重铬酸钾光度法快速测定水中化学需氧量

建立快速测定水中化学需氧量(COD)的重铬酸钾光度法。样品消解温度为165℃,消解时间为15 min。当水中含有氯离子时,可加入硫酸汞掩蔽剂消除氯离子影响,其加入量按每毫克氯离子加入20 mg硫酸汞计算。该方法检测范围为20~800 mg/L,当水中COD质量浓度大于800 mg/L时应先进行稀释,然后测定;当COD质量浓度小于20 mg/L时,可以采用真空蒸馏法浓缩,以提高COD质量浓度。采用该方法对COD质量浓度为300 mg/L的标准溶液进行测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.7%(n=6),相对误差为-2.0%。分别采用所建方法和国家标准方法HJ 828—2017(重铬酸钾回流消解滴定法)测定两个不同水样,相对偏差分别为-1.6%和-1.1%。该方法适用于水中COD的快速测定。     

快速消解分光光度法测定高氯废水中低浓度化学需氧量

建立快速消解分光光度法检测高氯废水中低浓度化学需氧量(COD)的方法。通过提高催化液中硫酸银的浓度(46 g/L)充分络合氯离子,同时降低消解液中重铬酸钾的浓度至0.061 2 mol/L来抑制重铬酸钾与氯离子的反应,达到有效消除Cl~–干扰的目的。水样在165℃消解30 min,于600 nm波长检测吸光度,标准曲线法计算COD。实验结果表明,水样中COD质量浓度为20 mg/L时,2 000 mg/L的Cl~–不干扰COD的测定(相对误差小于10%),并且随着COD质量浓度的增加,Cl~–产生的干扰误差逐渐降低。对国家环境保护部标准样品进行了测定,COD测定值与标准值一致。样品加标回收率为97.0%~103.7%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.01%~6.33%(n=6)。该法快速,有毒试剂用量小,成本低,具有较高的准确度和良好的精密度,可以用于多数工业废水中COD的测定。     

高氯钻井废水低COD分析方法改进

用重铬酸钾法测定油气田高氯低COD的钻井废水时会产生较大误差。对该国标法测定COD进行了改进,采用低浓度氧化剂,增加硫酸汞以掩蔽氯离子来降低COD的分析误差。实验结果表明,选择0.0500 mol/L的重铬酸钾溶液,硫酸汞与氯质量比为10︰1时,测定结果的相对误差小于10%,适合测定高氯低COD钻井废水的COD值。该方法扩大了国标法的适用范围。     

双中间体库仑法测定化学耗氧量

本文研究了一种测定水样中化学耗氧量(COD)的新方法——双中间体库仑法(以下简称(DIC法)。方法基于在1.2M HNO_3和1.5M H_2SO_4混合介质中。电生CeⅣ作氧化剂以消化水样样品,过量的CeⅣ以电生FeⅡ反滴,根据所消耗的电生CeⅣ的时间而算出COD值。并将该法与高锰酸钾标准方法进行了比较。文中还对电生CⅣ和FeⅡ的电流效率以及影响电流效率的因素进行了讨论;也对某些纯有机化合物的COD值及氯离子对测定COD的影响进行了研究。DIC法操作简便、快速、重现性好,便于仪器化,可用于测定天然水及任何污水样品的COD。     

纳米二氧化钛-高锰酸钾协同光催化氧化体系快速测定化学需氧量

以纳米TiO2-KMnO4协同光催化氧化体系为基础,结合分光光度法建立了一种快速测定水样中化学需氧量(COD)的简便方法。本方法具有线性范围宽、抗氯离子干扰能力强等优点。在选定的最优条件下,线性范围为0.1~320mg/L;当氯离子含量在1500mg/L以内时,相对误差小于5%。此方法适用于污染程度低的自来水、地表水或中等污染程度的工业废水中COD值的快速测定。     

废水中COD的测定——高浓度氯及溴离子干扰的消除

试验表明用重铬酸钾法测定废水的COD值时加入硫酸汞作掩蔽剂对废水中共存有高浓度氯离子和溴离子的干扰不能消除,特别是对溴离子几乎没有掩蔽作用。提出根据废水中氯离子和溴离子的实际含量,定量加入硝酸银作掩蔽剂可同时消除氯离子和溴离子的干扰。COD的回收率在102%~106%之间。     

