碘化钾在1,2-双(二溴甲基)苯及4位取代衍生物与反丁烯二腈反应中的作用

1,2-双(二溴甲基)苯及4位取代衍生物与反丁烯二腈在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中反应12 h没有新的产物生成,在同样的条件下,加入碘化钾可使反应发生,主产物是2,3-二氰基萘及其6位取代衍生物,它的产率随加入的碘化钾的量不同而不同.当碘化钾的加入量相当于1,2-双(二溴甲基)苯及4位取代衍生物分子中溴的摩尔数,则1,2-双(二溴甲基)苯及其4位取代衍生物与反丁烯二腈基本作用完毕,反应产物主要是2,3-二氰基萘及其6位取代衍生物,产率87.1%.这个实验事实表明,碘化钾的作用机制不是传统意义上的催化剂而是一个反应试剂.据此,提出了上述反应的机理.     

碘量法滴定铜的改进

碘量法测铜合金中的铜量需加入过量的碘化钾,而碘化钾价格较贵.本文在碘量法基础上,只加少量碘化钾即可测定铜量,而不影响方法的准确度.1 试剂尿素:10%碘化钾:2%混合溶液:硫氰酸钾(20%)和淀粉(l%)等体积混合硫代硫酸钠标准溶液:称取112g Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O溶于煮沸后冷却的蒸馏水中,加入2gNa_2CO_3,溶解后稀释至5000ml.     

逆王水微波消解–电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地球化学样品中的碘和溴

地球化学样品经微波辅助逆王水消解后,在氨性介质中采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定碘和溴的含量。取样量为0.1 g,逆王水的用量为1.6 mL,对样品进行程序化微波消解,通过在线加入内标校正基体效应和信号漂移对测定所造成的影响。碘、溴的检出限分别0.15,0.21μg/g,测定结果的相对标准偏差不大于5.0%(n=7),国家标准样品测定值与标示值相符。该方法在样品消解后加入定量氨水可直接分析,减小了碘测定的记忆效应,提高了分析速度,可应用于地球化学样品中碘和溴含量的测定。     

碘离子选择电极测定水中游离氯

离子选择电极测微量氯,是以溴化钾还原氯为氯离子,用氯电极为指示电极,用电位法测定氯离子的含量,但过量溴必须除去。若用碘化钾还原也须除去过量碘。操作麻烦,不易控制。我们用碘化钾还原氯为氯离子,用碘离子选择电极测定过量碘离子来确定水中游离氯的含量。方法简便,快速,干扰少,能测0.1～1ppm氯。测定结果满意。实验部分 1.仪器与试剂:pHS-2型酸度计,303 型碘离子选择电极,217型甘汞电极;碘化钾标准溶液,pH_4柠檬酸缓冲液。 2.操作步骤: (1)工作曲线:取六只50毫升容量瓶,分别加入1.0MKNO_3,10~(-3)MKI及柠檬酸缓冲液,再分     

库仑滴定法间接测定补锌片中锌

以pH 9.2的1.0mol·L~(-1)碘化钾-四硼酸钠溶液为支持电解质溶液,铂电极作为电解电极与指示电极,于室温下电解生成碘10s后加入补锌片样品溶液滴定剩余的半胱氨酸,采用库仑滴定法指示滴定终点,根据法拉第电解定律,间接测定样品溶液中锌含量。锌的质量浓度在0.05～0.50g·L~(-1)内与其消耗的电量呈线性关系,检出限(3s)为0.04mg·L~(-1)。方法用于补锌片样品的分析,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.76%～0.92%,测定值与标示量不存在显著性差异。     

溴百里酚蓝分光光度法测定乳化液中阳离子表面活性剂的研究

溴百里酚蓝与阳离子表面活性剂能形成离子缔合物,而引起溴百里酚蓝溶液吸光度值下降,据此建立溴百里酚蓝分光光度法测定多相乳化液体系各相态中阳离子表面活性剂的方法.加入0.2 mL pH 7.7的磷酸盐缓冲液和最优nBTB:nmaxTBAB值使标准工作曲线具有良好的线性关系的.相态结构、脂肪醇、KBr(≤20wt%)浓度对测定准确性无影响.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定电尘中高含量镉

对于高含量的镉，通常用EDTA滴定后加入碘化钾将镉从其EDTA的络合物中络合出来，再用锌标准溶液返滴定这部分EDTA。但当试样复杂时常会出现终点不明显，影响测定结果的准确性，若试样中含有较高含量的铅锌时，须沉淀过滤分离铅后再测定，操作手续较繁琐，且碘化钾用量大。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定铝合金中痕量锑

