萤火虫氨基氧化荧光素相似物作为有机发光二极管材料的理论研究

由于萤火虫荧光素具有发光效率高,能发出从绿色到红色多种颜色光的特点使其在有机发光器件领域存在巨大的应用潜力.为了探索结构和性质的关系,我们用苯并吡喃、联苯、联吡啶、菲、邻二氮杂菲、芴和晕苯取代氧化荧光素中的苯并噻唑部分,设计了一系列氨基氧化荧光素相似物.本工作用密度泛函理论和含时密度泛函理论方法对这些化合物进行了一系列光电性质的研究.计算结果表明,含有氮原子的氨基联吡啶氧化荧光素(BPAOL)和氨基邻二氮杂菲氧化荧光素(PMAOL)与含有碳原子的氨基联苯氧化荧光素(BIAOL)和氨基菲氧化荧光素(PHAOL)比较具有较小的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)和最低非占据分子轨道(LUMO)轨道能量及更大的电离能(IP)和电子亲和势(EA)值.化合物氨基氧化荧光素(AOL),BIAOL,BPAOL,PHAOL,PMAOL,氨基芴氧化荧光素(FLAOL)和氨基晕苯氧化荧光素(COAOL)可以作为电子注入/传输材料.AOL、PHAOL、FLAOL和COAOL可以作为蓝色发光材料.     

表面敏化TiO2基复合薄膜的能带结构与光致电荷转移的研究

采用离子束溅射方法制备出TiO₂/ITO, Zr^4＋掺杂的TiO₂(TiO₂-Zr)/ITO和ZrO₂/TiO₂/ITO复合薄膜. 利用表面敏化方法制备出(1,10-邻菲咯啉)₂(3,4,5-三氟苯基)咪唑并[5,6-f]邻菲咯啉钌混配配合物[Rup₂O](p＝1,10-邻菲咯啉, O＝(3,4,5-三氟苯基)咪唑并[5,6-f]邻菲咯啉)/TiO₂/ITO, Rup₂O/TiO₂-Zr/ITO和Rup₂O/ZrO₂/TiO₂/ITO表面敏化TiO₂基复合薄膜. 表面光电压谱(SPS)表明, 表面敏化TiO₂基复合薄膜在400～600和350 nm产生的SPS响应峰的峰高比与TiO₂基复合薄膜的结构密切相关. 利用电场诱导表面光电压谱(EFISPS)确定了复合薄膜的能带结构, 其结果分析表明, 400～600 nm的SPS响应峰主要源于Rup₂O分子的中心离子Ru 4d能级到配体邻菲咯啉p₁^*和配体咪唑并邻菲咯啉p₂^*跃迁|TiO₂禁带内Zr^4＋掺杂能级的存在减小了光生载流子的复合, 增加导带光生电子的数量|ZrO₂/TiO₂异质结构的存在有利于光生电子向ITO表面的转移, 从而导致400～600 nm和350 nm SPS响应峰的峰高比的增加, 意味着光致电荷转移效率的提高.     

原位反应法制备菲基-螺-氧杂环聚合物及其光电性质

利用聚-(菲醌-alt-芴)(L-PPQF)中邻位羰基高效的反应活性, 将L-PPQF与乙二醇进行缩合反应, 制备了一类新型的含有菲基-螺-氧杂环的聚合物: 聚-(芴-alt-螺氧菲)(L-PPOF), 同时将L-PPQF的齐聚物二芴基-菲醌(L-DFPQ)与乙二醇反应生成二芴基-螺-氧-菲(L-DFPO). 对比L-DFPQ与L-DFPO的核磁、 质谱和元素分析, 确定了螺-氧杂环结构的生成. L-PPQF和L-PPOF的核磁和红外光谱等分析结果也证实了L-PPOF同样具有螺-氧杂环结构. L-PPOF的光物理和电化学分析结果表明, 相对于L-PPQF和商业化产品聚芴(PF), 新生成的L-PPOF具有较高的溶液和固态效率以及合适的电子注入能级. 初步的电致发光器件测试结果证明, L-PPOF在电致发光功能性材料开发领域具有一定的价值.     

