吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定海水中苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的生物降解

苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(简称BTEX)等单环芳烃是石油的重要组分。在油气地球化学勘查领域,BTEX是油气藏信息的直接指示物。BTEX具有挥发性,并且可以受到微生物的降解作用,直接影响到BTEX含量的准确测量。本研究建立了动态顶空(吹扫捕集)和光离子化检测器(PID)的气相色谱测量海水基样品中BTEX的生物降解方法。苯、甲苯、乙苯、对间二甲苯及邻二甲苯的检出限分别为7.3、8.1、11.4、8.3、13.2ng/L;1μg/L海水样品中BTEX回收率为92.84%~100.92%。样品无需预处理。BTEX生物降解规律对海洋油气地球化学勘探中所涉及的样品采集、运输、保存、测量及结果分析具有重要指导意义。     

海水中痕量苯系物的吹扫捕集/气相色谱质谱联用测定

建立了海水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯以及苯乙烯7种苯系物的测定方法。采用吹扫捕集法对海水中的苯系物进行富集,热解吸后导入气相色谱-质谱仪,并选用选择离子模式(SIM)进行检测。结果表明:在100.0～2 000.0 ng/L范围内7种苯系物浓度与仪器响应值的线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 6～0.999 8,方法检出限为5.9～10.7 ng/L;两种不同浓度加标水平(250.0、1000.0 ng/L)的平均回收率分别为84%～105%和96%～97%,相对标准偏差(n=6)分别为3.7%～6.5%和2.1%～3.3%。该方法准确、快速,且具有富集效率高、无试剂再污染等优点,适用于海水中痕量苯系物的分析测定。     

异丙醇-(NH4)_2SO_4-H_2O双水相体系样品前处理结合GC/MS测定化妆品中苯系物

本文用异丙醇-(NH_4)_2SO_4-H_2O双水相体系高效提取化妆品中的苯系物(BTEX,苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯),结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)实现了对化妆品中六种BTEX的快速准确测定。实验主要考察了双水相体系的形成条件,并探讨了双水相体系对BTEX的萃取效率。实验结果表明:异丙醇不仅具有较好的破乳性能,而且对样品中BTEX有较高的提取效率;硫酸铵具有较好的盐析分相作用;化妆品中BTEX的萃取率与异丙醇水溶液的体积分数有关,当双水相体系中水与异丙醇的体积之比约为3∶2时,异丙醇与化妆品中的BTEX可接触充分,萃取率较高。该方法对化妆品中BTEX的测定回收率为81.1~98.2%,检出限为1.1~3.9 ng·g。     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱－同位素比值质谱联用测定水体中痕量苯系物单体碳同位素

建立了吹扫捕集（P&T）/气相色谱－同位素比值质谱（GC/C－IRMS）联用测定水体中痕量苯系物单体碳同位素的方法。优化了吹扫时间、吹扫温度和干吹时间,确定最优吹扫捕集效率,并通过测试不同质量浓度的苯系物水溶液,计算水体中痕量苯系物的检出限。结果表明,在35 ℃下吹扫捕集13 min,干吹时间3 min条件下,水样中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯、异丙苯的吹扫捕集效率分别为95.0%、90.2%、71.3%、59.1%、69.4%、50.8%和70.1%,7种苯系物单体碳同位素的标准偏差（STD）为0.06‰ ~ 0.29‰。7种苯系物的质量浓度在0.50 ~ 20.00 μg/L范围内与峰面积的线性关系良好,相关系数（r2）为0.998 6 ~ 0.999 5,在各浓度下7种苯系物单体碳同位素值的标准偏差为0.090‰ ~ 0.48‰,进样量及进样方式的差异不会导致碳同位素分馏。水样中苯、甲苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯和苯乙烯的检出限为1.00 μg/L,乙苯和异丙苯为0.50 μg/L。该方法可以极大提高水体中苯系物单体碳同位素的检出限,结果准确可靠,满足水体中痕量苯系物单体碳同位素分析的需求。     

HS-SPME/GC对BTEX在聚二甲基硅氧烷与空气之间分配系数及焓变的测定

采用顶空固相微萃取（HS—SPME）与气相色谱（GC）联用技术,测定不同温度下苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯（BTEX）在聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）和空气之间的分配系数K。根据分配系数K和温度T之间的关系,求得焓变数值。实验结果表明,萃取头的吸附作用是一个放热过程,随着温度的升高,分配系数减小,同时根据logK与1／T的线性关系,计算获得苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯的蒸发焓数据,所得数据与文献值接近。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定海洋沉积物中的苯系物

