贵金属负载光催化剂在丙炔光催化水解反应中的研究(Ⅲ)

利用三种不同负载方法制备了含有不同贵金属的TiO2光催化剂,通过测试其XPS和光催化活性和选择性发现,TiO2光催化剂在丙炔和水的光催化水解反应中,由于贵金属的存在,有利于促进发生加氢反应,导致丙烯的生成量增加.Pt,Ru,Rh,Pd和Ag负载在TiO2上,在紫外线照射下(λ>270nm),Pd负载的TiO2光催化剂表现出最高的光催化活性.光催化活性和负载贵金属所处的氧化状态有密切的关系,贵金属完全被还原到0价是提高光催化活性的必要条件.     

紫外光照射下丙炔光催化水解反应的研究 Ⅰ．纳米二氧化钛光催化剂的性能

 采用5种不同的纳米二氧化钛为光催化剂,考察了它们在丙炔水解反应中的光催化活性,并用X射线衍射和漫反射紫外－可见吸收光谱技术进行了表征．研究了催化剂表面物理化学性质与在丙炔光催化水解反应中的构效关系．实验结果表明,纳米二氧化钛光催化剂能够引发丙炔的光催化水解反应,生成乙烷和乙烯等产物;锐钛矿相纳米二氧化钛具有较高的光催化活性,在晶型相同的情况下,影响光催化活性的主要因素是催化剂的粒径和比表面积．     

可见光照射下丙炔光催化水解反应的研究 Ⅱ．钒离子对二氧化钛催化性能的影响

 研究了几种不同粒径的TiO2在CH3CCH和H2O的光催化反应中的催化活性．结果表明,利用离子注入法可以拓展纳米TiO2催化剂的光吸收区域,使其吸收带向可见光方向偏移,且偏移程度随着TiO2粒径的增大而增大;特别是注入V离子使TiO2催化剂在可见光区域具有光催化活性．V离子注入后,TiO2催化剂在紫外区域的光催化活性没有下降,但在可见光区域的光催化活性有所提高．在五种光催化剂中,具有中等粒径大小的P－25注入V离子后表现出最高的光催化活性．在太阳光直接照射下,这些光催化剂也具有较高的催化活性．     

CQDs/TNS复合光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化活性

以明胶为原料用水热法一步合成了碳量子点(CQDs),经过聚乙二醇表面修饰后,在乙醇溶液中与二氧化钛纳米片(TNS)复合形成了碳量子点高分散负载的CQDs/TNS复合光催化剂.对复合光催化剂进行了XRD、FT-IR、HRTEM和XPS表征,结果表明合成的碳量子点的平均粒径为4nm且具有较好的荧光性能.与纯TNS相比,CQDs/TNS复合光催化剂在可见光下对罗丹明B表现出很好的光催化降解活性.当CQDs/TNS复合光催化剂中CQDs含量为7.5%时光催化活性最好,并且在3次循环降解后活性仍保持不变.其优异的光催化活性来自于碳量子点的独特上转换荧光性能和二氧化钛纳米片高活性{001}晶面的共同作用.     

高效Ag@AgBr等离子体光催化剂的制备及可见光活性研究

采用水热法和光致还原法制备了具有等离子体共振效应的Ag@AgBr可见光催化剂,利用XRD,SEM,EDX,DRS和XPS等手段对产物的结构和性能进行表征,并研究了催化剂在可见光下对罗丹明B(RhB)的光催化降解性能,考察了催化剂的循环使用及捕获剂对Ag@AgBr光催化性能的影响.结果表明:贵金属Ag纳米粒子的表面等离子体共振效应可显著增强Ag@AgBr对可见光的吸收;催化剂对罗丹明B具有较高的可见光降解活性和稳定性,在可见光下照射90 min,对罗丹明B的降解率达95%以上,光催化剂循环使用5次仍具有良好的光催化降解活性;淬灭实验表明在Ag@AgBr降解罗丹明B过程中,吸附在催化剂表面的h+、·OH、O2·-是主要的活性物种.     