含双二苯基膦甲烷双核铜(I)配合物的合成及性质

利用配体取代反应合成了四种含双二苯基膦甲烷(dppm)的双铜(Ⅰ)配合物[Cu2(dppm)2L2](NO3)2(配体L分别是2,2'-联吡啶(1)、邻菲咯啉(2)、2,9-二甲基-邻菲咯啉(3)、吡啶(4)],并经核磁、热分析、光电子能谱等方法表征了配合物的性质.配合物(1)的晶体结构显示,dppm作为桥式双齿配体、联吡啶作为双齿配体分别与铜原子形成四面体配位结构,硝酸根离子位于配合物外界.     

基于螺(芴-9,9'-氧杂葸)和芴的共聚物蓝光材料的合成与表征

通过控制缩合反应物中溴取代基的位置,得到了3种基于螺(芴-9,9'-氧杂蒽)的单体.利用Suzuki 偶联反应得到3种蓝光聚合物CSSFX,USSFX和DSSFX.聚合物USSFX和DSSFX具有较高的玻璃化转变温度和热分解温度.3种聚合物表现出较低并且相近的最高占有轨道能级(-5.80 eV至-5.93 eV)和最低未占有轨道能级(-2.80 eV至-3.01 eV).螺(芴-9,9'-氧杂蒽)单元的引入可降低聚合物DSSFX的最低未占有轨道能级到-3.01 eV,同时降低聚合物USSFX的最高占有轨道能级到-5.93 eV,聚合物USSFX较低的最高占有轨道能级使其具有较好的空穴注入性能.不同气氛下的高温退火实验表明,聚合物USSFX即使在空气中长时间高温退火以后,仍能保持稳定的蓝光发射.不同拓扑结构螺(芴-9,9'-氧杂蒽)单元的引入,可以有效调节蓝光聚合物的综合发光性能.     

1,10-邻菲咯啉-5,6-二酮制备反应中副产物的形成与控制

由1,10-邻菲咯啉合成1,10-邻菲咯啉-5,6-二酮反应的副产物的形成与控制研究表明,1,10-邻菲咯啉在5,6位二酮化反应中的副反应产物及主产物分离时产生的副产物均为4,5-二氮杂芴-9-酮,二酮化反应条件(包括作为氧化剂的强混合酸H2SO4/HNO3的加入量、时间和温度)和主产物分离时体系的酸度对副产物的形成有重要影响,优化了二酮化反应条件和产物分离时的体系pH控制范围。在此优化条件下,可有效控制副产物的形成,使主产物1,10-邻菲咯啉-5,6-二酮的收率达到92%以上。     

2-(3-吡唑基)咪唑并[4,5-f]邻菲咯啉的合成

以邻菲咯啉-5,6二-酮和3醛-基吡唑为原料,合成了一种新的配体——2-(3吡-唑基)咪唑并[4,5-f]邻菲咯啉(1),其结构经1H NMR,IR及MS表征。研究了1的电子吸收和荧光性质。     

基于L-苹果酸铜锌配位聚合物的合成和结构表征

以L-苹果酸为配体,并分别以2,2′-联吡啶和菲咯啉为辅助配体,合成了3个过渡金属配位聚合物{[Zn(mal)(2,2′-bipy)]_2·5H2O}_n(1)、{[Zn(mal)(Phen)(H_2O)]_2·3H_2O}_n(2)和{[Cu(mal)(Phen)]_2·4H_2O}_n(3)(H_2mal=L-苹果酸,2,2′-bipy=2,2′-联吡啶,Phen=菲咯啉),采用X射线衍射技术分别测定了3个配合物的单晶结构,并进行了元素分析、粉末XRD衍射、红外光谱等研究。结果表明配合物1和2均属于正交晶系,空间群均为P2_12_12_1,通过L-苹果酸根桥联金属中心形成一维链结构,2条平行链之间以面对面的方式重叠及通过吡啶环或菲咯啉环之间的π-π弱相互作用形成梯状双链结构;而配合物3属于单斜晶系,空间群为P21,并通过L-苹果酸根桥联Cu(Ⅱ)金属中心及菲咯啉π-π弱相互作用形成双链二维层状结构。     