铝合金样品用盐酸及硝酸的混合酸溶解,于分取的部分试样溶液中加入碘化钾-硫脲混合溶液后用盐酸(5+95)定容为50 mL,供氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定其中痕量锑。用40 g.L-1碘化钾溶液作为锑(Ⅴ)的预还原剂,40 g.L-1硫脲溶液作为其他可形成氢化物的元素的掩蔽剂,选用20 g.L-1硼氢化钾溶液作为产生锑化氢的还原剂,氢化物发生反应在盐酸(5+95)介质中进行,锑的质量浓度在0.05~50.0μg.L-1范围内与相应的荧光强度呈线性关系。方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.016μg.L-1。应用此方法分析了两件铝合金标准样品,测得锑量的结果与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=8)分别为2.14%和3.16%。     

化学滴定法测定甲基β-环糊精的平均取代度

借助甲基β-环糊精依次与氢碘酸、溴及碘化钾的定量化学反应关系,设计了测定甲基β-环糊精平均取代度n值的一种化学滴定法,并根据滴定原理探讨了计算n值的方程式。结果表明,该法测试结果与标计值(基于分子质谱法测得的数据)更接近,明显优于以D2O为溶剂、以Me4Si为内标、在AM-400 NMR仪上利^1H NMR谱图计算得到的结果。     

间接碘量法测定高铁酸钾

提出了间接碘量法测定高铁酸钾样品中常量、高含量高铁酸钾的方法。用碱性碘化钾溶液(pH 11～12)溶解高铁酸钾试样,调节溶液的pH值为1,反应40min后,以硫代硫酸钠标准溶液作为滴定剂进行滴定。方法用于高铁酸钾样品的分析,测定结果与亚铬酸盐法测定值相符。     

Robust flow-batch coulometric/biamperometric titration system: determination of bromine index and bromine number of petrochemicals

A flow–batch system was constructed and evaluated to perform coulometric titrations with biamperometric end point detection. The flow section of the system is employed for sampling by injecting a sample volume (50–300 μL) in a flow injection-like system. About 1.5 mL of a suitable carrier solution is delivered by a peristaltic pump in order to quantitatively transfer the sample to the system titration cell (2.0 mL total inner volume). The carrier contains the coulometric precursor for the titrant species. The cell contains two pairs of platinum electrodes used for coulometric generation of reagent and biamperometric detection and is actively stirred. The titrant species is generated and the titration is performed by the usual batch procedure with the excess of titrant being detected by biamperometry following the analysis of the titration curve. System operation is computer controlled and all operations are automated, including titration curve analysis and cell cleaning after the titration is ended. The system is characterized by its robustness because its operation does not depend on flow rates, and the work using coulometric methods which generate gases at the counter-electrode is not troublesome. The flow–batch system has been evaluated for determination of bromine index and bromine number (relative to the total reactive olefin content) in petrochemicals according to an ASTM procedure. Typical precision (R.S.D.) is between 0.5 and 6% for different petrochemicals whose bromine number/index vary from 1000 to 10 mg of bromine per 100 g of sample, respectively. Recoveries for standard additions are between 92 and 123% for 10 mg of Br₂ per 100 g increments and 98 to 101% for 100 mg per 100 g increments. Accuracy of the proposed system was evaluated against results obtained by the standard ASTM with no significant difference detected at 95% confidence level.     

Modification of petroleum polymer resin from C9 fraction with maleic acid and its application to protecting treatment of wood

Modification of petroleum polymer resin with maleic acid is studied and changes in acid number, molecular weight and bromine number of the forming product in time are determined. The modified petroleum polymer resin is shown useful for enhancing hydrophobic properties of wood.     

Flow-injection amplification for the spectrophotometric determination of iodide

A flow manifold is described in which iodide (0.05–15 μg ml^?1) in a 50-μl sample is oxidized by bromine water to iodate, most of the excess of bromine is reduced by formic acid, and the iodate is reacted with more iodide to form triiodide, which is determined spectrophotometrically. Six-fold amplification is achieved. The relative standard deviation is ca. 1%).     

Accurate measurement of bromine contents in plastic samples by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Accurate measurements of bromine contents in plastic samples were made by the direct comparator instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Individual factors affecting the measurements were comprehensively evaluated and compensated, including the volatility loss of bromine from standard comparators, the background bromine level in the filter papers used for preparation of the standard comparators, nuclear interference, γ-ray spectral interference and the variance among replicates of the samples. Uncertainty contributions from those factors were thoroughly evaluated and included in the uncertainty budgeting of the INAA measurement. ⁸¹Br was chosen as the target isotope, and the INAA measurements for bromine were experimentally confirmed to exhibit good linearity within a bromine content range of 10–170 μg. The established method has been applied to the analysis of eight plastic samples: four commercially available certified reference materials (CRMs) of polyethylene and polystyrene and four acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) samples prepared as the candidate reference materials (KRISS CRM 113-01-012, -013, -014 and -015). The bromine contents of the samples were calculated at three different γ-ray energies and compared, showing good agreement. The results of the four CRMs also showed good consistency with their certified values within the stated uncertainties. Finally, the bromine contents of the ABS samples were determined with expanded uncertainties (at a 95% level of confidence) between 2.5% and 5% in a bromine content range of 25–900 mg kg⁻¹.     