负载金的掺氮二氧化钛的制备及其可见光催化性能

以纳米管钛酸为前驱体,采用水热法先制备得到新型N掺杂二氧化钛,然后用沉积沉淀法在N掺杂二氧化钛表面负载微量贵金属Au,制备得到负载Au的掺N二氧化钛.利用TEM、XRD、XPS、ESR和DRS等手段研究了样品的形貌、晶体结构、元素化学态和光谱吸收性质.样品光催化活性通过可见光催化降解丙烯进行评价,结果表明,样品N-TiO₂和Au/N-TiO₂具有明显的可见光(λ≥420 nm)催化活性.ESR结果表明,掺氮过程中生成的束缚单电子的氧空位是样品具有可见光响应的原因.     

可见光完全分解水光催化剂Bi0.5La0.5VO4的制备和表征

通过高温固相法合成了光催化剂Bi0.5La0.5VO4,用N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和紫外-可见漫反射光谱对催化剂进行了表征,并初步讨论了其能带结构.结果表明,Bi0.5La0.5VO4为BiVO4和LaVO4的固溶体,其禁带宽度约为2.70eV,对应的吸收边为470nm,负载Pt,RuO2和Pt-Cr2O3等后,在紫外光和可见光下均有光催化活性.其中负载Pt-Cr2O3时,其光催化活性最高,可以在紫外光和可见光下完全分解水.在紫外光照射下,生成氢气和氧气的速率分别为28.86和14.34μmol/h.结果还表明,通过形成固溶体来调节价带和导带,是获得可见光响应光催化剂的一种可行的方法.     

银促进的TiO2光催化降解甲基橙

 采用溶胶-凝胶和水热协同法制备了不同Ag含量的负载型Ag-TiO2样品,这些样品具有较大的比表面积和较小的粒径. 适量负载金属银后的TiO2在紫外及可见光下的光催化活性均得到提高. 银在TiO2上的最佳负载量为0.15%, 过高的负载量反而会降低TiO2光催化降解甲基橙的活性. 由于反应机理的不同,银负载对TiO2可见光下催化活性的提高要明显高于对其紫外光下催化活性的提高. 在可见光照射下,从激发态染料注入到TiO2导带的电子迅速转移到了Ag原子簇, Ag原子簇通过促进电荷分离抑制了电子和染料正离子自由基的复合,从而促进了光催化过程. 研究结果表明,有效地促进电荷分离以及激发态电子和氧气分子的反应是提高染料敏化光催化活性的关键.     

酞菁改性的介孔TiO2的制备及其可见光光催化活性

利用软模板法制备了介孔TiO2,小角XRD和BJH孔径分布测定显示所制备的介孔TiO2具有良好的孔道有序性,平均孔径为4.75nm.通过四羧基铜酞菁(CuPcTc)表面吸附改性得到了CuPcTc敏化的介孔TiO2(CuPcTc-TiO2)可见光光催化剂.CuPcTc-TiO2光催化剂在可见光(λ>550nm)照射下显示了良好的光催化降解荧光素的能力,并且在CuPcTc吸附量(质量分数)为4%时,光催化剂具有最高的可见光光催化活性.在降解荧光素时,CuPcTc-TiO2显示出比CuPcTc敏化的P25(CuPcTc-P25)催化剂更高的可见光光催化活性.     

光催化降解丙酮的原位红外研究

对催化剂.Pt/V2O5/MgF2在反应温度为120～150℃之间进行了光催化降解丙酮的研究,研究在可见光下进行,发现反应温度对光催化反应有明显的影响.在排除热反应的情况下,温度升高能加速丙酮的光催化反应.丙酮的光催化反应是从它的甲基上开始的,可能先生成了CH3COCH2O-吸附物,它进一步被氧化成丙酮醛、丙酮酸以及碳二醛、乙酸和碳一吸附物种,最终氧化成CO2和水.在没有光和较低的反应温度下,有CO生成,但是在可见光的照射下CO被迅速转化成CO2.研究表明,V2O5/MgF2与Pt/V2O5/MgF2为可见光条件下具备活性的光催化剂.     