利用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）与气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用建立了测定海洋沉积物中的苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯以及苯乙烯等7种常见苯系物的检测分析方法。对无机盐的加入、平衡时间、萃取温度、萃取时间、解吸温度和时间等多个固相微萃取条件以及色谱条件进行了优化,内标法定量。结果表明：在0.500~20.0 ng/g范围内7种苯系物的线性关系良好,相关系数在0.995~0.999之间;方法检出限为0.0818~0.175 ng/g（干重）;日内和日间重现性较好,相对标准偏差分别为1.2%~3.6%（n=5）和0.4%~6.3%（n=3）;在每1.00 g海洋沉积物样品中2.0和15.0 ng加标水平下,平均加标回收率分别为61.7%~79.5%和77.1%~85.6%,相对标准偏差分别为5.4%~9.6%和3.9%~7.6%（n=5）。该方法快速、灵敏、简便,准确度高,重现性好,适合海洋沉积物样品中苯系物的痕量分析。     

生活饮用水中苯系物的顶空气相色谱测定法

建立顶空气相色谱法测定生活饮用水中微量苯系物的方法,各组分的分离度较好.苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、异丙苯的检出限分别为0.002、0.004、0.005、0.007、0.007、0.008、0.005 mg/L,样品的平均加标回收率为97.0%～100.8%,测量结果的相对标准偏差不大于5.1%(n=5),该方法可满足水中苯系物的检测要求.     

液态乳制品包装材料中VOCs迁移安全性研究

利用顶空/气相色谱-质谱(HS/GC-MS)联用法对百利包、利乐包、塑杯3种乳制品包装材料中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行迁移安全性研究。结果表明,平衡温度与保温时间对包装中的VOCs有不同程度的影响。百利包中均含有苯,部分含有异丙醇、乙苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯,包装材料中VOCs含量为85.64~102.10 ng/cm2;利乐包含有苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯,部分含有异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙苯,包装材料中VOCs含量为54.77~75.16 ng/cm2;塑杯均含有苯,部分含有异丙醇、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯,包装材料中VOCs含量为82.63~171.25 ng/cm2。利用迁移模型对乳制品进行研究,得出苯迁移最坏情况为0.885×10-3mg/kg;穿过0.015 cm厚度包装材料所需的时间为76 d,大于其保质期45 d。     

气相色谱法测定空气中苯、甲苯和邻二甲苯

使用3500有机挥发物监控器收集空气中的苯、甲苯和邻二甲苯。建立了气相色谱测定法。方法简单,快速,苯、甲苯和邻二甲苯的检出限小于OSHA允许限量的1／30,回收率为90．8％～99．7％,相对标准偏差为0．40％～0．63％。     

固相微萃取新型活性炭涂层萃取头的研究

利用合成的有机硅树脂胶粘剂和活性炭微粉首次制成活性涂层萃取头。通过苯系物(BTEX)表征了涂层表观结构、厚度及萃取性能。对苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯等进行固相微萃取,结果表明:该萃取头热稳定性好,最高使用温度可达290℃;使用寿命长,250℃解吸条件下反复使用140余次以后,膜层没有脱落或性能下降的现象。该涂层对苯系物的最低检出质量浓度在0 21～0 94μg L之间。与100μm的商品聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)涂层相比,对苯系物的富集能力整体上相当。     

Determination of benzene,toluene, ethylbenzene,and xylenes in urine by purge and trap gas chromatography

A method for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in urine is described. Determination is performed by dynamic headspace (purge and trap) gas chromatography with photoionization detection. The features of the described method, i.e. detection limits of 15–35 ng L^–1, relative standard deviations of 0.2–10%, accuracy of 80–100%, removal of interference of many compounds present in urine, sharp chromatographic peaks because of cryogenic refocusing, no sample preparation, make it convenient for biological monitoring of exposure to low levels of BTEX. However, the method is time‐consuming and sophisticated.     

Direct atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the continuous real-time trace analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in ambient air

Real-time monitoring of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in ambient air is essential for the early warning detection associated with the release of these hazardous chemicals and in estimating the potential exposure risks to humans and the environment. We have developed a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method for continuous real-time determination of ambient trace levels of BTEX. The technique is based on the sampling of air via an atmospheric pressure inlet directly into the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. The method is linear over four orders of magnitude, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.996. Low limits of detection in the range 1–2 μg/m³ are achieved for BTEX. The reliability of the method was confirmed through the evaluation of quality parameters such as repeatability and reproducibility (relative standard deviation below 8% and 10%, respectively) and accuracy (over 95%). The applicability of this method to real-world samples was evaluated through measurements of BTEX levels in real ambient air samples and results were compared with a reference GC-FID method. This direct APCI-MS/MS method is suitable for real-time analysis of BTEX in ambient air during regulation surveys as well as for the monitoring of industrial processes or emergency situations.     