熔融法制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定煤灰中主次成分的含量北大核心CSCD

在铂金坩埚中依次加入4.000 0g无水四硼酸锂,0.250 0g试样,0.250 0g钴内标试剂,搅拌均匀,再用3.000 0g无水四硼酸锂覆盖在表面,加入1 000g·L-1溴化锂溶液0.25mL后,在电加热自动熔样机中于650℃预氧化10min后,在1 080℃前置2min,熔融17min,后置3min制得熔片,在所选仪器工作条件下测定煤灰中主次成分的含量。选用12份经国家标准方法定值的煤灰样品和两份铁矿石标准样品作为校准样品绘制标准曲线,采用经验系数法和理论α系数法对曲线进行基体校正和谱线重叠干扰校正。采用试验方法对煤灰样品中各组分进行测定,所得结果和标准方法测得值一致,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)在0.23%~5.3%之间。     

熔融法制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定煤灰中主次成分的含量

在铂金坩埚中依次加入4.000 0g无水四硼酸锂,0.250 0g试样,0.250 0g钴内标试剂,搅拌均匀,再用3.000 0g无水四硼酸锂覆盖在表面,加入1 000g·L-1溴化锂溶液0.25mL后,在电加热自动熔样机中于650℃预氧化10min后,在1 080℃前置2min,熔融17min,后置3min制得熔片,在所选仪器工作条件下测定煤灰中主次成分的含量。选用12份经国家标准方法定值的煤灰样品和两份铁矿石标准样品作为校准样品绘制标准曲线,采用经验系数法和理论α系数法对曲线进行基体校正和谱线重叠干扰校正。采用试验方法对煤灰样品中各组分进行测定,所得结果和标准方法测得值一致,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)在0.23%~5.3%之间。     

硫酸预加热-容量法测定含氯地质样品中的有机碳

氯离子的存在影响有机碳的测定,导致结果偏高。采用硫酸预加热-重铬酸钾氧化的溶矿体系处理样品,在预加热过程中氯离子转化为氯化氢挥发,消除了氯离子的干扰;恒温电热板消解样品,避免了油浴对样品及环境的污染。通过对氯离子干扰定量实验、预加热温度、预加热时间等条件进行探讨,确定了最佳实验条件。在不影响有机碳与重铬酸钾正常反应的前提下,有效地消除了氯离子对有机碳测定的干扰,实现了含氯地质样品中有机碳的准确测定。通过土壤标准物质、海洋沉积物等含氯国家标准物质进行验证,相对误差小于1.5%,相对标准偏差小于7.3%,结果重现性好,准确度高,且操作简便,对环境无二次污染,易于推广应用。     

X射线荧光光谱法同时测定煤焦灰分中主次组分

采用玻璃熔融法制样,选用标准样品及其与其他标准样品的混合物制作工作曲线,并以经验α系数校正元素重叠干扰和基体效应,用X射线荧光光谱法对煤焦灰分中的二氧化硅、氧化钙、氧化镁、氧化铝、氧化锰、二氧化钛和氧化亚铁等7种主次组分进行测定。该法分析结果与化学法测定值相符;对同一样品测定6次,各组分测定值的相对标准偏差在0.11%～5.8%之间。     

Determination of chemical oxygen demand in fresh waters using flow injection with on-line UV-photocatalytic oxidation and spectrophotometric detection

A flow injection manifold incorporating UV-photocatalytic oxidation for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in freshwater is reported. The method utilises the UV-photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds instead of conventional heating (used in the standard method), with acidified potassium permanganate as the oxidant. Sodium oxalate, d-glucose and potassium hydrogen phthalate were used as COD standards. A 100 microL sample solution was injected into a 0.3 mol L(-1) H2SO4 carrier stream containing 0.1 mol L(-1) (NH4)2SO4, merged with a permanganate solution (8 x 10(-4) mol L(-1)) and passed through a 250 cm FEP (fluoroethylene polymer) photo-reaction coil wound around a 15 W UV lamp. The sample throughput was 30 h(-1), with an LOD (blank plus 3sigma) of 0.5 mg COD L(-1) and a linear range of 0.5-50 mg COD L(-1) (D-glucose, r2 = 0.9966). The method had good precision with relative standard deviations of 2.7% at 5 mg COD L(-1) and 1.2% at 20 mg COD L(-1) (n = 12) for glucose. Results for a COD certified reference material (QC Demand Quality Control Standard) were in good agreement with the certified COD value. Recovery from Tamar River water samples for all three COD standards was 83.0-111.0% and the COD values determined were in good agreement with those of a permanganate index reference method.     