Photocatalysis on titanium oxide catalysts: Approaches in achieving highly efficient reactions and realizing the use of visible light

The photocatalytic reactivities of various Ti-based photocatalysts have been investigated for various different types of reactions in order to achieve as highly efficient photocatalytic reactivities as possible. The reactivity of powdered TiO2 is dramatically enhanced by the addition of small amounts of Pt which initiates an effective charge separation of the photo-formed electrons and holes. The highly dispersed titanium oxide species prepared and encapsulated within the zeolite cavities as well as into the SiO 2 matrices exhibit high photocatalytic reactivities due to the high reactivities of their charge transfer excited states. With regard to the use of visible light, ion implantation of metal ions such as Cr or V into powdered TiO2 catalysts has been found to modify the electronic state of TiO 2 , resulting in the shift of the absorption band to longer wavelength regions, i.e., into the visible light region. The extent of the shift strongly depends on the type and concentration of the implanted metal. The present study focuses on the preparation of the photocatalysts, a detailed characterization of the active sites and their dynamics, the direct detection of the reaction intermediate species, as well as a clarification of the mechanisms behind the observed photocatalytic reactions at the molecular level. This work significantly contributes to advances in the design of photocatalysts which will be able to operate efficiently and effectively not only under UV irradiation but, most ideally, under visible light.     

Design of unique titanium oxide photocatalysts by an advanced metal ion-implantation method and photocatalytic reactions under visible light irradiation

The metal ion-implantation of titanium oxide with various transition metal ions was carried out by applying by high voltage acceleration. The subsequent calcination of the implanted TiO₂ in oxygen at around 723 K resulted in a large shift in the absorption spectra of the TiO₂ toward visible light regions, its extent being dependent on the amount and the kind of metal ions implanted. Such metal ion-implanted titanium oxide catalysts were active in carrying out various photocatalytic reactions such as the decomposition of NO into N₂, O₂ and N₂O at 275 K under irradiation with visible light longer than 450 nm. The application of this advanced, high energy metal ion-implantation method enables the novel design of titanium oxide photocatalysts which can absorb and initiate vital reactions under visible light and will contribute to the development of catalytic systems utilizing solar energy.     

局部表面等离子体共振可调的MoO3-x-TiO2纳米复合物用于提高可见光下光催化还原CO2的性能

利用太阳能光催化还原CO2和H2O到燃料和化学品是一条极具吸引力但又充满挑战性的转化途径.迄今为止,只有非常有限的光催化剂已经被报道可以在可见光照射下光催化还原CO2.局部表面等离子体共振(LSPR)现象可以被用作一种有效的开发可见光催化剂的策略.贵金属Au,Ag,Pt等的LSPR现象已经被较为广泛的研究,并应用于光催化、光热、气敏等多种领域.而低价态金属自掺杂的金属氧化物,如MoO3-x和WO3-x,也被证明具有LSPR现象,可用于开发更加廉价的可见光催化剂.本文通过简单的溶剂热法成功合成了低价态Mo自掺杂的MoO3-x纳米片催化剂,并在合成过程中原位加入TiO2纳米颗粒(TiO2-NP)和TiO2纳米棒(TiO2-NT),构建了MoO3-x-TiO2纳米复合物.电镜表征显示,MoO3-x-TiO2-NT纳米复合物中,MoO3-x纳米片和TiO2纳米管的结合更为紧密.UV-vis光谱显示,TiO2的复合不仅可以增强MoO3-x可见区的吸收强度,同时吸收峰的位置也发生了蓝移.XPS表征显示,TiO2复合后,MoO3-x中Mo5+的比例明显增加,从而提高了MoO3-x中自由电子的浓度,进而增强了LSPR现象和LSPR吸光能力,且TiO2纳米管相对TiO2纳米颗粒具有更好的促进效果.MoO3-x纳米片具有在可见光照射下光催化还原CO2的性能,CO的生成速率为2.8μmol g-1 h-1.复合TiO2纳米颗粒后,MoO3-x-TiO2-NP纳米复合物上,CO的生成速率提高到6.8μmol g-1 h-1.当复合TiO2纳米管时,光催化性能显著提高,在MoO3-x-TiO2-NT纳米复合物上,CO的生成速率可达12μmol g-1 h-1,约为MoO3-x纳米片的四倍,此外还可观测到CH4的生成.当我们将反应气氛由CO2替换成N2后,CO和CH4的生成量几乎为零,证明CO和CH4的生成主要来自CO2的光催化还原.此外,我们还考察了MoO3-x-TiO2-NT纳米复合物光催化还原CO2的催化性能稳定性,以12 h反应时间为一个循环,经3个循环反应后,催化剂的活性基本保持不变,证明该催化剂具有较好的稳定性.综上,我们通过MoO3-x纳米片和TiO2复合的策略,增强了MoO3-x纳米片的LSPR效应,提升了催化剂对可见光的吸收能力,进而提高了MoO3-x-TiO2-NT纳米复合物光催化还原CO2的性能.MoO3-x-TiO2-NT纳米复合物是一种具有发展潜力的光催化还原CO2的可见光催化剂,且该纳米复合物调变LSPR效应的策略还有望用于增强其他LSPR光催化材料的光催化性能.     

