醇-水混合溶剂中双亲水嵌段共聚物对CaCO3粒子形貌的调控

合成形态、大小及结构受到人为调控的无机材料是现代材料科学的一个重要研究方向, 通过生物模拟方法可望实现各类有机添加剂及模板对无机物形貌与结构的有效调控[1,2]. 近年来, 一类新型的无机晶体生长调控剂--双亲水嵌段共聚物[3]已成功地用于多种无机粒子形貌的有效调控. 双亲水嵌段共聚物由2个与无机表面亲和作用不同的亲水链段构成, 在其水溶液中, 已实现了具有一系列特殊形貌的碳酸钙[4~6]、磷酸钙[7]及硫酸钡[8]粒子的生物模拟合成. 人们已陆续报道了在多种有机添加剂及模板作用下典型的生物矿物CaCO3的生物模拟合成[9,10]. 我们曾系统地研究了水溶液中双亲水嵌段共聚物对CaCO3粒子形貌的调控作用[6],最近又在双亲水嵌段共聚物-表面活性剂混合溶液中合成出具有新颖形貌(如空壳状等)的CaCO3粒子[11]. 本文考察了醇-水混合溶剂中双亲水嵌段共聚物对CaCO3粒子形貌的调控作用, 初步揭示了溶剂特性对该调控作用的显著影响.     

双亲水嵌段共聚物存在下特殊形貌的BaC2O4晶体合成

近年来 ,无机新型材料已经广泛应用于各个技术领域 ,而对于所合成材料的大小和形貌的调控已经成为该材料能够应用于催化、药物、电子、陶瓷、染料和化妆品等领域的一个关键因素[1 ] .利用水溶性有机添加剂作为晶体生长的诱导剂来控制无机晶体的形貌和晶型已有很多报道 .例如 :多种生物分子[2～ 5] 和普通合成的大分子添加剂[6] 对 Ca CO3 晶体在成核、晶化和生长过程中的晶型和形貌有着明显的控制作用 .近年来 ,双亲水嵌段共聚物的功能型高分子 (DHBC) [7]已经发展成为能够有效控制无机晶化过程的新型晶体生长的调控剂 .这类高分子通常是…     

DNA模板诱导针状CdS纳米粒子的形成

利用生物分子作为模板合成无机纳米粒子 ,可以精确地控制生成粒子的结构、大小、形状等 ,这方面的工作已经引起了研究者的广泛关注[1].目前 ,已经对许多生物分子作为无机纳米粒子合成模板剂的可行性进行了探索 .Ｍａｎｎ等[2 ]利用蛋白质作为模板合成ＣｄＳ纳米粒子 ;Ｗａｎｇ等[3]利用哺乳类眼睛晶状体管蛋白作为模板合成纳米尺寸的ＣｄＳ粒子 ;Ｂｒａｕｎ等[4 ]将寡聚核苷酸连接在两个金电极之间 ,用ＤＮＡ分子作为模板生长出长 1 2 μｍ、直径 1 0 0ｎｍ的银纳米线 ;Ｓｈｅｎｔｏｎ等[5 ]用烟草斑纹病毒的蛋白外壳作模板剂诱导生成无机 …     

手性模板合成CdS纳米棒

由于纳米材料具有量子尺寸效应及大的比表面积等性质而使其在电子学[1]、光学[2]、催化[3]和陶瓷[4]等领域显示出诱人的应用前景. 近年来纳米材料的制备及纳米技术发展迅速, 特别是具有特殊光电活性的新型无机纳米材料的制备已引起人们的普遍关注. 现在合成纳米材料的方法主要包括反相胶束法[5]、 LB膜法[6]、嵌段共聚物法[7]和模板合成法[8]. 其中模板合成技术不仅可以通过设计新型的模板分子, 还可通过模板分子的不同自组装行为来调控纳米材料的尺寸和形貌. Stupp等[9]曾利用溶致液晶的六方中间相作为模板, 在其纳米孔隙中成功地合成了具有六方排列超晶格纳米结构的材料. 本文以双亲性丙氨酸衍生物为模板, 在不同的化学微环境下合成了结构不同的CdS纳米棒.     