无汞分光光度法快速测定含氯废水化学需氧量

建立无汞分光光度法快速测定含氯废水的化学需氧量。氯离子在测定化学需氧量反应中会增大重铬酸钾的消耗量,进而影响测定的准确性。传统的化学需氧量测定需要使用硫酸汞掩蔽氯化物。通过添加过量硫酸银以减少汞的使用,建立化学需氧量的无汞测定法。研究表明添加硫酸银含量1.03%的Ag2SO4-H2SO4试剂可以掩蔽500 mg/L及以下浓度氯离子的干扰。运用传统的测定方法和无汞测定法对理论化学需氧量为100 mg/L的邻苯二甲酸氢钾溶液进行测定,无汞测定法测定值略高于传统方法测定值。在氯离子浓度低于500 mg/L时,无汞方法测定值的准确度优于传统方法。另外,化学需氧量无汞测定法将化学药品的单位样本使用成本从0.61元降至0.47元。无汞分光光度法适用于含氯废水化学需氧量的快速测定。     

基于氧弹燃烧-离子色谱法测定生活垃圾可燃组分中氯和硫的含量

采用氧弹燃烧法对垃圾样品干燥基进行前处理,用碳酸钠(24 mmol/L)和碳酸氢钠(30 mmol/L)以及过氧化氢(2.5%)为吸收液,并用离子色谱法对其处理后吸收液中氯离子和硫酸根含量进行测定,最后换算为样品中氯和硫的含量。氯和硫酸根质量浓度分别在1~50 mg/L与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性相关,其线性相关系数都大于0.999。样品中氯的加标回收率为96.5%~99.1%,硫酸根的加标回收率为92.5%~101%,测定结果中样品的相对平均标准偏差均小于3%(n=5),并用质控样品对方法进行了验证,结果表明样品的前处理方法简单、样品损失少、准确度高,适合于垃圾样品可燃组分中氯和硫含量的测定。     

A high throughput chemiluminescence method for determination of chemical oxygen demand in waters

A novel and high throughput chemiluminescence (CL) method for determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in water sample was originally developed based on potassium permanganate-glutaraldehyde CL system. With this method, dissolved organic matter in water samples was digested by excess acid potassium permanganate, the reacted mixture solutions containing surplus KMnO₄ were added in wells of a 96-well plate, followed by injection of glutaraldehyde in the wells, and CL was then produced along with the reaction of the added glutaraldehyde with the surplus KMnO₄ and detected by a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The difference (ΔI) between the CL intensity for distilled water and that for sample water was proportional to the COD value of water sample. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 0.16-19.24 mg L⁻¹ with a detection limit of 0.1 mg L⁻¹. A complete analysis could be performed in 40 min including digestion and detection, giving a very high throughput of 3 × 96 samples in about 60 min. Compared with the conventional methods, this method is simple and sensitive and consumes very limited and cheap reagents. Owing to its rapid, automatic, high throughput and low cost characteristics, the presented CL method has been applied successfully to the determination of COD in real water samples (n = 32) with satisfactory results.     

原子吸收法测定环境水样中化学需氧量

在Ｈ２ＳＯ４介质中用Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７同ＣＯＤ水样反应,反应后水相中过量的Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）以Ｃｒ２Ｏ２－７形式被ＴＯＡ萃入有机相中,而生成的Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）则留在水相,用ＡＡＳ测定有机相中的Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）或水相中的Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）都可求得ＣＯＤ含量。本法简便快速、需样量少、且测定结果同标准方法（ＣＯＤＣｒ法）一致,回收率为９８％～１０８％,平均标准偏差为３．３％。     

