REE示踪研究坡面侵蚀时空演变过程

在室内人工模拟降雨条件下, 通过沿坡面垂直分段和分层结合布设不同的稀土元素, 研究坡面侵蚀的时空演变规律. 结果表明: 次降雨条件下在产流开始20 min内, 坡面片蚀和细沟侵蚀的平均侵蚀加速度、平均侵蚀率和累积侵蚀量之比分别为1:1, 1:1.5和1:1.3, 坡面下1/3区域的平均侵蚀加速度、平均侵蚀率和累积侵蚀量分别是坡面中部的5, 12, 13倍; 后期细沟平均侵蚀加速度、平均侵蚀率和累积侵蚀量分别为片蚀的43, 7, 5倍. 连续小雨强降雨条件下, 产流35 min内, 细沟侵蚀平均加速度是片蚀的7～10倍, 35 min后, 坡面处于稳定状态; 降雨产流10 min内, 坡面下1/3区域平均侵蚀加速度是坡面中部的5倍, 沟头激活后, 坡面中部的平均侵蚀加速度达到坡面下1/3区域的4倍; 坡顶部存在一个相对稳定区. 说明REE示踪技术能够同时量化随时间和空间变化的坡面侵蚀过程.     

土壤颗粒组成对REE吸附量及侵蚀示踪精度的影响

稀土元素(REE)示踪技术已被广泛应用于土壤侵蚀研究之中,为水土流失定量研究提供了一种精度较高的方法。但该方法在应用时较少考虑不同粒级土壤颗粒对REE吸附量的差异,从而影响了该方法计算结果的精确度。通过淋溶实验研究了REE在紫色土壤中的垂直迁移能力,并对紫色土中不同粒级土壤颗粒的REE吸附能力进行了分析,同时利用人工模拟降雨侵蚀实验对REE示踪技术精确度进行了研究。结果表明:REE在土壤中几乎没有发生垂直迁移,并且主要被吸附于小于0.075 mm的土壤颗粒之中。根据不同粒级土壤颗粒对REE的吸附量,对REE示踪土壤侵蚀量数据进行修正,使得计算结果的精确性得到了较大幅度的提高。     

稀土元素示踪坡面冲刷侵蚀过程的室内模拟试验研究

为确定坡面侵蚀产沙的时空演变规律,通过沿坡面垂直分段和分层结合布设不同稀土元素,采用室内放水冲刷试验系统,分析了各坡段侵蚀产沙量和侵蚀率变化过程. 结果表明:坡面侵蚀产沙可分为3个阶段:面蚀阶段、沟蚀阶段和沟蚀稳定阶段. 试验结束时,上坡段土壤总侵蚀量为17.527 kg,占坡面总侵蚀量的89.2%,其中La和Eu示踪区的侵蚀量各占坡面总侵蚀量的48.1%和23.8%. La,Eu,Yb,Tb,Ce,Nd和Sm 7个示踪区的累积侵蚀量之比为:1:0.495:0.184:0.177:0.146:0.030:0.074,坡面上段、中段和下段累积侵蚀量之比为:1:0 095:0.040. 试验过程中,上坡段细沟蚀剧烈,中坡段主要以面蚀为主,伴有轻微沟蚀,而下坡段始终以面蚀存在.     

坡面侵蚀形态转变过程的REE示踪法研究

利用REE元素示踪法，采取沿坡面垂直分层布设的新的试验布设方法，通过室内模拟降雨试验，研究了次降雨条件下坡面侵蚀形态的转变过程和细沟的发育发展过程。研究结果表明，降雨初期坡面以面蚀为主，细沟出现后，坡面侵蚀将加快加剧；随着降雨时间的延续，累积面蚀量和细沟累积侵蚀量都将逐渐增加，后者的增加速率大于前者，面蚀所占总侵蚀量的百分比随降雨时间呈曲线形式逐渐递减，细沟侵蚀则逐渐增加；试验结束时细沟侵蚀量分别为面蚀量的4—5倍。本研究为定量区分片蚀和细沟侵蚀量以及坡面侵蚀过程中片蚀向细沟侵的转变以细胞侵蚀发生、发育提供了新的思路和解决途径。     

不同吸附剂对稀土离子的吸附特性研究进展

稀土元素在环境中的迁移与积累、稀土元素的高效提取与分离和各种有机或无机物质对稀土元素的吸附特性息息相关,故研究稀土元素在不同吸附剂中的吸附和解吸特性具有重要意义。在归纳经典的等温吸附模式、动力学和热力学方程的基础上,对近年来土壤、不同生物质及其他吸附剂对稀土元素的吸附特性进行了总结,阐述了土壤吸附对环境中稀土元素分布、迁移和转化的影响及作用,分析了不同生物质及其他吸附剂对稀土吸附的等温吸附模式及影响因素,指出了其在稀土元素分离以及治理稀土离子污染等领域的应用,对稀土元素吸附特性下一步研究进行了展望,使人们对该领域有更加全面的了解。     

