紫外光引发胺基苯酚与胺的自由基偶联反应构筑二胺基苯醌亚胺类化合物（英文）

报道了一种在无金属条件下,使用廉价易得的叔丁基过氧化氢为氧化剂,紫外光照射引发胺基苯酚与胺类化合物发生自由基偶联反应,高效地构筑二胺基苯醌亚胺类化合物.该反应能够为合成具有潜在药物活性的醌亚胺分子提供这一种操作简单、环境友好且避免使用金属催化剂或光催化剂的新途径.     

Sc(Ⅲ)催化胺对邻亚甲基苯醌氮杂迈克尔加成反应合成贝蒂碱衍生物

邻亚甲基苯醌化合物是一类非常活泼和重要的中间体,被广泛应用于天然产物和药物化学中.以2-[羟基(苯基)甲基]苯酚类化合物和胺为原料,1,2-二氯乙烷为溶剂,在Sc(III)促进下原位生成邻亚甲基苯醌,并发生氮杂迈克尔加成反应合成贝蒂碱衍生物.反应在封管条件下90℃搅拌4 h完成,以76%～96%的产率得到目标产物.     

苯酚和苯胺类化合物对鲁米诺电致化学发光的增强和抑制作用

系统研究了不同pH下的NaHCO₃-Na₂CO₃和NaOH缓冲介质中, 36种苯酚和苯胺类化合物对鲁米诺电致化学发光(Electrochemiluminescence, ECL)体系的影响. 发现苯酚和苯胺类化合物的抑制和增强作用与化合物的结构、氧化电位和介质的pH有直接的关系: 具有较高氧化电位的苯酚和苯胺类化合物对鲁米诺的ECL没有影响; 而具有较低的氧化电位、苯环上有两个处于对位的-OH(或-NH₂)或苯环上有多个相邻的-OH的化合物, 在较低的pH下有增强作用, 在较高的pH下具有抑制作用; 其它的化合物则呈现抑制作用, 抑制作用的大小与化合物的结构有关. 通过研究化合物的氧化半峰电位、ECL光谱、荧光光谱等, 提出了增强和抑制作用的可能机理: 各种有机物的电氧化产物如醌、酮及具有醌、酮结构的聚合物等能够淬灭激发态3-氨基邻苯二甲酸根阴离子(3-AP^2－*)的发射, 导致了鲁米诺的ECL的降低; 同时, 反应过程中生成的半醌自由基中间体或 会促进鲁米诺的发光反应, 呈现增强作用.     

(NH4)11Gd[Gd4Mo29O100(H2O)16]·33H2O杂多化合物在苯酚羟化反应中的催化活性

对苯二酚;过氧化氢;(NH4)11Gd[Gd4Mo29O100(H2O)16]·33H2O杂多化合物在苯酚羟化反应中的催化活性     

液/液界面上氢醌氧化性的研究

在各种各样的生物能量代谢过程中醌类化合物扮演着很重要的角色,在生物光合或呼吸作用中它们起着传递电子的作用~([1～3]).众所周知,氢醌(QH_2)是醌类化合物中很重要的一种化合物,在生物能量代谢中QH_2扮演着电子捐助体的角色.以上所说的氧化还原反应经常在生物膜或者膜表面发生,液/液界面是模拟生物膜上的电子传递过程的一种最简单的方法~([4,5]).     

Sc(Ⅲ)催化硫醇对邻亚甲基苯醌的亲核加成反应合成邻羟基苄硫醚衍生物

以2-[羟基(苯基)甲基]苯酚类化合物和简单的硫醇为原料, 1,2-二氯乙烷为溶剂, 在Sc(Ⅲ)促进下原位生成邻亚甲基苯醌, 并发生亲核加成反应构建邻羟基苄硫醚. 该反应在50 ℃下搅拌2 h即可完成, 目标产物产率82%95%. 反应可放大至克级规模.     