有机-水溶剂体系中草酸锰结晶行为及其热分解特性的研究

0引言溶剂作为湿化学法合成无机材料的微环境,其物化性质如极性、粘度、硬度等对无机材料的合成均有重大影响[1]。当前大多数的研究工作主要限于水溶液,有关溶剂性质对无机材料合成影响的研究较少。近年来,利用混合溶剂作为调控合成无机材料的有效手段逐渐引起关注[2￣6]。在醇     

气-液界面有序介孔SiO2无机膜的仿生合成

早在几百万年以前,自然界就通过生物矿化过程形成了结构高度有序的有机/无机复合材料,如哺乳动物的牙床、骨骼以及贝壳珍珠层等[1]。随着对天然生物材料生物矿化过程研究的逐渐深入,材料研究者从中得到极为重要的启示:先形成有机物自组装体,无机先驱物在自组装聚集体与溶液相的界面处发生化学反应,在有机自组装体的模板作用下,形成有机/无机复合体,再将有机模板去除即可得到具有一定形状与组织结构的无机材料。这种模仿生物矿化中无机物在有机物调制下形成过程的材料合成,称为仿生合成(biomimetic synthesis)[2]。仿生合成过程中,通过选择有…     

镁铝型水滑石水热合成

水滑石是一类具有特殊结构的层状无机材料 .具有可调变的组成及独特的结构和性能 ,在离子交换、吸附分离、催化、医药等领域得到广泛应用 [1～ 4 ] .特别是水滑石类材料所具有的选择性、红外吸收性和离子交换性等一些特殊性能 ,使其作为新型无机功能材料已应用于 PE农膜 (保温剂 )和 PVC(无毒热稳定剂 )等高分子材料中 ,显示了独特的性能[5] .作为无机功能材料 ,水滑石在复合材料中的应用必然涉及其粒子尺寸和分布 ,因此对水滑石晶化规律的研究非常重要 .水滑石成熟的合成方法是共沉淀法[6] ,如单滴法、双滴法 .由于沉淀粒子是渐次产生 ,…     

活性聚苯乙烯膜诱导碳酸钙异相成核结晶

0引言生物矿物材料(如骨、牙齿、贝壳等)的优异性能[1]使得无机材料的仿生合成(又称有机模板合成)成为近年来研究的热点之一[2]。该合成技术的优点是,通过有机物分子与无机离子的相互作用,能够在温和的条件下合成出具有多级结构、特殊形貌和优异性能的有机/无机复合材料。CaCO3     

溶剂热法制备Bi2S3纳米材料

0引言纳米材料具有特殊的结构和性能,可广泛应用于化学、物理学、电子学、光学、机械和生物医药学等领域[1￣5]。其中一维或准一维纳米结构体系或纳米材料的研究既是研究其它低维材料的基础,又与纳米电子器件及微型传感器密切相关,是近年来国内外研究的前沿[6￣9]。近年来,人们虽然做了许多尝试来制备一维纳米结构材料,但合成这类材料特别是合成半导体一维纳米材料仍然是一个巨大的挑战。随着维数的减小,半导体材料的电子能态发生变化,其光、电、声、磁等方面性能与常规体材料相比有着显著的不同[10￣12]。Bi2S3是一种重要的半导体材料,受…     

"面包圈"状高有序度大孔径介孔分子筛SBA-15的合成

介孔材料因其高度有序的大孔径、较佳的催化吸附性能、良好的电磁性质及易于剪裁而引起人们极大的兴趣[1～9].人们已相继合成了介孔氧化硅薄膜[3,10]、球[12]、空心球[4,13]和纤维[12～15]等,并设法控制中孔材料晶体外貌[3～9,15～21].最近,我们报道了利用多相组装和无机晶体(如NaCl,LiCl)作大孔结构导向剂的方法[16],合成了人造"珊瑚"状介-大孔氧化硅膜[13].Lin等[17]用共表面活性剂法在丁醇存在下合成了多组有序结构的介孔氧化硅空心球; Shio等[21]在完全溶解的硅酸钠和阳离子表面活性剂溶液中,合成了细棒状介孔氧化硅粉末.本文报道一种控制介孔材料颗粒外貌和形状的新方法,即共溶剂法,并以此法合成了高有序度、大孔径、 "面包圈"状介孔氧化硅SBA-15.这种新材料有望在微加工、催化、生物分离、电子器件的矿化、色谱载体等方面得到应用[1～9].     

