在水-环己烷微乳体系中制备高比表面积氧化锆

 在水／TritonX－100／环己烷／正己醇微乳体系中合成了氧化锆粉末，经过450℃氧气中焙烧和400℃抽真空处理后，获得了比表面积高达464m2／g的氧化锆粉末．X射线衍射测试表明，该化合物最初为无定形氧化锆，经450℃焙烧3h后开始出现四方晶相和少量的单斜晶相氧化锆，随着焙烧温度升高至900℃，单斜晶相增加，但四方晶相仍是主要的．在600℃以下，添加氧化锰会阻止单斜晶相氧化锆的出现，使所制备的15％MnO2－ZrO2具有较高的可逆吸附氮氧化物的能力．     

超细ZrO3催化剂的织构和晶相结构对合成甲醇,异丁醇的影响

采用超临界干燥法制备ＺｒＯ２超细催化剂，用于一氧化碳加氢合成甲醇，异丁醇。考察了催化剂的焙烧温度，焙烧时间以及碱金属助剂对合成醇性能的影响，并结合Ｎ２吸附，ＴＥＭ，ＸＲＤ表征，研究催化剂的织构，体相结构与催化活性的关系。发现随着催化剂焙烧温度升高，焙烧时间的延长，ＺｒＯ２由四方晶型向单斜晶型转变；浸渍Ｋ２ＣＯ３在焙烧过程中能够稳定ｔ－ＺｒＯ２，浸渍Ｎａ２ＣＯ３则促进四方晶型向单斜晶型的转变。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备的纳米PrOy-ZrO2固溶体的表层和体相结构

用改进的柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米PrOy-ZrO2固溶体. 采用XRD, Raman和TEM等技术对纳米PrOy-ZrO2进行了表征. 结果表明, 改进的柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备的PrOy-ZrO2固溶体于650 ℃焙烧后晶粒大小在5~10 nm之间; 于950 ℃焙烧(Pr>16%)后晶粒大小在20 nm左右. Pr能有效地使ZrO2稳定在四方或立方晶相. 随Pr含量的增加, PrOy-ZrO2固溶体的物相结构从单斜相逐步向四方和立方相转变. XRD和Raman得到的物相结构的差别表明, PrOy-ZrO2固溶体表层和体相结构存在不一致性, 随Pr含量增加, 体相逐步按照m→t→c的物相转变, 表层按照m→t→t"的物相转变. 表层更易生成低对称性和无序结构.     

超细ZrO_2催化剂的织构和晶相结构对合成甲醇、异丁醇的影响

采用超临界干燥法制备ＺｒＯ２超细催化剂，用于一氧化碳加氢合成甲醇、异丁醇。考察了催化剂的焙烧温度、焙烧时间以及碱金属助剂对合成醇性能的影响，并结合Ｎ２吸附、ＴＥＭ、ＸＲＤ表征，研究催化剂的织构、体相结构与催化活性的关系。发现随着催化剂焙烧温度升高、焙烧时间的延长，ＺｒＯ２由四方晶型（ｔＺｒＯ２）向单斜晶型（ｍＺｒＯ２）转变；浸渍Ｋ２ＣＯ３在焙烧过程中能够稳定ｔＺｒＯ２，浸渍Ｎａ２ＣＯ３则促进四方晶型向单斜晶型的转变。微细颗粒四方晶型的ＺｒＯ２有利于异丁醇的生成。     

铜锆复合氧化物的结构对其催化选 择还原－氧化氮性 能的影响

用浸渍法和共沉淀法分别制得CuO---ZrO~2复合氧化具物有不同的选择还原NO~x的催化性能,采用XRD,BET,EXAFS和H~2---TPR等手段对样品进行了表征,发现浸渍法制备的样品具有的比表面较大,氧化锆被稳定在四方相。EXAFS实验表明,浸渍法制得样品的铜离子填入氧化锆表面空穴中,并以Cu^2+形式存在;500℃焙条件下用共沉淀法引入的铜离子可部分取代锆离子,在氧化锆体相高度分散形成均匀的无定形固溶体,铜离子在氧化锆体相的高度分散是形成表面弧立铜物种的关键。溶入氧化锆体相的铜离子在取代部位由于局部负电荷而使氧化性降低,是共沉淀法制备样品具有较高催化活性的主要原因。     