水相中5-（嘌呤-6-巯基）邻苯二酚衍生物的电化学合成

本文报道了6-巯基嘌呤存在时在水相中通过阳极氧化邻苯二酚来电化学合成5-(嘌呤-6-巯基)邻苯二酚衍生物。循环伏安法和控制电位电解的结果表明该类化合物的形成为EC过程,即邻苯二酚衍生物原料先是被电化学氧化成对应的邻苯醌衍生物,该醌非常活泼,进一步与6-巯基嘌呤发生迈克尔加成反应,原位转化生成化合物3a-3d。该工作进一步证明了水相中邻苯醌衍生物的电化学合成与原位转化是合成邻苯二酚衍生物的重要方法。     

(NH_4)_(11)Gd[Gd_4Mo_(29)O_(100)(H_2O)_(16)]·33H_2O杂多化合物

苯二酚 ( DHB)是一种重要的化工原料 ,由苯酚过氧化氢羟化制苯二酚的生产路线 ,反应工艺简单 ,不污染环境 ,被认为是 2 1世纪最有价值、最有前途的工艺路线之一 .其关键在于研制高活性、高选择性的催化剂以提高产率使之实现工业化 .迄今为止 ,用于催化苯酚过氧化氢羟化制苯二酚的杂多化合物尚仅限于具有 Dawson结构的钼钒磷、钨钒磷杂多化合物[1,2 ] .本文设计合成了含稀土元素钆的二元杂多化合物 ( NH4 ) 11Gd[Gd4 Mo2 9O10 0 ( H2 O) 16]· 33H2 O,添加适量 V2 O5后应用于苯酚过氧化氢羟化制苯二酚反应 ,取得较好的催化效果 .称取 …     

9,10-二氢苯并[h]香豆素类化合物的双羟化反应研究及酯化产物的合成

报道了在9,10-二氢苯并[h]香豆素类化合物1a,1b的不对称双羟化反应中,除了得到正常的cis-7,8-双羟化产物2a,2b外,还以中等收率(52%和45%)得到了过度氧化产物7-羰基-8-羟基化合物3a,3b,并讨论了氧化剂用量及反应温度对产物分布的影响.双羟化产物2a,2b的ee值通过其樟脑酯化产物4a,4b的1HNMR图谱所示的非对映异构体比例进行了初步推测.过度氧化产物3b及其樟脑酯化产物5b的结构经X射线单晶衍射分析确证     

自由基正离子诱导的多取代噁唑烷类化合物的合成

自由基正离子诱导可以使富电子的嗜双烯试剂极性反转(polarity umpolung),从而催化通常条件下难以进行的环加成反应,因此得到了广泛的应用[1].但将此方法应用于含杂原子底物的环加成反应的报道尚不多见.我们最近发现对溴三苯胺六氯锑酸盐(TBPA SbCl6-)可以有效地催化芳亚胺与富电子烯烃之间的[4 2]环加成反应构建四氢喹啉类化合物[2]及查耳酮环氧与富电子烯烃之间的[3 2]环加成反应构建四氢呋喃类化合物[3].本文报道以TBPA ·诱导的查耳酮环氧化合物与芳基亚胺的[3 2]环加成反应,用来合成多取代的噁唑烷类化合物,进一步扩展了自由基正离子诱导的环加成反应在杂环合成中的应用.     

Oxygen uptake upon photolysis of 1,4-benzoquinones and 1,4-naphthoquinones in air-saturated aqueous solution in the presence of formate, amines, ascorbic acid, and alcohols

The effects of oxygen in the photoreduction of 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ), and a series of derivatives were studied in aqueous solution in the presence of acetonitrile and formate, aliphatic amines, e.g., EDTA or triethylamine, ascorbic acid, and alcohols, e.g., methanol or 2-propanol. The quinone triplet state is quenched, whereby the semiquinone and donor radicals are formed which react subsequently with oxygen. The overall reaction is oxidation of the donors and conversion of oxygen via the hydroperoxyl/superoxide radical into hydrogen peroxide. The quantum yield (Phi-O2) of this oxygen uptake changes in 2-propanol-water (1:10) from <0.01 for BQ to Phi-O2 = 0.5-0.8 for NQ. Generally Phi-O2 increases with increasing donor concentration. The specific properties of quinone structure, the radical equilibria and reactivity, and the concentration dependences are discussed.     

