前言

放射化学是研究放射性物质及其辐射效应的一门化学分支学科。现代放射化学主要包括核能放射化学、环境放射化学、放射性药物化学、放射分析化学、放射性元素化学及核化学等。 放射化学是19世纪末随着放射性和放射性核素的发现而诞生的一门学科。正由于核化学和放射化学的贡献, 发现了核裂变现象,从而开创了核科学时代的到来。近年来,核化学和放射化学的发展已经为国家安全、 社会和经济进步、 能源需求、人类健康、环境保护以及科学发展等做出了巨大贡献。例如在基础科学方面,与核物理学家合作将元素周期表扩展了近1/3,提出了锕系理论等。全世界现有能源的1/6来自核能, 全球具有一定规模的医院都设有核医。放射化学的特点表明,它不仅是一种重要的和不可取代的核方法,而且是一门极具生命力的前沿科学。放射化学的三大推动力是：国家需求, 基础研究, 学科交叉。它不仅蕴含着大量既有重要科学意义、又能满足国家重大需求的科学问题,而且与其他学科交叉,产生了许多新的学科生长点。     

放射性、环境与健康——放射化学一隅

从放射性、环境和健康出发,就放射性与日常生活的关系进行了简要分析,简单介绍了放射化学在我国核电发展和核技术应用中的作用以及我国放射化学的发展状况。     

欧洲放射化学教育、培训合作项目CINCH介绍与启示

核能发展需要放射化学人才,而放射化学人才紧缺在世界范围内是个普遍现象。本文介绍了欧洲应对放射化学人才危机而开展的欧洲放射化学教育、培训合作项目(CINCH),包括一期和二期项目。项目的成果包括详细的放射化学教育现状调查,统一的培养课程体系,以及开放的网络学习平台(NucWik)等。这些成功的经验可为我国的放射化学教育提供有益的启示。     

海洋放射化学

海洋放射化学研究海洋中放射性核素的含量分布和存在形式,并通过含量分布的时空变化研究海水中放射性核素的来源归宿和迁移变化规律,以及海洋各储库可能的储量。本文简述了国内外海洋放射化学的发展历史和一些成果。应用海洋放射化学的海洋学研究的主要内容是海洋环流,海水混合,海洋颗粒物动力学,和海洋放射年代学。海洋放射化学将来的重大研究方向是,海洋生物地球化学循环通量与时间尺度研究,过去的海洋环境变化研究,和核电站邻近海域放射性核素的累积与生态效应研究。没有专门的大项目的支持,对海洋本质问题深入研究少,海洋物理化学研究不够深入,需要进行高水平设备建设与应用研究,是中国海洋放射化学研究存在的主要问题。     

国防领域放射分析化学

放射分析化学在国防领域中一直发挥着十分重要的作用,研究方向主要包括气体和固体样品放射化学分离技术,α、β、γ能谱及同位素质谱放射性测量技术,与氚工艺相关的产氚陶瓷制备及性能、氢同位素化学、聚变燃料循环等。本文简要介绍了中国工程物理研究院在上述方向的部分基础性研究工作,并展望了放射分析化学研究的前景。     

科技创新添华彩 居里风范传后人——记著名放射化学家杨承宗教授

杨承宗教授是我国放射化学的奠基人。他早年在法国巴黎大学居里镭学研究所师从约里奥.居里研究放射化学。1951年获得博士学位后,他婉谢高薪聘请,毅然回国,以期早日报效祖国。建国初期,在十分困难的条件下,他领导开展了放射化学基础研究和应用研究。杨承宗在我国核能事业发展中最为突出的贡献是组织并领导了用于核试验的燃料铀的制备和培育了我国新一代放射化学工作者。他是一位德高望重成绩卓著的科学家和教育家。本文是他科研和教学生涯的简要记述,将给我们以教育和启迪。     

气相色谱法在核化学与放射化学中的应用

在核化学与放射化学研究中,气相色谱法是一种非常重要的快速分离工具。它可以用于核反应产物的分离、核谱学研究,以及测定吸附焓,吸附熵,扩散系数等物化数据,研究超锕系元素的性质,探索其中的相对论性效应。本文主要介绍了在此领域中,气相色谱法的实验技术及应用,对其发展前景亦有所展望。     

对环境放射化学学科体系的探讨

环境放射化学是一门新兴的边缘学科，对其学科体系进行探讨十分必要。本文简述了这门新学科产生的背景和发展的历史；论述了环境放射化学的定义，并按不同方法对这门学科的研究内容作了分类和阐述；提出了环境放射化学研究的５个特点，并对该学科当前需研究的若干问题进行了讨论。     

