摩擦化学的主要研究领域及其发展趋势

本文从摩擦过程中表面产生的化学效应、干摩擦及油润滑状态下的摩擦化学三个方面评述了摩擦化学的研究内容和进展; 介绍了摩擦化学在材料制备中的应用及摩擦化学的研究方法; 对摩擦化学研究中存在的问题及其发展趋势进行了讨论。     

机械化学及其应用

简要介绍了机械化学及其重要分支摩擦化学的基本特征和物理过程，在无机及有机合成化学领域中的典型应用，并强调了摩擦化学在润滑，节能和国民经济建设上的重要作用。     

摩擦化学过程及其模型

本文介绍了与工程技术特别是高技术关系密切的摩擦化学过程.对比了力学激励和热激励所导致的化学反应的差别.介绍了摩擦化学这一学科的形成和定义,研究对象及常用方法.对目前比较流行的“热点”模型和“变形”模型的根据和物理实质及各自的缺点做了阐述和分析.     

化学知识与环境化学知识的关系

化学知识是环境化学知识的基础。化学概念和理论能够对大气环境中的化学反应、土壤环境中的化学反应、水体环境中的化学反应以及水体中存在的平衡等内容进行分析和解释。环境化学知识是运用化学知识研究物质的环境化学行为以及治理化学污染物质而形成的知识体系。对环境化学问题的深入研究能够促进化学的发展。     

以化学学科思想方法为统领的课堂教学模式探讨

化学学科思想方法是化学知识的高级形式,可以统领化学教学.在实践研究的基础上,形成了以学科思想方法整合教学内容,以核心知识为主干组织教学活动的"整体-部分-整体"教学模式.     

化学假说在中学化学教学中的运用

中学化学教学的主要目标之一是让学生掌握基础化学知识的同时掌握化学知识形成的方法——化学科学研究方法.只有掌握化学科学的一般方法,学生才能自如地、不受限制地进行思维,从而将知识学深学透,形成化学学习的能力,发展学生的创造能力.     

俄歇化学位移及其在表面化学上的应用

从俄歇电子激发过程讨论了化学位移和元素化合价以及电负性的关系, 提供了常用元素在不同化合物中的俄歇电子动能及化学位移数据, 运用俄歇化学位移研究了氧在锌表面的吸附和初始氧化反应, Ti/SiO_2的界面固相反应机理以及摩擦过程中润滑膜的组成和结构.     

论化学史教育的职业教育功能

在化学教学中适当地穿插化学史事例进行的教学,一般称之为化学史教育。学习和研究化学史的重要意义已为化学家和化学史家所重视,并且也为教育领导部门所重视。在1988年,我国著名化学家和化学教育家戴安邦教授就说过：“全面的化学教育既要传授化学知识与技术,更应训练科学方法和思维,还应培养科学精神和科学品德。”著名化学家傅鹰也说过：“化学给人以知识,化学史给人以智慧”。因此,化学史教育也是全面的化学教育的一个组成部分。通过化学史教育,不仅可以培养学生的职业道德,还可以培养学生的科学实践意识,发展学生的创造力。     

以史明鉴: 化学认识论对教学的启示

化学认识论体现了学科发展的历史轨迹, 经由经验的感知到粗犷的实验尝试, 而后转向精致的科学研究, 如今已发展到知识集成、学科交叉、方法整合的新高度。知识的形成犹如个体的发展, 化学知识的呈现过程应与化学学科的发展历程相契合。读史明鉴, 认识论启发化学教学应以学生熟识的经验作为学习的出发点, 注重知识的生成过程, 然后臻于知识创新的境界, 从而提升学生的科学素养。     

化学,别把文科学生拒之门外——开设《现代人与化学》课程之探索

对文科学生进行体现化学知识应用的化学素养教育,普及化学知识,使之适应２１世纪对人才素质的要求已迫在眉睫。本文借鉴美国化学课程改革的经验,结合我国为非理科专业大学生开设化学选修课的初步尝试,推出在内容和体系上具有很大改革力度和鲜明特点的化学素养课程－《现代人与化学》。     