三亚近岸海域表层沉积物稀土元素地球化学特征及物源分析

为充分了解三亚海岸带表层沉积物的物源状况,对三亚近岸海域331个站位表层沉积物的稀土元素进行了分析。结果表明:研究区表层沉积物稀土元素含量略低于南海大陆架和南海全区表层沉积物的平均水平,∑REE含量分布特征与沉积物粒径有很好的相关性,符合"元素粒度控制律";δEu值也与沉积物粒度有关,与Mz(Φ)为较显著的负相关关系。研究区稀土元素的特征参数呈明显的陆源特征,通过对本区稀土元素的特征参数及稀土元素球粒陨石、上陆壳(UCC)标准化配分模式综合判断,本区表层沉积物物源应主要以三亚近岸河流输入和沿岸侵蚀物为主,此外还有少量的自生生源沉积。     

稀土在机动车尾气催化净化中的应用与研究进展

随着我国机动车尾气排放法规日趋严格,对机动车尾气净化催化剂性能提出了更高的要求.稀土元素由于独特的4f电子层结构和储放氧性能等特性,在机动车尾气催化剂中得到广泛应用.本文综述了稀土元素在机动车尾气催化剂中的应用及相关机理研究现状,并依据京V排放法规要求探讨了最新排放限值对尾气净化催化剂性能的要求,分析了稀土在开发高性能催化剂中的作用,并对稀土在机动车尾气净化催化剂中的应用前景进行了展望.     

稀土元素超积累植物研究进展

概述了稀土元素的环境生态学特性及其超积累植物，并对稀土元素超积累植物研究的重要科学意义进行了介绍。在此基础上，详细综述了近年来稀土元素超积累植物的研究成果，包括其种属、空间地域分布，其体内稀土元素的分布、分异特征及影响因素，其吸收富集稀土元素的生理及生化机制，并展望了稀土元素超积累植物及其修复应用研究的发展前景。     

襄樊陈坡楚墓出土青铜器残留泥芯的X荧光光谱和电感耦合等离子发射光谱分析

利用X荧光光谱(XRF)、电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP-AES)对湖北省襄樊市陈坡战国楚墓出土的部分青铜器残留泥芯进行了主量元素、稀土元素测试分析,并与当地原生土、附近出土时代相近的陶片、黄河中游地区的山西侯马东周陶范及长江流域的典型红土进行了比较分析.结果表明:残留泥芯在主量元素和稀土元素方面与当地土壤、附近出土陶片具有很高的相似性,而与侯马陶范及典型红土有显著差别,说明这批青铜器应为本地铸造而成;研究结果进一步说明,残留泥芯的地球化学示踪可能是利用自然科学手段判断古代青铜器铸造地最有效的方法.     

攀枝花地区昔格达组地层稀土元素地球化学特征及其古环境意义

昔格达组是广泛分布于我国西南地区的第四纪湖相沉积地层.对攀枝花青龙山砖厂内31.5 m厚的昔格达组剖面进行了稀土元素的研究,剖析了稀土元素及其比值在该地层中的分布特征和古环境意义.研究表明,剖面从31.5～14.8 m,各稀土含量较高;而从14.8～0 m,稀土含量整体降低.这一特征表明,在该地层沉积时期,沉积环境经历...     

Rare earth elements determination and distribution patterns in sediments of a polluted marine environment by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Results obtained from the analysis of sediment core samples taken froma fairly polluted marine environment were analyzed for the REE contents todetermine the concentrations of La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy and Yb using instrumentalneutron activation analysis. Core samples were divided into strata of between2 to 3 cm intervals and prepared in the powdered form before irradiating themin a neutron flux of about 5.0 . 10¹² n . cm ^—2s ^—1 in a Triga Mark II reactor. Down-core concentration profilesof La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy and Yb in 3 core sediments from three sites areobtained. The shale-normalized REE pattern from each site was examined andlater used to explain the history of sedimentation by natural processes suchas shoreline erosion and weathering products deposited on the seabed and furnishingsome baseline data and/or pollution trend occurring within the study area.The shale-normalized REE patterns also showed that LREE in the sediment samplesexhibit enrichment relative to HREE particularly, La and Sm showing enrichmentcompared to the ratios in shale. REE concentrations of 124 µg/g at thesurface of sediment collected at two of the three sites were found to decreaseto 58 and 95 µg/g, respectively. This was of particular interest whenit is used to explain the anomalies occurring in the marine sediment as aresult of geochemical processes over a long period of time. Changes in concentrationsfrom surface to bottom of the sediments ratioed to Sm concentrations and thecorrelation between concentrations of Sm and these elements were also investigatedand correlation coefficients were calculated for all REEs and sites. Validationof the method used was done using a Soil-7 SRM.     

