of the reactions LnBr3(s) + (3/2)Al2Br6(g) = LnAl3Br12(g) were calculated from the measurements for the 16 rare earth elements and then smoothly interpolated for the radioelement Ln = Pm. The standard molar enthalpies and standard molar entropies show significant Gd divergences from LaAl3Br12 to LuAl3Br12 when plotted as functions of the rare earth atomic number. They also suggest nearly linear manner for ScAl3Br12, LuAl3Br12, YAl3Br12, and LaAl3Br12 when plotted as functions of the rare earth ionic radius.