新型1,10-菲咯啉衍生物的设计与合成

以功能化氮配体为导向,设计合成了一类新型1,10-菲咯啉衍生物1a~1d.以1-溴代芳基-3-氯-丙酮(2)和邻苯二胺(3)为原料,一锅法混酸催化合成4,7-二溴代芳基-1,10-菲咯啉(4),收率可达64%.以有机锂试剂为卤锂交换试剂和亲核试剂,以CO2为淬灭剂,对溴代菲咯啉中间体进行定向结构修饰,合成了2,9-二烷基-4,7-二(羧芳基)-1,10-菲咯啉衍生物,收率可达59%,为获得2,9-烷基化的羧酸功能化的菲咯啉提供了一条反应简洁、操作方便的合成路线.     

{2-(2-噻吩基)-1H-咪唑[4,5-f][1,10]菲咯啉-κN~7,κN~8}双(1,10-菲咯啉-κN~1,κN~(10))镍(Ⅱ)配合物的合成

以1,10-菲咯啉为原料,经氧化、缩合和络合反应合成了一种新的核酸荧光探针--{2-(2-噻吩基)-1H-咪唑[4,5-f][1,10]菲咯啉-κN7,κN8}双(1,10-菲咯啉-κN1,κN10)镍(Ⅱ)配合物,总收率38.2%,其结构经MS和元素分析表征.     

Nitrogen-rich oligoacenes: candidates for n-channel organic semiconductors

The successive replacement of CH moieties by nitrogen atoms in oligoacenes (benzene to hexacene) has been studied computationally at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)//6-31G(d) level of theory, and the effects of different heteroatomic substitution patterns on structures, electron affinities, excitation, ionization, and reorganization energies are discussed. The calculated tendencies are rationalized on the basis of molecular orbital arguments. To achieve electron affinities of 3 eV, a value required to allow for efficient electron injection from common metal electrodes, at least seven nitrogen atoms have to be incorporated into tetracenes or pentacenes. The latter require rather small reorganization energies for electron transfer (<0.20 eV) making these compounds promising candidates for n-channel semiconducting materials. Particularly interesting are heptaazapentacenes 5 and 6 in which the nitrogen atoms are arranged to form self-complementary systems with a maximum number of intermolecular CH-N contacts in planar oligomers. These interactions are expected to facilitate the formation of graphite-like sheet structures with cofacial arrangements of the pi systems and short interlayer distances due to attractive N-C(H) interlayer interactions. This should not only be ideal for charge transfer but also might contribute to improved air stability of these semiconductors. Self-complementarity is maintained in azaacenes containing two cyano groups in the terminal rings. These compounds require lower reorganization energies than the unsubstituted heterocycles (0.13-0.14 eV), show high electron affinities (3.3 eV), and are thus promising candidates for materials applications.     

Comparative study of the semiconducting properties of benzothiadiazole and benzobis(thiadiazole) derivatives using computational techniques

Recent literature reports indicate that derivatives of benzothiadiazole (BT) and benzobis(thiadiazole) (BBT), which differs from BT by an extra thiadiazole ring, exhibit good semiconducting properties, such as high electron mobility and low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular-orbital (LUMO) levels. In this study herein, computational techniques like density functional theory (DFT), spin-flip DFT and valence-bond methods are used to analyze the semiconducting properties of these molecules. Calculations at the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ level reveal that all the BBT molecules, including the bare BBT ring, have lower lying LUMO energies (3.70-4.11 eV) compared to the BT derivatives (2.56-3.41 eV) with similar substitution. The reorganization energies (λ(+)/λ(-)) obtained at this level of theory of the BT derivatives are around (225-333)/(246-315) meV, while BBT derivatives have much smaller reorganization energies and these are in the range of (129-259)/(150-230) meV. We observe that the different behavior of BBT is due to the inherited biradicaloid character from the parent molecule tetramethylenebenzene (TMB), a disjoint non-Kekule biradical having non-bonding molecular orbitals (NBMOs) as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and LUMO. Additionally, the perturbation of the orbitals of the biradical TMB to obtain BBT is the major cause for the BBT derivatives to have a larger electron affinity (EA) and a smaller HOMO-LUMO gap (HLG) compared to BT derivatives.     