杨承宗对中国放射化学的贡献

杨承宗(1911—2011)是我国著名的放射化学家、教育家,我国核燃料工业的开拓者之一,新中国放射化学学科奠基人。目前关于杨承宗的学术贡献多散见于一些回顾和介绍其生平事迹的文献之中,尚乏深入讨论。本文系统梳理了杨承宗不同时期的主要学术工作,认为他对我国放射化学的贡献有二：一是在放射化学学科的建立和长期发展过程中起到了关键作用;二是带领科技人员解决了天然铀生产过程中的各种放射化学及其工艺问题,为我国铀工业的建立提供了重要的技术支撑。最后,结合中国放射化学的发展历程对杨承宗的学术生涯作了简要探讨。     

中国放射化学的开拓者之一——肖伦的生平、思想

在郑大章、杨承宗等多位学者的努力下,使中国现代放射化学从无到有,逐渐发展壮大起来。肖伦院士也是中国放射化学的开拓者之一。本文介绍了肖伦院士的生平、成就及思想、社会活动等。     

分析化学进展

随着纳米材料、膜材料、有机功能材料、离子液体,以及光电技术、计算机科学的发展,分析化学在色谱、质谱、光谱、电分析等各分支领域都取得了重要进展。当然,分析化学的发展也有力地推动了我国的生命科学、材料科学、医学、生态与环境化学、矿产、食品安全等许多领域和学科的发展和进步。近年来,我国分析化学学科在与生命科学的学科交叉研究十分活跃,主要集中在蛋白质组学、代谢组学、金属组学中的新分析方法和新分析技术,例如纳米生物技术、生物传感器、微流控系统与芯片技术等,取得了一大批重要的研究成果。此外,针对食品安全、生态环境监测、药品检测、流行疾病应急响应等人们关注的热点开发了许多新的实用技术与方法;在大中型分析仪器的研发方面也取得喜人的进步。共引用97篇参考文献。     

Radioanalytical chemistry for nuclear forensics in China: Progress and future perspective

A relatively new branch of science - nuclear forensics, aiming at providing the nature, origin, history and possible trafficking route of seized nuclear materials/devices, has been established and rapidly developed over decades to screen illicit nuclear activities. This highly interdisciplinary science is built upon a foundation of analytical chemistry, radiochemistry, nuclear physics, material sciences, geology, and other scientific disciplines, within which radiochemical methodologies and radioanalytical techniques play a key role. The present review provides a brief overview about the crucial aspects of nuclear forensics, including basic content, procedure, concerned elements, common separation, analytical method, and so on. The state of the art and recent progresses of nuclear forensics by research communities in China are reviewed, while selected examples and practical applications are emphasized. The challenges associated with this new area and on-going developments are highlighted and discussed.     

A web-based course in nuclear and radiochemistry

Over the last six years through a Department of Energy Radiochemistry Education Award Program (REAP) we have developed a completely web-based course in nuclear and radiochemistry given at the University of Texas at Austin. This course has had nuclear and radiation engineering and chemistry graduate students. While the course also has an extensive laboratory component only the lectures are web based. The lectures begin with a historical introduction of radiochemistry followed by two movies on Madame Curie. This is followed by the usual lectures on radioactivity, fundamental properties, radioactive decay, decay modes, and nuclear reactions. As section on radioactive waste management and nuclear fuel cycle is also presented. Lectures in neutron activation analysis, geo- and cosmochemistry, and plutonium chemistry have also been developed. All lectures are in power point with many animations and a significant number of solved problems. All students are required to make a short oral presentation on some aspect of nuclear and radiochemistry in their research or a chosen topic.     

A century of radiochemistry: Its growth and development as a unique scientific discipline

In recognition of the 1997 anniversary of the first century of radiochemistry, a review is made of its unique contribution to the emergence of nuclear science, its development from the use of very basic chemical techniques initially to a battery of more sophisticated procedures, and its changing role as it has become widely applied in many fields of science. Synergistically, these fields have been able to develop with the aid of radiochemistry while at the same time, radiochemical methods developed to meet the demands of such applications. Among these, during the second half of the century, has been radiochemistry applied to quantitative chemical analysis: RAA or, nuclear analytical chemistry, and typical examples of its use in the authors' laboratory are described, including some recent INAA results on development of novel ‘activable’ tracer coding for forensic use with specialized and high security materials. The specific contributions, during the century, of Japanese pioneers in radiochemistry are also cited.     