Spectroscopic studies of some novel CuI and CuII complexes derived from the tribochemistry reactions of Kbr, KI and CaI2 with CuII-Girard's T complex [Cu(GT)Cl2(H2O)2(EtOH)]Cl.H2O

Novel CuI and CuII complexes derived from the tribochemistry reactions of [Cu(GT)Cl2(H2O)2(EtOH)Cl.H2O with KBr, KI and CaI2 have been isolated and characterized. The reactions of KI and CaI2 with [Cu(GT)Cl2(H2O)2(EtOH)]Cl.H2O in the solid state are accompanied by colour change, reduction of CuII to CuI and substitution of the chloride by iodide ions. Also, the tribochemistry reaction of KBr with the CuII-GT complex is accompanied by change in colour, substitution of chloride by bromide ions but no reduction has been occurred. All the isolated solid complexes have been characterised by spectral (UV-vis, IR, 1H-NMR), magnetic and thermal measurements. The effect of the variation of the ratio between alkali and/or alkaline earth metal halides (KI, KBr, and CaI2) and the CuII-GT complex has also been investigated.     

Spectroscopic studies of complex compounds derived from the tribochemistry reactions of KBr and HgX2(Cl, Br, I, CN) with crown ethers (DC18C6 and DB18C6)

Several new K and Hg(II) complexes derived from crown ethers (DC18C6, DB18C6) have been prepared by tribochemistry reactions. The isolated solid complexes have been characterized by I.R. spectral measurements. The isolated solid complexes are compared with the corresponding metal complexes prepared in solution. Also, the IR and NMR spectra of the solid complexes have been used to determine the strength of bond between Hg(II) ion and the crown ether.     

Tribological behavior of the low-concentration boric acid and ZDDP lubricating oil mixtures

Zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP)-free environmental friendly lubricating oil research studies have gained importance due to the governmental regulations over the last decade. In this study, low concentration boric acid-base oil and ZDDP-base oil mixtures were investigated with a ball on flat reciprocating tribometer to evaluate their tribological performances. The tribological performances of 1, 3, and 5% additive and base oil mixtures were evaluated at boundary lubrication condition in three main contexts including wear rates, surface tribochemistry, and friction. Results showed that there was no significant difference between boric acid and ZDDP friction coefficients. However, boric acid showed poor wear resistance when compared with ZDDP and it cannot be an alternative additive alone to ZDDPs.     

和医学相关有机化合物绿色鉴别实验的设计*

为了将医用化学实验中“有机化合物的鉴别”实验更加密切地与医学相关专业结合,并提高实验操作的安全性,降低化学试剂的毒性与刺激性,甄选出一系列与医学密切相关的有机化合物作为待鉴别试剂,同时设计绿色环保、安全低毒、现象明显、操作简便、成本低廉的鉴别方法,为学生实验方案的设计提供指导。以期提高医学生学习的积极性与主动性,促进学生灵活运用知识分析问题、解决问题,为相关教学工作的改进提供借鉴意义。     

防生物危害学:保障生物安全的新学科

生物安全作为我国12个安全领域之一,已经得到社会各界的重视,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》也于2020年10月颁布,为科学应对生物危害提供了法律基础。生物威胁来源及其危害对象(人、动物、植物和环境)都是多元的。目前,应对生物威胁仍是以"防生物危害医学"学科为基础,但在应对这种多元化生物安全问题上,显示出了该学科的局限性。该文在讨论生物安全概念演化和生物威胁类别的基础上,提出了防生物危害学新学科的发展及其涵盖范畴,以从学科发展角度为保障我国生物安全奠定基础。     

Polylactic acid/polypropylene polyblend fibers for better resistance to degradation

Polyblend fibers were produced from five ratios of polylactic acid/polypropylene (PLA/PP) in an effort to improve the resistance to hydrolysis and biodegradation, and to improve the dyeability of PLA. The inherent limitations of PLA such as its relatively poor resistance to hydrolysis have restricted the use of PLA. When made into polyblend fibers, the two polymers, PLA and PP, show partial compatibility and the mechanical properties of the blends are inferior compared to the pure PLA or PP fibers. However, PLA in the blends had substantially better resistance to biodegradation and hydrolysis, and dyeability with disperse dyes, resulting in a polyblend fiber with much better resistance to hydrolysis and similar dyeability to PLA. Blending PP with PLA could be a simple and effective method to create a new fiber with better resistance to hydrolysis and lower price than PLA, and better dyeability, sustainability and faster degradability than PP.     