双亲水性嵌段共聚物对CaCO_3结晶的影响

以合成的带有磺酸基为端基的线型-超支化二嵌段共聚物PEG-b-PEI-SO3H为模板,探讨了其对CaCO3结晶的影响,并用FTIR、XRD、SEM、TEM等对产物进行了表征.结果表明,带有—SO3H端基的线型-超支化双亲水性嵌段共聚物PEG-b-PEI-SO3H对CaCO3晶体形貌和晶型表现出较强的调控能力.培养1天时得到空心环状方解石型CaCO3晶体,但当培养时间为3天和5天时,得到的CaCO3晶体形貌既有河蚌状也有类球状,同时其晶型既有方解石也有球霰石,而当培养时间达到7天后,得到的就只有球状球霰石CaCO3晶体.     

Formation of stable vaterite with poly(acrylic acid) by the delayed addition method

The crystallization of CaCO3 was examined by changing the addition time of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) to an aqueous solution of calcium carbonate by selectively interacting with the crystal at different stages during the crystal-forming process. The precipitation of CaCO3 was carried out by a double jet method to prevent heterogeneous nucleation on glass walls, and the sodium salt of PAA was added by a delayed addition method. In the initial presence of PAA in an aqueous solution of calcium carbonate, PAA acted as an inhibitor for the nucleation and growth of crystallization. However, it was found that stable vaterite particles were successfully obtained by delaying the addition of PAA from 1 to 60 min. The vaterite particles were stable in the aqueous solution for more than 30 days, and the CaCO3 particles were formed by a spherulitic growth mechanism. It is suggested that PAA strongly binds with the Ca2+ ion on the surface of CaCO3 particles to stabilize the unstable vaterite form effectively. Upon changing the addition time of PAA, we found that CaCO3 particles were formed through different formation mechanisms in selectively controlled crystallization at different stages during the crystallization process.     

Evolution Mechanism of Calcium Carbonate in Solution

Calcium carbonate was synthesized in a CaCl₂/NaCO₃ mixed solution by using ethylenedi-aminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an additive. The thermodynamics and kinetics analyses indicate that although the driving force of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) precipi-tation is always less than that of calcite and vaterite precipitation, the nucleation rate of ACC is greater than that of calcite and vaterite at the initial stage of the precipitation reaction. With the increasing incubation time, vaterite and calcite particles nucleate het-erogeneously by using the as-formed particles as active sites. Scanning electron microscopyimages indicate that the transformation mechanism of ACC and vaterite to calcite is the dissolution-recrystallisation reaction. The presence of EDTA not only improves the stabil-ities of ACC and vaterite, but also leads to forming enlongated, connected rhombohedralcalcite crystals after incubation 7 days in solutions. The ACC and vaterite are stabler in air than in solutions at room temperature, although the dissolution-recrystallisation reaction occurs on the surface.     

Homogeneous Precipitation of Calcium Carbonates by Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction

Catalytic decomposition of urea by urease in aqueous calcium chloride solutions was used to rapidly prepare calcium carbonate polymorphs at room temperature. The nature of the resulting particles depended on the concentration of the enzyme and, in a strong manner, on the agitation of the reacting solutions. In an undisturbed system an amorphous precipitate is formed first, which readily crystallized to vaterite and upon aging changed to calcite. Under the influence of magnetic stirring, the amorphous phase could be not observed; instead smaller particles were initially obtained, which aggregated to vaterite and calcite. Similarly, the application of ultrasonic energy produced small vaterite particles at the early stages. It is apparent that enzyme macromolecules are important in the development of calcite faces and, as such, they exert significant influence on calcite morphology, without being present in detectable amounts in the resulting solids. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Transformation of vaterite into calcite in the absence and the presence of copper(II) species

The transformation of vaterite into calcite may be performed by heating in the presence and the absence of oxygen. Vaterite remains thermally stable until a calcination temperature of 450°C. It transforms progressively to calcite up to 500°C giving two exothermic peaks: 1) at 481°C due to the transformation of vaterite surface which is in contact with a small amount of calcite phase already formed with the time on the solid surface from the humidity atmosphere; 2) at 491°C due to the transformation of pure vaterite bulk. The calcite phase remains stable until 700°C. Above this temperature the formation of CaO is observed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Properties of amorphous calcium carbonate and the template action of vaterite spheres