Mechanistic studies of the photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene with visible-light-driven N-doped TiO2 photocatalysts

Visible-light-driven TiO2 photocatalysts doped with nitrogen have been prepared as powders and thin films in a cylindrical tubular furnace under a stream of ammonia gas. The photocatalysts thus obtained were found to have a band-gap energy of 2.95 eV. Electron spin resonance (ESR) under irradiation with visible light (lambda > or = 430 nm) afforded the increase in intensity in the visible-light region. The concentration of trapped holes was about fourfold higher than that of trapped electrons. Nitrogen-doped TiO2 has been used to investigate mechanistically the photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) under irradiation with visible light (lambda > or = 420 nm). Cl and O radicals, which contribute significantly to the generation of dichloroacetyl chloride (DCAC) in the photocatalytic oxidation of TCE under UV irradiation, were found to be deactivated under irradiation with visible light. As the main by-product, only phosgene was detected in the photocatalytic oxidation of TCE under irradiation with visible light. Thus, the reaction mechanism of TCE photooxidation under irradiation with visible light clearly differs markedly from that under UV irradiation. Based on the results of the present study, we propose a new reaction mechanism and adsorbed species for the photocatalytic oxidation of TCE under irradiation with visible light. The energy band for TiO2 by doping with nitrogen may involve an isolated band above the valence band.     

Cu2+/TiO2对甲基橙的光催化降解机理

以自制的掺铜离子的混晶型二氧化钛为光催化剂,考察了甲基橙光催化降解过程中pH值和光源的影响,提出了两种不同的光催化降解机理:在高压汞灯照射下,TiO2的价带电子被激发到导带,光生电子和空穴主要通过Cu2+ 的短路循环而复合,光催化剂的活性降低;在太阳光照射下,甲基橙发生自身光敏化氧化反应,受激电子从单线态或三线态的甲基橙分子跃迁到TiO2的导带,Cu2+起到电荷传递中继站的作用,加速了注入电子向H2O2的转移,从而促进了甲基橙的光催化降解。     

N掺杂可见光化催化剂的研究

The N-doped, yellow colored titanium oxide photocatalysts were prepared with Ti(SO4)2 and NH4HCO3 as precursors by precipitation method. The photocatalytic ability under the irradiation of UV or visible light for the catalysts prepared was studied by degradation of styphnic acid. The materials were characterized by EDS, XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis DRS, and XPS. The results indicate that the photocatalytic ability of catalysts is improved, especially the ability of visible light response. The results of UV-Vis DRS show that the response wavelength range of N-dopped nitrogen is red shifted, the absorption region is expanded to 476 nm.     

具有表面等离子体效应的Ag-AgBr/Al2O3光催化性能研究

以介孔γ-Al2O3为载体,通过化学沉积与光还原法制备了Ag-AgBr/Al2O3等离子体诱导可见光催化材料。采用SEM、TEM、XRD及UV-Vis吸收光谱对复合材料进行结构与性能表征,并通过降解亚甲基蓝溶液对其光催化性能进行考察。研究结果表明,在可见光下照射1 h,催化材料对5 mg/L亚甲基蓝溶液的降解率达95%以上,总有机碳去除率为70%。由于表面金属的等离子体共振效应和介孔材料的吸附性能,催化剂具有很高的可见光催化活性和良好的稳定性,在开发新型等离子体诱导可见光催化剂方面应用前景广阔。