Nanocellulose reinforced as green agent in polymer matrix composites applications

Owing to their abundance, high strength and stiffness, and low weight and biodegradability, nanocellulose (NC) is regarded as a promising candidate for the preparation of green composites. The high reinforcing effect assigned to the mechanical percolation phenomenon of NC is due to the stiff continuous networks of cellulosic nanoparticles linked via hydrogen bonding. Compared to nanocrystalline cellulose, NC fibers result in more significant improvement to the modulus, stiffness, and strength as aspect ratio NC fiber is higher compared to NC crystal. Indeed, in the case of biopolymer composites, the reinforcement effect of NC is attributed to the NC‐polymer interactions and the reinforcing effect occurring through effective stress transfer at the NC‐polymer interface. The NC‐reinforced composites tend to become more brittle as the concentration of the reinforcing particles increase up to the saturated level, due to the reduction in surface adhesion between filler and matrix. Due to its promising mechanical and structural stability, NC composites have been used widely in many industrial applications such as food packaging, electronic applications, and tissue engineering.     

Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea Isolates Complex to Plant Extracts

New agricultural strategies aim to reduce the use of pesticides due to their damage to the environment and humans, and the caused resistance to pathogens. Therefore, alternative sources of antifungal compounds from plants are under investigation lately. Extracts from plants have a wide composition of chemical compounds which may complicate the development of pathogen resistance. Botrytis cinerea, causing grey mould, is an important horticultural and ornamental pathogen, responsible for the relevant yield and quality losses. B. cinerea isolated from a different plant host may differ in the sensitivity to antifungal substances from plants. Assessing the importance of research covering a wide range of pathogens for the rapid development of biopesticides, this study aims to determine the sensitivity of the B. cinerea isolate complex (10 strains) to plant extracts, describe morphological changes caused by the extract treatment, and detect differences between the sensitivity of different plant host isolates. The results showed the highest sensitivity of the B. cinerea isolates complex to cinnamon extract, and the lowest to laurel extract. In contrast, laurel extract caused the most changes of morphological attributes in the isolates. Five B. cinerea isolates from plant hosts of raspberry, cabbage, apple, bell pepper, and rose were grouped statistically according to their sensitivity to laurel extract. Meanwhile, the bell pepper isolate separated from the isolate complex based on its sensitivity to clove extract, and the strawberry and apple isolates based on their sensitivity to cinnamon extract.     

Supramolecular Aggregates: Hardness Plus Softness

The properties of supramolecular aggregates cross several disciplines, embracing the sciences of nature and joining theory, experiment, and application. There are few articles centering on the problems of interdisciplinarity, and this paper gives an alternative approach, starting with scientific divulgation, bringing concepts from their origin, to facilitate the access of young scientists to the scientific content. Didactic examples are taken from the experience of the author in changing directions of research due to several circumstances of life (including maternity), starting from the view of a rigorous student of physics and evolving to several subjects in chemistry. The scientific part starts with concepts related to nuclear interactions, using the technique of neutron scattering in reactors, and evolves to research in molecular physics. Finally, it arrives at the academic context, with research in condensed matter physics, with X-ray and other techniques, starting with detergents forming nematic lyotropic liquid crystals and the phase transition sequence of isotropic to nematics to hexagonal. The scientific subjects evolved to biological and bio-inspired liquid crystals, including DNA and also specific lipids and phospholipids in biomimetic membranes. Special attention is given to the question of distribution of matter in these complex systems and the non-trivial connections between biochemistry, structures, auto-aggregation, and biology.