The fast mixing of aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate could immediately result in amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). Under vigorous stirring, the formed ACC in the precipitation system will dissolve first and, then, transform within minutes to produce crystalline forms of vaterite and calcite. After that, the solution-mediated mechanism dominates the transformation of the thermodynamically unstable vaterite into the thermodynamically stable calcite. Although ACC is the least stable form of the six anhydrous phases of calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)), it could be, however, produced and stabilized by a variety of organisms. To better understand the formation-transformation mechanism of ACC and vaterite into calcite, ex-situ methods (i.e., scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy) were used to characterize the formation-transformation process of ACC and vaterite in aqueous systems without organic additives, showing that ACC sampled at different conditions has different properties (i.e., lifetime, morphology, and spectrum characterization). It is also very interesting to capture the obviously polycrystalline particles of CaCO(3) during the transformation process from vaterite to calcite, which suggests the formation mechanism for the calcite superstructure with multidimensional morphology.     

Formation Process and Thermodynamic Poperties of Calcite

The fast mixing of aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate resulted in crystalline forms of vaterite and calcite under vigorous stirring. Then, the vaterite was transformed to pure calcite within about 180 rain. The crystalline forms all grew with experimental time increase. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy （XRD） techniques were employed to characterize the as-prepared samples. The heat capacity of the stable as-synthesized calcite was determined by means of an adiabatic calorimeter from 80 to 390 K. The thermodynamic functions of the calcite were derived based on the relationships among the thermodynamic functions and the function of the measured heat capacity with respect to temperature.     

Effects of PAA additive and temperature on morphology of calcium carbonate particles

Calcium carbonate particles with various shapes were prepared by the reaction of sodium carbonate with calcium chloride in the absence and presence of a polyacrylic acid (PAA) at 25°C and 80°C, respectively. The as-prepared products were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effects of pH, temperatures, aging time and concentration of PAA and CaCO₃ on the crystal form and morphologies of the as-prepared CaCO₃ were investigated. The results show that pH, temperatures, concentration of PAA and CaCO₃ are important parameters for the control of morphologies of CaCO₃. Various crystal morphologies of calcite, such as, plates, rhombohedras, rectangles, ellipsoids, cubes, etc. can be obtained depending on the experimental conditions. Especially, the monodispersed cubic calcite particles can be produced by PAA addition at 80°C. Moreover, higher temperature is beneficial to the formation of monodispersed cubic or rectangular calcite particles. This research may provide new insight into the control of morphologies of calcium carbonate and the biomimetic synthesis of novel inorganic materials.     

Assembly Synthesis of Sheet-like Calcite Array and Stable Vaterite by Supported Liquid Membrane

Sheet-like calcite array and stable vaterite were synthesized by bio-mimetic supported liquid membrane system under different reaction conditions. Both of the FTIR spectra of products showed narrower peak at 1418 cm^-1 than that of bulk CaCO3, and that of vaterite has a split in this peak.     

A carbonate controlled-addition method for amorphous calcium carbonate spheres stabilized by poly(acrylic acid)s

Stable amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) composite particle with a size-controlled monodispersed sphere was obtained by a new simple carbonate controlled-addition method by using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) (Mw = 5000), in which an aqueous ammonium carbonate solution was added into an aqueous solution of PAA and CaCl2 with a different time period. The obtained ACC composite products consist of about 50 wt % of ACC, 30 wt % of PAA, and H2O. Average particle sizes of the ACC spheres increased from (1.8 +/- 0.4) x 102 to (5.5 +/- 1.2) x 102 nm with an increase of the complexation time of the PAA-CaCl2 solution from 3 min to 24 h, respectively. The ACC formed from the complexation time for 3 min was stable for 10 days with gentle stirring as well as 3 months under a quiescent condition in the aqueous solution. Moreover, the ACC was also stable at 400 degrees C. Stability of the amorphous phase decreased with an increase of the complexation time of the PAA-CaCl2 solution. No ACC was obtained when the lower molar mass PAAs (Mw = 1200 and 2100) were used. In the higher molar mass case (Mw = 25 000), a mixture of the amorphous phase and vaterite and calcite crystalline product was produced. The present results demonstrate that the interaction and the reaction kinetics of the PAA-Ca2+-H2O complex play an important role in the mineralization of CaCO3.