铜锆复合氧化物的结构对其催化选 择还原－氧化氮性 能的影响

用浸渍法和共沉淀法分别制得CuO---ZrO~2复合氧化具物有不同的选择还原NO~x的催化性能,采用XRD,BET,EXAFS和H~2---TPR等手段对样品进行了表征,发现浸渍法制备的样品具有的比表面较大,氧化锆被稳定在四方相。EXAFS实验表明,浸渍法制得样品的铜离子填入氧化锆表面空穴中,并以Cu^2+形式存在;500℃焙条件下用共沉淀法引入的铜离子可部分取代锆离子,在氧化锆体相高度分散形成均匀的无定形固溶体,铜离子在氧化锆体相的高度分散是形成表面弧立铜物种的关键。溶入氧化锆体相的铜离子在取代部位由于局部负电荷而使氧化性降低,是共沉淀法制备样品具有较高催化活性的主要原因。     

溶剂热法合成纯单斜和四方晶相氧化锆中的溶剂效应

在以水或甲醇为溶剂, 通过溶剂热反应合成纯单斜相或四方相氧化锆的前期工作基础上, 利用X射线衍射手段研究了硝酸氧锆(ZrO(NO3)2·2H2O)和尿素的溶剂热反应产物——水合ZrO2的物相结构在不同反应温度、反应时间及后处理温度等条件下的变化过程, 提出了不同晶相氧化锆的形成、转变以及稳定的可能机理. 不论在水还是甲醇溶液中, 最初水解得到的水合ZrO2沉淀即晶相氧化锆前体都具有四方对称性结构. 在水热反应条件下, 氧化锆沉淀物发生Ostwald熟化(溶解-沉淀)过程, 四方对称性结构转变为热力学稳定的单斜对称性结构. 而在甲醇热反应条件下, 氧化锆沉淀物不溶于甲醇, 从而Ostwald熟化过程被抑制, 使得四方对称性结构得以保持; 同时, 尿素与水合锆沉淀物反应脱除所含的结晶水, 形成更刚性的四方对称性结构, 这样使得高温热处理(400 ℃)只能促进其晶化过程, 但不改变其对称性. 因而, 不同溶剂对氧化锆沉淀物溶解性的差异以及造成的氧化锆沉淀物与尿素反应性能的差异可能是溶剂热反应合成单一晶相氧化锆的关键因素.     

微量钛掺杂的纳米二氧化锆相变过程中的光学性质

微量钛掺杂的纳米氧化锆由于纳米“小尺寸效应”的影响,在材料中产生了过量的氧空位缺陷,这些氧空位缺陷使得氧化锆在室温下呈现出高温的四方相。这种晶相的变化对氧化锆的光学性质产生了很大的影响。在氧化锆从四方相向单斜相的转变过程中,位于470 nm位置的Ti发光中心的宽带发光以及相同位置的余辉发光得到了增强。     

硫化氧化锆复合材料的合成、结构及其催化性能

采用浸渍法,将硫物种直接负载于氧化锆晶体载体表面,经一步焙烧制备了硫化氧化锆催化剂复合材料。采用X-射线衍射（XRD）和傅里叶红外（FT-IR）分别对催化剂的晶相结构和表面基团进行了表征。结果表明：催化剂均呈现出有利于酯交换反应的纯四方相结构,催化剂表面形成了硫物种活性中心。考察了焙烧时间、反应温度、反应时间等生物柴油...     

共沉淀CuO-ZrO2复合氧化物分散态结构研究

用XRD、EXAFS、XPS表征了共沉淀法制备的CuO-ZrO2复合氧化物的分散态结构. 500 ℃焙烧的样品在一定组成范围内形成大体均匀的无定形态固溶体. CuO含量超过其在ZrO2中溶解度时，多余的CuO以CuO晶体形式存在；当ZrO2含量超过其在CuO中溶解度时，多余的ZrO2以四方相ZrO2晶体形式存在.焙烧温度达到800 ℃时，样品由单斜相ZrO2和CuO晶体组成.     

Structural and Morphological Control in the Preparation of High Surface Area Zirconia

The methods for the formation of zirconia including precipitation from aqueous salts, sol–gel synthesis from zirconium alkoxides, and the templated synthesis using surfactants are described in this review. The surface areas obtained vary widely but invariably decrease upon prolonged calcination. Digestion of hydrous zirconia and incorporation of dopants such as lanthanum, yttrium, or sulfate ions can increase the surface area and thermal stability. However, these methods also affect the crystal phase of zirconia. The transformation from the metastable tetragonal to the monoclinic phase occurs during the cooling phase of calcination. Mechanisms for the stabilization of the tetragonal phase are discussed. Zirconia with well-ordered mesopores or in the form of hollow spheres can be prepared but lack thermal stability, unless doped with phosphates, silicates or sulfates.     