Determination of Biodegradation Process of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes in Seabed Sediment by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) are commonly found in crude oil and are used in geochemical investigations as direct indicators of the presence of oil and gas. BTEX are easily volatile and can be degraded by microorganisms, which affect their precise measurement seriously. A method for determining the biodegradation process of BTEX in seabed sediment using dynamic headspace (purge and trap) gas chromatography with a photoionization detector (PID) was developed, which had a detection limit of 7.3–13.2 ng L^?1 and a recovery rate of 91.6–95.0%. The decrease in the concentration of BTEX components was monitored in seabed sediment samples, which was caused by microorganism biodegradation. The results of BTEX biodegradation process were of great significance in the collection, transportation, preservation, and measurement of seabed sediment samples in the geochemical investigations of oil and gas.     

电热蒸发-直接进样-冷原子吸收光谱法测定土壤以及沉积物中汞

采用传统分析仪器测定汞元素,需要对样品进行化学消解,存在操作繁杂、效率低以及易交叉污染等问题。故建立了电热蒸发-直接进样-HGA-100测汞仪测定土壤以及沉积物中汞的方法,无需对样品进行化学前处理,降低环境污染。通过优化HGA-100测汞仪参数条件,汞质量浓度在0~20ng以及20~200ng,相关系数优于0.998,准确称量样品0.05g(精确至0.000 1g),方法检出限为0.5μg/kg,相对标准偏差1.6%~4.6%,加标回收率在90.1%~100%。方法用于对土壤和沉积物标准物质测定,结果与标准值相符。方法高效、准确,可用于测定土壤以及沉积物中的汞。     

Determination of Biodegradation Process of Benzene,Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes in Seabed Sediment by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) are commonly found in crude oil and are used in geochemical investigations as direct indicators of the presence of oil and gas. BTEX are easily volatile and can be degraded by microorganisms, which affect their precise measurement seriously. A method for determining the biodegradation process of BTEX in seabed sediment using dynamic headspace (purge and trap) gas chromatography with a photoionization detector (PID) was developed, which had a detection limit of 7.3–13.2 ng L⁻¹ and a recovery rate of 91.6–95.0%. The decrease in the concentration of BTEX components was monitored in seabed sediment samples, which was caused by microorganism biodegradation. The results of BTEX biodegradation process were of great significance in the collection, transportation, preservation, and measurement of seabed sediment samples in the geochemical investigations of oil and gas.

     

固相萃取搅拌棒萃取-气相色谱分析海水中的多环芳烃

利用固相萃取搅拌棒（SBSE）萃取海水中的多环芳烃，然后用热解吸脱附-气相色谱分析。研究了萃取时间、添加NaCl浓度对萃取效率的影响。实验结果表明，SBSE方法对16种多环芳烃的萃取回收率分别在33．5％～122．4％之间；对标准样品的检出限为2．74-13．5ng／L；方法RSD为3．8％～13．1％。用此方法测定了大连海岸海水中的多环芳烃含量。     

冷原子荧光法测定水中汞

研究了以高锰酸钾消化,冷原子荧光法测定水质中汞的最佳测定条件。汞含量在0.0025~0.075μg范围内呈线性关系,相关系数为0.99993,检出限为0.026μg.L-1。方法应用于水样中汞的测定,样品加标回收率在97.6%~117.0%之间,相对标准偏差在1.7%~5.7%之间。     

活性碳纤维固相微萃取/气相-质谱联用测定水中苯系物

 对直接进样、二硫化碳萃取和活性碳纤维固相微萃取 (ACF SPME)分别与气相 质谱联用测定水中的苯系物的方法进行了比较研究。对 3种方法的线性、重复性、最小检出限等进行了试验测定。测定结果表明 ,固相微萃取在灵敏度方面优于其他方法 ,但在重复性方面还有待提高。利用固相微萃取方法进行了实际废水样的检测及回收率试验 ,结果令人较为满意。     

氢化物发生(HG)-ICP-AES测定中药漏芦中微量砷、锑、铋的研究

提出氢化物发生等离子体原子发射光谱（ＨＥ－ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ）值接测定中药漏芦中微量Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｂｉ的方法。对影响分析信号的主要工作条件进行了选择和优化,对干扰元素及消除方法进行了考察。方法的检出限Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｂｉ分别为２．７、３．４、２．８ｎｇ／ｇ,精密度（ＲＳＤ）为２．１％～５．０％,试样加入平均回收率为９２．５％～１０６．５％,本法用于中药漏芦的分析,结果满意。