Determination of rare earth elements in environmental matrices by sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

In the framework of an international certification campaign, sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sector-field ICP-MS) was used for the accurate determination of the rare earth elements in five candidate reference materials: aquatic plant, calcareous soil, mussel tissue, river sediment, and tuna muscle. All samples were taken into solution by use of microwave-assisted or mixed microwave-assisted / open beaker acid digestion. Subsequently, the samples were appropriately diluted and subjected to ICP-MS analysis. Except for Sc, all the elements involved were determined at low mass resolution (R = 300). For Sc, application of a higher resolution setting (R = 3,000) was required to separate the analyte signal from those of several molecular ions which gave rise to spectral overlap at low mass resolution. Some of the heavier REE can also suffer from spectral overlap attributed to the occurrence of oxide ions (MO+) of the lighter REE and Ba. This spectral overlap could be successfully overcome by mathematical correction. Matrix effects were overcome by use of two carefully selected internal standards, such that external calibration could be used. On each occasion, a geological reference material was analyzed as a quality-control sample and the reliability of all results obtained was additionally checked by means of chondrite normalization. For tuna muscle the content of all REE was below the limit of detection. For calcareous soil and river sediment, low to sub microg g(-1) values were observed, whereas the REE content of aquatic plant and mussel tissue was considerably lower (low to sub ng g(-1)). Overall, the results obtained were in excellent agreement with the average values, calculated on the basis of all "accepted" values, obtained in different laboratories using different techniques.     

Instrumental neutron activation analysis to measure short-term accretion and erosion in wetlands using rare earth element soil horizon markers

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was employed to estimate sediment accumulations (accretion) in Louisiana in a freshwater wetland habitat four years after the application of rare earth, samarium (Sm) and dysprosium (Dy), soil horizon markers. The sediment cores used to measure accretion also were used to construct a sodium (Na) profile (Na concentration vs. depth) in three locations. Additionally, in a 6-month study INAA data were used to determine the feasibility of using Sm and Dy to estimate the direction and quantity of soil erosion particles in a salt water wetland in Georgia.     

Use of carbon isotope analysis to understand semi-arid erosion dynamics and long-term semi-arid land degradation

Many semi-arid areas worldwide are becoming degraded, in the form of C(4) grasslands being replaced by C(3) shrublands, which causes an increase in surface runoff and erosion, and altered nutrient cycling, which may affect global biogeochemical cycling. The prevention or control of vegetation transitions is hindered by a lack of understanding of their temporal and spatial dynamics, particularly in terms of interactions between biotic and abiotic processes. This research investigates (1) the effects of soil erosion on the delta(13)C values of soil organic matter (SOM) throughout the soil profile and its implications for reconstructing vegetation change using carbon-isotope analysis and (2) the spatial properties of erosion over a grass-shrub transition to increase understanding of biotic-abiotic interactions by using delta(13)C signals of eroded material as a sediment tracer. Results demonstrate that the soils over grass-shrub transitions are not in steady state. A complex interplay of factors determines the input of SOM to the surface horizon of the soil and its subsequent retention and turnover through the soil profile. A positive correlation between event runoff and delta(13)C signatures of eroded sediment was found in all plots. This indicates that the delta(13)C signatures of eroded sediment may provide a means of distinguishing between changes in erosion dynamics over runoff events of different magnitudes and over different vegetation types. The development of this technique using delta(13)C signatures of eroded sediment provides a new means of furthering existing understanding of erosion dynamics over vegetation transitions. This is critical in terms of understanding biotic-abiotic feedbacks and the evolution of areas subject to vegetation change in semi-arid environments.     