Pd-based sulfated zirconia prepared by a single step sol–gel procedure for lean NOx reduction

Pd-based sulfated zirconia catalysts have been prepared through a single step (one-pot) sol–gel preparation technique, in which both sulfate and Pd precursors were dissolved in an organic solution before the gelation step. Observation of the calcination procedure through TGA/DSC and mass spectrometry revealed that the addition of increasing amounts of Pd resulted in the evolution of organic precursor species at lower temperatures. In situ XRD experiments showed that tetragonal zirconia is formed at lower temperatures and larger zirconia crystallites are formed when Pd is added to the gel. Although tetragonal zirconia was the only phase observed through XRD, Raman spectra of samples calcined at 700 °C showed the presence of both the tetragonal and the monoclinic phase, indicating a surface phase transition. DRIFTS experiments showed NO species adsorbed on Pd²⁺ cations. Pd/SZ catalysts prepared through this single step method were active for the reduction of NO₂ with CH₄ under lean conditions. Calcination temperature had a significant effect on this activity, with samples calcined at 700 °C being much more active than those calcined at 600 °C, despite the observed transition to the monoclinic phase. This activity may be linked to observed changes in the surface sulfate species at higher calcination temperatures.     

Microstructure and optical properties of Ag-doped ZrO2 thin films prepared by sol gel method

Ag doped ZrO₂ thin films were deposited on quartz substrates by sol–gel dip coating technique. The effect of Ag doping on tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation of ZrO₂ at a lower temperature (500 °C) was investigated by X-ray diffraction. It is found that the Ag doping promotes the phase transformation. The phase transformation can be attributed to the increase in the tetragonal grain size and concentration of oxygen vacancies in the presence of the Ag dopant. Accumulation of the Ag atoms at the film surface and surface morphology changes in the films were observed by AFM as a function of varying Ag concentration. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy gave Ag 3d and O 1s spectra on Ag doped thin film. The chemical states of Ag have been identified as the monovalent state of Ag⁺ ions in ZrO₂. The Ag doped ZrO₂ thin films demonstrated the tailoring of band gap values. It is also found that the intensity of room temperature photoluminescence spectra is suppressed with Ag doping.     

Activation diffusion of oxygen under conditions of the metal-semiconductor phase transition in vanadium dioxide

Density functional theory is used to calculate the energies of formation of oxygen vacancies and migration of oxygen in the monoclinic and rutile phases of vanadium dioxide. The results are compared to estimates of the parameters of activation diffusion of oxygen using data from the electron-beam modification of thin film structures of vanadium dioxide and their subsequent reduction in the temperature range of 20–100°C. It is shown that diffusion in both phases of vanadium dioxide has a preferential direction of oxygen migration along axis а in the monoclinic phase and axis с in the rutile phase. The difference between the rate of oxygen vacancy generation upon electron-beam exposure above and below the temperature of metal–semiconductor phase transition is explained by the jump (~150%) in the activation energy of oxygen diffusion upon the structural transition of rutile–monoclinic phase. The mobility of oxygen (oxygen vacancies) correspondingly changes by more than an order of magnitude.     

氧缺位型TiO2的制备、表征及其光催化析氧活性

采用69 ℃饱和水蒸气和H2混合气, 于927 ℃下处理金红石型TiO2, 得到不同氧缺位的光催化剂, 并用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面(BET)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)、紫外-可见漫反射(DRS)、光电子能谱(XPS)对其进行了表征. 考察了热处理时间对氧缺位型TiO2光催化分解水析氧活性的影响. 结果表明, 适量的氧缺位能显著提高金红石型TiO2光催化分解水的析氧活性, 其最大析氧速率达222 μmol·L-1·h-1.     