Toward the rational design of functionalized pentacenes: reduction of the impact of functionalization on the reorganization energy.

For the widely studied high-carrier-mobility species, pentacene, it is found that perfluorination turned it into an n-type organic field-effect transistor (OFET), but doubled the internal reorganization energy (lambda) of the electron/hole hopping. Here, Cl- and N-functionalized pentacenes are designed to test two strategies that may reduce the impact of functionalization on lambda. Calculation results show that the strategies are feasible. Moreover, combined with crystal-structure data of Cl- and N-functionalized aromatic compounds, it is concluded that compared to fluorination, the presence of Cl and N atoms in pentacene not only reduces the influence of functionalization on lambda and affords a larger window for tuning HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies, but also provides the opportunity to promote pi-stacked structures through ClCl and C--HN interactions.     

9,9’-螺双芴的光电性能

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)-B3LYP/6-31G(d)方法对9,9'-螺双芴低聚物[(SBF)n(n=1-4)]体系进行全优化, 得到各分子的最高占据轨道(HOMO)和最低空轨道(LUMO)能量及HOMO-LUMO能隙, 结果表明各分子整体表现出很好的共轭性质. 并在分子的阳离子和阴离子状态的优化结构基础上, 计算得到电离势(IP)、电子亲和势(EA)、空穴抽取能(HEP)、电子抽取能(EEP)和重组能等相关能量. 利用单激发组态相互作用(CIS)/3-21G方法优化得到9,9'-螺双芴单体的S1激发态的几何构型. 用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)方法计算得到了分子吸收光谱和荧光光谱的相关数据. 随着聚合长度的增加, 能隙变窄, 空穴注入和电子转移的能力都相应提高, 吸收光所需能量减小, 吸收强度(f)增大, 光谱红移. 采用线性外推法, 利用低聚物分子的各种性质与聚合度n之间的关系, 得到高聚物的相应性质.为考察9位螺芴化的影响, 将(SBF)n的相关性质与母体芴的低聚物[(FL)n(n=1-4)]进行比较, 由两者的计算结果对比显示, 在芴的9位螺芴化可以提高电子和空穴的传输能力, 并同时保留芴优良的发光性质.     

9,9′-螺双芴的光电性能

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)-B3LYP/6-31G(d)方法对9,9'-螺双芴低聚物[(SBF)_n(n=1-4)]体系进行全优化,得到各分子的最高占据轨道(HOMO)和最低空轨道(LUMO)能量及HOMO-LUMO能隙,结果表明各分子整体表现出很好的共轭性质.并在分子的阳离子和阴离子状态的优化结构基础上,计算得到电离势(IP)、电子亲和势(EA)、空穴抽取能(HEP)、电子抽取能(EEP)和重组能等相关能量.利用单激发组态相瓦作用(CIS)/3-21G方法优化得到9,9'-螺双芴单体的S_1激发态的几何构型.用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)方法计算得到了分子吸收光谱和荧光光谱的相关数据.随着聚合长度的增加,能隙变窄,空穴注入和电子转移的能力都相应提高,吸收光所需能量减小,吸收强度(f)增大,光谱红移.采用线性外推法,利用低聚物分子的各种性质与聚合度n之间的关系,得到高聚物的相应性质.为考察9位螺芴化的影响,将(SBF)_n的相关性质与母体芴的低聚物[(FL)_n(n=1-4)]进行比较,由两者的计算结果对比显示,在芴的9位螺芴化可以提高电子和空穴的传输能力,并同时保留芴优良的发光性质.     