Photoprocesses of chloro-substituted p-benzoquinones

The photochemistry of chloro-(ClBQ), dichloro-(2,5- and 2,6-Cl 2BQ), and trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (Cl 3BQ) was studied in aqueous solution and/or in mixtures with acetonitrile. Final products are the corresponding hydroquinones (QH 2s) and 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones (QOHs). Three transients were detected by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The triplet state appears within the 20 ns 248 nm pulse and is converted within 0.1-1 micros into a photohydrate (HI aq). HI aq which is spectroscopically and kinetically separated from the triplet state decays within 5 ms, whereas the anion of the hydroxyquinone (QO (-)) grows in at ca. 500 nm in the 0.1-1 s time range. The proton formation and decay kinetics within 0.1-10 micros were observed by transient conductivity in the course of the reaction of the triplet state with water en route to HI aq at pH 4-9. Formation of QO (-) results in a permanent conductance. The efficient photoconversion of Cl n BQs at low concentrations (<0.2 mM) into QH 2s and HOQs is due to a redox reaction of Q with rearranged HI aq. The quantum yield of photoconversion at lambda irr = 254 nm is 0.8-1.2 for ClBQ or Cl 2BQs in aqueous acetonitrile and smaller (0.4) for Cl 3BQ. The yield of semiquinone radical ( (*)QH/Q (*-)) of Cl n BQs ( n = 1-4) in acetonitrile-water (1:1) is low (<20%) at low substrate concentration but is significantly increased upon addition of an H-atom donor, for example, 2-propanol. Other mechanisms involving (*)QH/Q (*-) radicals, such as quenching of the triplet state at enhanced Cl n BQ concentrations and H-atom abstraction from an organic solvent in mixtures with water, have also to be considered.     

Photoinduced electron transfer at liquid|liquid interfaces: dynamics of the heterogeneous photoreduction of quinones by self-assembled porphyrin ion pairs

The initial stages of the heterogeneous photoreduction of quinone species by self-assembled porphyrin ion pairs at the water|1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) interface have been studied by ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy and dynamic photoelectrochemical measurements. Photoexcitation of the water-soluble ion pair formed by zinc meso-tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (ZnTPPS(4)(-)) and zinc meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin (ZnTMPyP(4+)) leads to a charge-separated state of the form ZnTPPS(3)(-)-ZnTMPyP(3+) within 40 ps. This charge-separated state is involved in the heterogeneous electron injection to acceptors in the organic phase in the microsecond time scale. The heterogeneous electron transfer manifests itself as photocurrent responses under potentiostatic conditions. In the case of electron acceptors such as 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ), and tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TCBQ), the photocurrent responses exhibit a strong decay due to back electron transfer to the oxidized porphyrin ion pair. Interfacial protonation of the radical semiquinone also contributes to the photocurrent relaxation in the millisecond time scale. The photocurrent responses are modeled by a series of linear elementary steps, allowing estimations of the flux of heterogeneous electron injection to the acceptor species. The rate of electron transfer was studied as a function of the thermodynamic driving force, confirming that the activation energy is controlled by the solvent reorganization energy. This analysis also suggests that the effective redox potential of BQ at the liquid|liquid boundary is shifted by 0.6 V toward positive potentials with respect to the value in bulk DCE. The change of the redox potential of BQ is associated with the formation of hydrogen bonds at the liquid|liquid boundary. The relevance of this approach toward modeling the initial processes in natural photosynthetic reaction centers is briefly discussed.     

Photoreduction of p-benzoquinones: effects of alcohols and amines on the intermediates and reactivities in solutions

The photochemistry of 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) and alkyl-, Cl- and related derivatives, e.g. methyl-, 2,6-dimethyl-, chloro-, 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, duroquinone and chloranil, was studied in nonaqueous solvents by UV-vis spectroscopy using nanosecond laser pulses at 308 nm. The reactivity of the triplet state (3Q*) of the quinones with 2-propanol in the absence of water is largest for BQ and depends mainly on the quinone structure, whereas the rate constant of electron transfer from amines, such as triethylamine (TEA) or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, is close to the diffusion-controlled limit for BQ and most derivatives. Photoinduced charge separation after electron transfer from amines to 3Q* and the subsequent charge recombination or neutralization are supported by time-resolved conductivity measurements. The half-life of the decay kinetics of the semiquinone radical (*QH/Q*-) depends significantly on the donor and the medium. The photoconversion into the hydroquinones was measured under various conditions, the quantum yield, lambda(irr) = 254 nm, increases with increasing 2-propanol and TEA concentrations. The effects of quenching of 3Q*, the *QH/Q*- radicals and the photoconversion are outlined. The mechanisms of photoreduction of quinones in acetonitrile by 2-propanol are compared with those by TEA in benzene and acetonitrile, and the specific properties of substitution are discussed.     