高氯废水化学需氧量分析方法综述

对高氯废水化学需氧量分析方法进行归纳和综述。常用的高氯废水化学需氧量分析方法有氯气校正容量法、降氯密闭消解分光光度法以及高温氧化总有机碳系数换算法等。其中氯气校正容量法操控要求较高,分析耗时较长,不适用于大批量样品同步分析;降氯密闭消解分光光度法灵敏度高,但在降氯过程中增加了重金属盐硫酸汞的用量,分析成本较高,易产生二次污染,且对样品的均质性要求较高;高温氧化总有机碳系数换算法操作便捷、抗干扰能力强,但是换算系数易随不同来源、不同组分的样品发生波动,数据可比性需要通过实验验证。经过梳理归纳,明确各种分析方法的特点和适用范围,为研究人员选择合适的分析方法或进一步开展相关的方法研究提供参考。     

Determination of bromate ion in drinking water by capillary zone electrophoresis with direct photometric detection

Bromate ion in drinking water was determined by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with direct photometric detection. Bromate ion in the sample solution was introduced and concentrated into the capillary by electrokinetic injection for 50s at -10 kV. Electrophoretic separation was made at an applied voltage of -25 kV and bromate ion was detected at wavelength 193 nm, at which the baseline was stabilized with less UV-absorbing acidic phosphate buffer. Bromate ion was detected within 5 min in the electropherogram. By increasing the electric conductivity in the migrating solution with 10 mM Na2SO4, a limit of detection (LOD) of 9 x 10(-10)M (0.1 microg/L BrO3-) was achieved. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of tap water and river water samples, but bromate ion was not detected. Because the practical samples contain relatively large amount of foreign ionic substances, the tap water sample was diluted to avoid the matrix ions. Bromate ion added in a tap water at the concentration of 8 x 10(-8)M was quantitatively recovered by diluting it 1/10.     

Repetitive determination of chemical oxygen demand by cyclic flow injection analysis using on-line regeneration of consumed permanganate.

A cyclic flow injection analysis (cyclic FIA) for the repetitive determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was developed. The acidic KMnO4 method was carried out by adopting a single-line circulating flow system. The oxidant (KMnO4) consumed by the oxidation of organic substances was regenerated and reused repeatedly, resulting in an extreme reduction of hazardous wastes. Only 50 ml of the reagent carrier solution containing 0.2 mM KMnO4 and 1 mM HIO4 in 0.8 M H2SO4 solution was continuously circulated through the system. The KMnO4 could play two roles: acting as an oxidant of the organic substances and/or a spectrophotometric reagent. The co-existing HIO4 acted as a regenerator of KMnO4, which made it possible to recycle the system repeatedly. Under two different digestions (70 and 130 degrees C), 50 repetitive determinations of standard sodium oxalate (6.5 mg COD L(-1)) and D-glucose (7.2 mg COD L(-1)) were skillfully carried out with a slightly decreased baseline. The analytical frequency was 30 samples per hour for COD determination. The proposed method saved consumption of the used reagents, KMnO4 and H2SO4, and thus these wastes were extremely reduced. The obtained COD values with the proposed method were co-related with those provided by the manual standard method, but were fairly low owing to the insufficient digestion step.     

城市生活垃圾氯含量测定方法的研究

为了明确垃圾焚烧中氯的确切来源和种类，为垃圾焚烧炉的设计、运行提供参考和促进垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英类物质等二次污染物的生成机理和控制措施的研究，采用硝酸银容量法、硫氰酸汞分光光度法和离子色谱法等研究了城市生活垃圾各主要成分中氯元素的含量。实验结果表明，PVC类塑料和厨余中的灰尘部分含氯量相对较高，均在100mg/g以上；当含氯量大于100mg/g时，可以采用硝酸银容量法测定；含氯量为0.1mg/g-10mg/g时可以采用硫氰酸汞分光光度法和离子色谱法；当含氯量小于0.1mg/g时则只能采用离子色谱法；组分中含硫时只能用离子色谱法测定。     

无汞高银低压消解法与氯气校正法测定高氯水体中化学需氧量的比较研究

建立了适合于水和废水中COD测定的新方法--无汞高银低压消解法,以高氯水样为例,对样品中COD含量进行了测定,并与氯气校正法进行了比较验证.结果表明,测定高氯水样中COD,无汞高银低压消解法优于氯气校正法,具有操作简单、测定快速、结果准确、减少二次污染、设备通用等特点.