Synthesis and photoinduced electron-transfer process of a novel triphenylamine-substituted polyfluorene-C60 triad

The photoinduced electron-transfer process of a newly prepared, soluble, pi-conjugated poly[9,9-bis(4-diphenylaminophenyl)-2,7-fluorene] (PDPAF), covalently bridged, C60 triad (C60-PDPAF-C60) is described. The molecular orbital calculations revealed that the majority of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is located on the polyfluorene entity, while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) are found to be entirely on the C60 entity. The excited-state electron-transfer processes were monitored by both steady-state and time-resolved emission as well as by transient absorption techniques in toluene and benzonitrile. By excitation of the polyfluorene moiety, fluorescence quenching of the singlet excited state of polyfluorene moiety was observed. The nanosecond transient spectra in near-IR region revealed the charge-separation process from the polyfluorene moieties to the C60 moiety through the excited singlet states of polyfluorene. The lifetimes of the charge separated states were evaluated to be 20-50 ns, depending on the solvent polarity.     

Quantum versus classical electron transfer energy as reaction coordinate for the aqueous Ru2+/Ru3+ redox reaction

Applying density functional theory (DFT)-based molecular dynamics simulation methods we investigate the effect of explicit treatment of electronic structure on the solvation free energy of aqueous Ru²⁺ and Ru³⁺.Our approach is based on the Marcus theory of redox half reactions, focussing on the vertical energy gap for reduction or oxidation of a single aqua ion. We compare the fluctuations of the quantum and classical energy gap along the same equilibrium ab initio molecular dynamics trajectory for each oxidation state. The classical gap is evaluated using a standard point charge model for the charge distribution of the solvent molecules (water). The quantum gap is computed from the full DFT electronic ground state energies of reduced and oxidized species, thereby accounting for the delocalization of the electron in the donor orbital and reorganization of the electron cloud after electron transfer (ET). The fluctuations of the quantum ET energy are well approximated by gaussian statistics giving rise to parabolic free energy profiles. The curvature is found to be independent of the oxidation state in agreement with the linear response assumption underlying Marcus theory. By contrast, the diabatic free energy curves evaluated using the classical gap as order parameter, while also quadratic, are asymmetric reflecting the difference in oxidation state. The response of these two order parameters is further analysed by a comparison of the spectral density of the fluctuations and the corresponding reorganization free energies.     

Synthesis and Characterization of a Ruthenium(II) Complex for Photovoltaic Cells

We have designed and synthesized a new ruthenium complex, [(5‐amino‐1,10‐phenanthroline)bis(4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid‐2,2′‐bipyridine)]ruthenium(II) by introducing two types of ligands, 5‐amino‐1,10‐phenanthroline and 4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid‐2,2′‐bipyridine. We investigated the electronic, spectroscopic, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of the Ru(II) complex. The short‐circuit current density and overall solar‐to‐electric energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells made with this Ru(II) complex were found to be 8.9 mA/cm² and 2.1%, respectively. A series of analogous Ru(II) complexes have also been synthesized and investigated to compare the effects of functional groups on various ligands. HOMO‐LUMO energies and molecular orbital surfaces have been investigated using semiempirical quantum chemical methods.     

Theoretical insights into the 1D‐charge transport properties in a series of hexaazatrinaphthylene‐based discotic molecules

Discotic liquid crystal (DLC) materials have attracted considerable attention mainly due to their high charge carrier mobilities in quasi‐one‐dimensional columns. In this article, five hexaazatrinaphthylene‐based DLC molecules were investigated theoretically, and their frontier molecular orbital energy levels, crystal structures, and electron/hole drift mobilities were calculated by combination of density functional theory (DFT) and semiclassical Marcus charge transfer theory. The systems studied in this work include three experimentally reported molecules ( 1 , 2 , and 3 ) and two theoretically designed molecules ( 4 and 5 ). Compared with the 1 – 3 compounds, 4 and 5 have three more extended benzene rings in the π‐conjugated core. The present results show that the orders of the frontier molecular orbital energy levels and electron drift mobilities agree very well with the experiment. For 4 and 5 , the electron/hole reorganization energies are lower than those of compounds 1 – 3 . Furthermore, the calculated electron/hole transfer integral of 5 is the largest among all the five systems, leading to the highest electron and hole mobilities. In addition, the hydrophobicity and solubility were also evaluated by DFT, indicating that compound 5 has good hydrophobicity and good solubility in trichloromethane. As a result, it is expected that compound 5 can be a potential charge transport material in electronic and optoelectronic devices. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.