绿色化学关键技术在精细化工中的应用

绿色化学理念及技术的创新发展,能够更好与精细化工的各环节结合,提升效率、降低消耗、节约成本、增强竞争力,符合我国低碳发展方向,满足行业的可持续发展需求。本文主要介绍近年来绿色化学技术在精细化工领域的发展现状和应用前景,探讨了生物催化/发酵技术、非贵金属或无金属催化技术、微通道反应技术、新能源驱动的化学反应技术、新型高效分离技术、生产过程的人工智能和自动化等绿色化学关键技术在精细化工研制中的应用实例,为推动绿色化学技术的综合利用和可持续发展提供参考和借鉴。     

Chemical Aspects of Fusion Technology

Managing thermally controlled nuclear fusion will certainly be regarded one day as one of the most successful accomplishments in nuclear physics. At the same time, however, it will represent a technical achievement unparalleled in the history of science and engineering. This in turn would mean, in retrospect, that decisive contributions had to come from a number of disciplines as diverse as materials and engineering sciences and classical chemistry, and that the same collaboration will have to continue in the future in order to reach the ultimate goal, to construct a reactor capable of producing energy from almost inexhaustible source materials (fuels), such as deuterium and lithium. What is the chemist's role in this development? Similarly as in the development of fission reactors, i.e., the nuclear power plants currently in operation, chemists will have to ensure the existence of a reliable fuel cycle–starting from the availability, storage and reprocessing of the fuel through to the provision for safe storage of the waste. In this review article an attempt will be made to outline the problems associated with these tasks and the approaches to be made by the chemist in solving them.     

Survey of the teaching and applications in radiochemistry in Latin American countries

Summary Missouri University, a recipient of a U.S. Department of Energy Radiochemistry Education Award Program (REAP) grant in 1999, has significantly expanded its education and research mission in radiochemistry. While MU had a viable radiochemistry program through existing faculty expertise and the utilization of the Missouri University Research Reactor, the REAP award allowed MU to leverage its resources in significantly expanding capabilities in radiochemistry. Specifically, the grant enabled the: (1) hiring of a new faculty member in actinide radiochemistry (Dr. Paul Duval); (2) support of six graduate students in radiochemistry; (3) purchase of new radiochemistry laboratory equipment; (4) more extensive collaboration with DOE scientists through interactions with faculty and graduate students, and (5) revised radiochemical curriculum (joint courses across disciplines and new courses in actinide chemistry). The most significant impact of this award has been in encouraging interdisciplinary education and research. The proposal was initiated by a joint effort between Nuclear Engineering and Chemistry, but also included faculty in biochemistry, radiology, and molecular biology. Specific outcomes of the REAP grant thus far are: (1) increased educational and research capabilities in actinide chemistry (faculty hire and equipment acquisition); (2) increased integration of biochemistry and radiochemistry (e.g., radiochemical analysis of uranium speciation in biological systems); (3) stronger interdisciplinary integration of molecular biology and radiochemical sciences (alpha-emitters for treating cancer); (4) new and more extensive interactions with national laboratory facilities (e.g., student internships at LANL and LLBL, faculty and lab scientist exchange visits, analytical measurements and collaboration with the Advanced Photon Source), and (7) new research funding opportunities based on REAP partnership.     

Activities to foster training in nuclear and radiochemistry from IACS,IAEA-Vienna

Summary Given the mismatch between supply of and demand for nuclear scientists, education in nuclear and radiochemistry has become a serious concern. The Nuclear and Radiochemistry in Chemistry Education (NRIChEd) Curriculum Project was undertaken to reintroduce the topics normally covered in a one-semester radiochemistry course into the traditional courses of a four-year chemistry major: general chemistry, organic chemistry, quantitative and instrumental analysis, and physical chemistry. NRIChEd uses a three-pronged approach that incorporates radiochemistry topics when related topics in the basic courses are covered, presents special topics of general interest as a vehicle for teaching nuclear and radiochemistry alongside traditional chemistry, and incorporates the use of non-licensed amounts of radioactive substances in demonstrations and student laboratory experiments. This approach seeks not only to reestablish nuclear science in the chemistry curriculum, but to use it as a tool for elucidating fundamental and applied aspects of chemistry as well. Moreover, because of its relevance in many academic areas, nuclear science enriches the chemistry curriculum by encouraging interdisciplinary thinking and problem solving.     

Analytical chemistry in nuclear technology

Summary The objectives of analytical chemistry in nuclear technology are discussed. The analytical techniques and methods commonly used in the various phases of the nuclear fuel cycle, mining and fuel fabrication, reprocessing and nuclear waste management are described and their advantages and disadvantages are demonstrated. The question of applying in-line analytical instruments in this area is addressed and some techniques which show a proven potential for such an employment are defined.Presented at the 33rd IUPAC Congress, Budapest, August 17–22, 1991.     

Review of the role of nuclear analytical chemistry in the Canadian nuclear fuel waste management program

The Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program involves both field and laboratory research, to assess the concept of disposal of nuclear fuel wastes at depths of up to 1000 m in plutonic rocks. This research program is multifaceted and requires data from a large number of disciplines, such as geology, geochemistry, hydrogeology, civil and mining engineering, chemistry, solid state science, environmental science, and meteorology. In many of these disciplines, nuclear analytical chemistry plays a major role. Examples of the application of nuclear analytical chemistry, including radiochemical separation and instrumental neutron activation analysis, will be discussed.Issued as AECL-8748.