COVALENTLY LINKED TYROSINE-PYROPHEOPHORBIDE a AND TRYPTOPHAN-PYROPHEOPHORBIDE a COMPOUNDS: SYNTHESIS AND PHOTO-INDUCED CROSS COUPLING WITH 1, 4-BENZOQUINONE

Abstract— Tyrosine-linked pyropheophorbide a ( 2 ) and tryptophan-linked pyropheophorbide a ( 3 ) were synthesized. Neither the phenol group of the tyrosine end nor the indole group of the tryptophan end showed upfield shifts as observed for the tyrosine-linked mesoporphyrin II ( 17 ) and the tryptophanlinked mesoporphyrin II ( 18 ). When the keto group at the C-9 of 2 and 3 was reduced to methylene group [tyrosine-linked 9-deoxopyropheophorbide a ( 5 ) and tryptophan-linked 9-deoxopyropheophorbide a ( 6 )], the phenol group of the tyrosine and the indole group of the tryptophan showed upfield shifts, indicating the intramolecular hydrogen bonds between amino acid moieties and the keto group at the C-9 in 2 and 3 . Irradiation of 2 and 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) in benzene led to a clean formation of a quinone-linked pyropheophorbide a ( 8 ) in 56% yield. Triplet radical pair composed of tyrosine radical and semiquinone radical was assigned as the reaction intermediate for the formation of 8 by means of CIDNP technique. Irradiation of 5 under the identical conditions led to the formation of benzoquinone-linked 9-deoxo-mesopyropheophorbide a ( 10 ) and benzoquinone-linked 9-deoxophylloerythrin a ( 11 ) in 45 and 22%, respectively. Magnesium and zinc complexes of 2 underwent the similar photoaddition reaction much less efficiently. However, irradiation of the tryptophan-linked model compounds 3 and 6 in the presence of BQ did not give the coupling product.     

Comparison of fast scan voltammetry with microelectrode voltammetry of reduction of 1,4-benzoquinone

The reduction of 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) in acetonitrile was blocked in steady-state microelectrode voltammetry although it has been believed to be a sluggish electron transfer reaction. Ferrocene was added to the BQ solution with equi-concentration in order to confirm the diffusion-control step and to evaluate accurately the kinetic effect from potential differences. Fast scan voltammograms showed the negative potential shifts both of the cathodic and the anodic peaks with an increase in the scan rate. In contrast, microelectrode voltammetry showed that the ratio of the steady-state limiting current for BQ to that for ferrocene decreased with a decrease in the electrode radii. The halfwave potential of the reduction of BQ did not vary with the radii within error. These features are largely deviated from the Butler–Volmer kinetic behavior. The electrode surface after the long term electro-reduction was coated with a precipitate. The proposed reaction mechanism is formation of films by follow-up chemical reactions of BQ associated with slight potential shift. The film blocks diffusion of BQ. This model was theoretically formulated and elucidated the experimental results.     

Competitive decay pathways of the radical ions formed by photoinduced electron transfer between quinones and 4,4'-dimethoxydiphenylmethane in acetonitrile