Determination of rare earth elements in environmental matrices by sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

In the framework of an international certification campaign, sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sector-field ICP–MS) was used for the accurate determination of the rare earth elements in five candidate reference materials: aquatic plant, calcareous soil, mussel tissue, river sediment, and tuna muscle. All samples were taken into solution by use of microwave-assisted or mixed microwave-assisted / open beaker acid digestion. Subsequently, the samples were appropriately diluted and subjected to ICP–MS analysis. Except for Sc, all the elements involved were determined at low mass resolution (R = 300). For Sc, application of a higher resolution setting (R = 3000) was required to separate the analyte signal from those of several molecular ions which gave rise to spectral overlap at low mass resolution. Some of the heavier REE can also suffer from spectral overlap attributed to the occurrence of oxide ions (MO⁺) of the lighter REE and Ba. This spectral overlap could be successfully overcome by mathematical correction. Matrix effects were overcome by use of two carefully selected internal standards, such that external calibration could be used. On each occasion, a geological reference material was analyzed as a quality-control sample and the reliability of all results obtained was additionally checked by means of chondrite normalization. For tuna muscle the content of all REE was below the limit of detection. For calcareous soil and river sediment, low to sub μg g^–1 values were observed, whereas the REE content of aquatic plant and mussel tissue was considerably lower (low to sub ng g^–1). Overall, the results obtained were in excellent agreement with the average values, calculated on the basis of all “accepted” values, obtained in different laboratories using different techniques.     

A simple solution to expanding available reference materials for Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry analysis: Applications to sedimentary materials

Analytical data on sediments are of great importance in understanding and documenting environmental issues. For laboratories interested in in-situ chemical analysis of sediments by LA-ICP-MS, a major issue is the lack of appropriate matrix matched sediment reference materials. Those available were largely designed for partial extractions which generally do not reflect the total elemental compositions. In this work we provide a comprehensive study on chemical compositions of seven currently available sediment reference materials (Lake sediments: LKSD-1, LKSD-2, LKSD-3, Stream sediments: STSD-2, STSD-3, and Marine sediments: PACS-2, MESS-3) as determined by Solution Nebulization Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (SN-ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) after digestion in a mixture of concentrated HNO₃ and HF acids. We also report a simple method to prepare these sediment reference materials and more generally appropriate sediment cores for LA-ICP-MS analysis using epoxy resin. This sample preparation method maintains sediment integrity for high spatial resolution analysis which is required for tracing changes in environmental conditions over short time periods. This work also demonstrates the application of fs-LA-ICP-MS as a tool for direct, rapid and high spatial resolution analysis of sediments.     

铅同位素在示踪城市环境污染源研究中的应用

在分析铅同位素示踪环境铅污染源理论的基础上,以成都市为例,对成都市城市环境（土壤、大气降尘、主要水系沉积物）铅污染的主要来源进行了研究.结果表明,成都市城市环境污染主要来自于燃煤扬尘和汽车尾气排放.铅同位素示踪理论应用于城市环境污染源的研究,能够取得比较理想的结果.     

One hundred and forty years “Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry”

The distribution of rare earth elements (REE) in a pooled soil sample collected from Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, China, was screened by a five-step sequential extraction procedure coupled with ICP–MS determination after preconcentration of REE and removal of the matrix by extraction with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (HPMBP). The results showed that the distribution of REE in the different fractions of the pooled soil sample studied followed the order soluble species (46.76%) > species bound to organic matter (22.08%) > species in the residue (16.77%) > species bound to Fe–Mn oxides (2.02%). An effective method for speciation of REE, which utilized weak cation-exchange HPLC separation hyphenated with post-column derivatization and visible or on line ICP–MS detection, was, moreover, developed and successfully applied to the speciation of REE in the soluble extract of the pooled soil sample. The stability of known complexes of lanthanum during the HPLC separation was investigated with fluoride, citrate, and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) chosen as ligands modeling those in the soil. REE in the soluble extract of the pooled soil sample were subsequently classified into three types of species –≤ + 1 charged complexes (negatively charged, neutral, and +1 charged), + 2 charged complexes, and “free” REE species. This method is expected to be useful for identification of bioavailable (or toxic) species of REE in environmental samples.     

乌江流域沉积岩风化过程中稀土元素的富集与释放

以乌江流域石灰岩、白云质灰岩、白云岩、硅质岩、页岩和砂岩等沉积岩的13条风化剖面为对象，运用R型分层聚类分析和质量平衡计算方法，研究了这些岩石风化过程中稀土元素（REE）的富集与释放及其对植物生长和河水REE分布的影响，目的是为河水物质来源研究和为农业生产提供依据。结果表明：（1）乌江流域石灰土中REE的富集程度显著高于各自母岩、黄壤、上陆壳（UCC）、中国土壤（CS）和世界土壤（WS）；（2）沉积岩风化过程中REE的富集特征和机制可能与母岩中REE分布特征以及风化剖面中有机质、铁（氢）氧化物和粘土矿物的吸附有关；（3）沉积岩风化过程中释放的REE可为植物吸收利用；（4）石灰岩等沉积岩风化过程中REE和F。等元素的释放对河水溶解态REE的分布有重要影响。