Determination of chlorine and bromine in rocks by alkaline fusion with ion chromatography detection

This study describes the use of alkaline fusion by sodium peroxide to dissolve chlorine and bromine in rocks to produce a solution which, with appropriate pre-treatment, is suitable for analysis by ion chromatography. Results are given for a selection of sedimentary and igneous rocks. The accuracy of the fusion method is evaluated by analysis of Geological Survey of Japan reference materials. Additionally, a spike recovery test is performed to show that the fusion process is quantitative for chlorine and bromine. The results for chlorine are in the range 58–3860 mg kg⁻¹ and show good agreement both with results obtained by pyrohydrolysis with flow injection colorimetric detection and results obtained by aqueous leaching of the samples with ion chromatography detection. Results for bromine are in the range <3–4.5 mg kg⁻¹. Because of the relatively few data obtained in this study and the relative paucity of published data for reference materials, an assessment of the accuracy of the fusion method for bromine is more difficult. The limits of detection for this method are 36 and 3 mg kg⁻¹ for chlorine and bromine, respectively.     

Bromine number determination by coulometric flow-injection titration

The bromine number, the number of grams of bromine which react with 100 grams of a substance under given conditions, is a widely used parameter in the chemical and petroleum industries. A method of performing the bromine number determination by coulometric flow-injection titration, using both sequential injection with sinusoidal flow and single zone techniques, is described. Titrations of olefins, known interfering compounds, and petroleum distillates were performed and compared with the results of conventional bromine number titrations. Analyses yielded a relative standard deviation of 2%. Results compared favorably with those obtained by the conventional method for both pure (97%) olefins and petroleum distillates. The method was found to be insensitive to interference from nitrogen compounds. The CFIT technique combines the advantages of coulometric titrations: controlled generation of reagent, avoidance of reagent standardization requirements and reagent storage and stability problems; with the advantages of FIA: small volume requirements which reduce cost and waste, controllable dilution through flow programming, toxic materials contained within a closed environment, and the capability of being automated.     

载溴树脂溴化酚类的研究

用简便方法制备得载溴树脂并用于酚类的溴化,当采用不同摩尔比的载溴树脂时,有选择地得到一溴、二溴及三溴代物,并有较高的产率,同时该树脂具有良好的稳定性。     

Determination of thiosulphate in the presence of dithionite and sulphite

To determine thiosulphate in the presence of dithionite and sulphite, iodine dissolved in potassium bromide solution is used to oxidize thiosulphate to tetrathionate, and dithionite and sulphite to sulphate. The tetrathionate generated from the thiosulphate is then oxidized with potassium bromate-potassium bromide solution in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The bromine consumption of the tetrathionate is measured by titration of the excess of bromine with sodium thiosulphate after the addition of potassium iodide. For each equivalent of iodine used to determine thiosulphate by the Wollak method, fourteen equivalents of bromine are used to determine thiosulphate by this method.     

Some Advances in the Inorganic Chemistry of Bromine

Recent advances in the chemistry of bromine and its inorganic compounds are covered under the headings of technology, properties and reactions, liquid bromine as an inorganic solvent, analysis, and new or newly studied compounds. Much of what is new is bromine chemistry is characteristic also of what is new in inorganic chemistry as a whole. That is, more detailed information about compounds and reactions is becoming available from the application of new instrumental and theoretical techniques.     

Direct determination of bromine in plastics by electrothermal vaporization/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a tungsten boat furnace vaporizer and an exchangeable sample cuvette system

A tungsten boat furnace vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (TBF/ICP‐MS) method has been applied to the direct determination of bromine in plastic samples. In the pretreatment, the plastic sample is spread over a small sample cuvette made of tungsten by treating it with a strongly basic organic solution, e.g., octanol or diisobutyl ketone in the presence of potassium hydroxide. The cuvette is placed on a tungsten boat furnace, with which the electrothermal vaporizer is equipped. At the vaporization step, a widely spread thin layer of the sample facilitates its efficient evaporation and introduction into an ICP mass spectrometer. The most remarkable feature is that all the bromine species in plastic samples are decomposed to form a thermally stable inorganic salt during the pretreatment procedure. Therefore, the bromine content in plastic samples can be measured by a calibration curve method constructed with an aqueous standard solution of potassium bromate(V). The detection limit (3σ) was estimated to be 0.77 pg of bromine, which corresponds to a concentration of 0.31 ng g^?1 of bromine in plastic samples when a sample amount taken of 2.5 mg is studied. The relative standard deviation was calculated to be 2.2%. Analytical results of some plastic samples, which contained both inorganic bromide salts and also organic bromine species, are given. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.