The reactivity of the cation radical of (4-MeOC6H4)2CH2 photosensitized by 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (Cl2BQ), and tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (chloranil, CA) was investigated in acetonitrile. The main photoreaction products obtained by steady-state irradiation were identified to be: (4-MeOC6H4)2-CHOC6H4OH, sensitized by BQ; (4-MeOC6H4)2CHCl, sensitized by Cl2BQ; (4-MeOC6H4)2CHOH, sensitized by CA. The mechanism of their formation was investigated by nanosecond laser flash photolysis that allowed transient species (radical ions, neutral radicals, and ions) to be detected and characterized in terms of absorption spectra, formation quantum yields, and decay rate constants. For all systems, the interaction between the triplet quinone (Q) and (4-MeOC6H4)2CH2 produced the corresponding radical ions (quantum yield phi > or = 0.72) which mainly decay by back electron transfer processes. Less efficient reaction routes for the radical ions Q*- and (4-MeOC6H4)2CH2*+ were also: i) the proton-transfer process with the formation of the radical (4-MeOC6H4)2CH* by use of Cl2BQ; ii) the hydrogen-transfer process with the formation of the cation (4-MeOC6H4)2CH+ in the case of CA. Instead. BQ sensitized a much higher yield of BOH* and (4-MeOC6H4)2CH*, mainly by the direct interaction of triplet BQ with (4-MeOC6H4)2CH2. It was also shown that the presence of salts decreases significantly the rate of the back electron transfer process and enhances the quantum yields of formation of the neutral radicals and ions when Cl2BQ and CA are used, respectively. The behavior of BQ*-, Cl2BQ*-, and CA*- appears to be mainly determined by the Mulliken charges on the oxygen atom obtained from quantum mechanical calculations with the model B3LYP/6-311G(d,p). Spin densities seem to be much less important.     

Photochemistry of Water-soluble Quinones. Production of a Water-derived Spin Adduct

Abstract— The photolyses of phosphate-buffered (pH 7) air- and nitrogen-saturated solutions containing the water-soluble quinones, 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), 2-methyl-l,4-ben-zoquinone (MBQ), sodium 1,4-naphthoquinones-sulfonate (NQ2S), 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQ2S) or 9,10-anthraquinone-l,5-disulfonate (AQDS), and the spin trap 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-l-oxide (DMPO) produce a DMPO-OH adduct. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of the photolyzed samples in ₁₇0-enriched water demonstrates that this adduct derives almost exclusively from water. With the exception of BQ, quantum yields for the formation of DMPO-OH are larger in air than in nitrogen-saturated samples, thus supporting the idea of the formation of air-oxidized intermediates that enhance the DMPO hydroxylation reaction rate. Evidence has been obtained which suggests that BQ and MBQ, but not AQDS, are able to photoox-idize water, with the consequent production of the free OH radical.     

Fe(III)EDTA作为氧化羰化苯酚合成碳酸二苯酯一种有效的氧化还原催化助剂

研究了氧化羰化苯酚合成碳酸二苯酯反应。发现了Fe(III)EDTA 在PdCl2/Fe(III)EDTA/1,4 苯醌/ 四丁基溴化铵催化体系中具有很好的助催化效果。讨论了上述催化体系中的每一组分的作用，并提出了一个催化反应机理。氧化羰化苯酚合成碳酸二苯酯反应的最佳温度为100℃～120℃。当反应在100℃、PCO=2.0MPa、PO2=0.5MPa、苯酚 0.5mol、 PdCl2 0.28mmol、n(PdCl2)∶n(Fe(III)EDTA)∶n(苯醌)∶n(四丁基溴化铵)=1∶1∶10∶40、 4A 分子筛 5.0g、 4h进行时，碳酸二苯酯的产率和选择性分别为8.35%和97.5%。压力越高对生成碳酸二苯酯越有利。     

Transmetallation Versus β‐Hydride Elimination: The Role of 1,4‐Benzoquinone in Chelation‐Controlled Arylation Reactions with Arylboronic Acids

The formation of an atypical, saturated, diarylated, Heck/Suzuki, domino product produced under oxidative Heck reaction conditions, employing arylboronic acids and a chelating vinyl ether, has been investigated by DFT calculations. The calculations highlight the crucial role of 1,4‐benzoquinone (BQ) in the reaction. In addition to its role as an oxidant of palladium, which is necessary to complete the catalytic cycle, this electron‐deficient alkene opens up a low‐energy reaction pathway from the post‐insertion σ‐alkyl complex. The association of BQ lowers the free‐energy barrier for transmetallation of the σ‐alkyl complex to create a pathway that is energetically lower than the oxidative Heck reaction pathway. Furthermore, the calculations showed that the reaction is made viable by BQ‐mediated reductive elimination and leads to the saturated diarylated product.