Zirconia Aerogels: Effect of the Use of Mono- and Dicarboxylic Acids in the Sol-Gel Process on Structural Properties

Zirconia aerogels were prepared from tetra-n-butoxy zirconium(IV) using acid catalysis with different types of mono- and dicarboxylic acids and ensuing supercritical drying of the gels either at high temperature (578 K, HT-aerogels) or by semicontinuous extraction with supercritical CO₂ at low temperature (318 K, LT-aerogels). The resulting HT- and LT-aerogels were calcined in air at 573 and 773 K, respectively, and characterized by nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and thermal desorption of ammonia. All HT-aerogels were mesoporous and possessed a high specific surface area between ca. 90 and 170 m²·g^-1 after calcination at 773 K. With oxalic acid the pore size distributions were either bimodal (R = 1) or unimodal R = 2), depending on the acid-to-alkoxide ratio, R. In contrast, the use of acetic and adipic acid, respectively, afforded bimodal pore size distributions. Generally, the crystalline part of the raw HT-aerogels prepared with acetic and adipic acid was made up of tetragonal ZrO₂ with traces of monoclinic zirconia, whereas with oxalic acid at higher acid-to-alkoxide ratio (R = 2) the monoclinic phase became dominant. Calcination in air at 773 K had no influence on the phase distribution and crystallite size. With LT-aerogels, the sample prepared with the largest acetic acid-to-alkoxide ratio (R = 2) afforded the highest BET surface area (ca. 90 m²·g^-1). All LT-aerogels were X-ray amorphous after extraction and calcination in air at 573 K. Crystallization resulted in the formation of tetragonal zirconia. The crystallization temperature increased with higher acetic acid-to-alkoxide ratio, whereas the crystallite size decreased.     

Thermal stability of surface nitrogen–oxygen complexes and phase transitions in ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

The IR spectra of surface compounds observed in the course of the temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NO_x and the TPD spectra are compared. The high-temperature peaks of desorption are related to the decomposition of surface nitrites and nitrates. The low-temperature peaks of NO_x desorption with maximums below 140°C are caused by the decomposition of surface nitrosyls. On the heating of surface nitrosyls, the following two reaction paths are possible: desorption at low temperatures and conversion into nitrates. The shape of the TPD spectra of NO depends on the phase composition of test samples. The transition of a tetragonal phase into a monoclinic one occurred upon the surface dehydroxylation of polycrystalline particles with the formation of particles with a tetragonal nucleus and a monoclinic crust. This transition is reversible. The cooling of a sample in a moist atmosphere leads to the transition of the monoclinic crust to the tetragonal phase.     

Preparation and characterization of mesoporous tetragonal sulfated zirconia

Mesoporous tetragonal sulfated zirconia with high surface area and narrow pore-size distribution was prepared using Zr(O-nPr)_4 as zirconium precursor,sulfuric acid as sulfur source and triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)-poly (ethylene glycol)(P123) as the template.The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction,N_2 sorption,TEM,and NH_3-TPD. A phase transformation from monoclinic sulfated zirconia to tetragonal sulfated zirconia is observed.The product shows strong acidi...     

TiO2-yNx纳米光催化剂的制备及其可见光响应机理

利用溶胶-凝胶技术,以尿素为氮源,采用原位掺杂方式制备了TiO2-yNx纳米粉体;以亚甲基蓝(MB)溶液在可见光下的光催化降解评价其可见光催化活性;考察了体系初始pH值、N的掺杂量和焙烧温度对样品可见光催化活性的影响。 结合XRD、XPS、ESR和DRS测试技术,研究了N掺杂纳米TiO2的可见光响应机理。 研究结果表明,TiO2-yNx纳米粉体的优化制备工艺条件为：体系初始pH=0.52,掺杂比n(N)∶n(Ti)=1∶6,焙烧温度为440 ℃。 此条件下制备的样品N含量为0.77%,为单一的锐钛矿相,平均粒径为19.0 nm,具有良好的可见光催化活性。 N掺杂导致TiO2纳米粉体的表面羟基含量增加,形成了大量束缚单电子的氧空位;N取代晶格O形成了N-Ti-O和O-N-Ti键合结构。 N掺杂导致TiO2纳米粒子的吸收带边红移,对可见光的吸收能力明显增强,这表明N掺杂改变TiO2电子结构,使带隙窄化,降低光响应阈值。 N掺杂TiO2纳米粒子的可见光响应归因于N取代掺杂形成的掺杂能级与氧空位形成的缺陷能级共同作用所致。     

Nanocrystalline undoped tetragonal and cubic zirconia synthesized using poly-acrylamide as gel and matrix

Nanocrystalline zirconia powders with tetragonal and cubic structure have been prepared from ZrO₂-polyacrylamide gel and precipitated zirconia in polyacrylamide matrix respectively. X-ray diffraction results of the samples annealed at high temperatures show that the tetragonal and cubic form, obtained from the gel, are fairly stable in air up to 1,173 K and partially stable in inert atmosphere, up to 1,273 K. The stability at such high temperatures is due to the presence of oxygen vacancies in zirconia sample, incorporated in the process of decomposition of polymer.