混合溶剂中性载体镁离子选择性微电极的研究

用氯化石腊和邻硝基苯辛醚为混合溶剂制备中性载体ETH5214的镁离子选择性微电极,相对于钾离子的电位选择性系数较单独以邻硝基苯辛醚为溶剂的ETH5214镁微电极改善0.9个数量级。在纯MgCl~2和在含细胞内典型离子背景的MgCl~2溶液中,响应斜率为Nernst响应,检测下限分别为4×10^-^7mol.dm^-^3和2×10^-^5mol.dm^-^3。在pH3.5-9.5范围内,氢离子对电极的电位响应无影响。测量的重现性良好。电极的实用响应时间(t~9~5)≤3s,有效寿命长于5天。     

HTPP作为定域体的碳酸根离子电极

实验比较了几种季盐制备碳酸根离子电极,以长链季盐十六烷基三苯基制备的电极性能为佳,Nerstian响应区间为1X10^-^2～6.3X10^-^7mol.dm^-^3,检测下限为1.8X10^-7mol.dm^-^5.采用三氟乙酰特丁苯作为介体溶剂,改变了通常的离子选择性序列,介体溶剂与电极响应的主离子在膜相的强溶剂化作用有利于改善电位响应的选择性。     

KTiOPO4单晶膜钾离子选择性电极的研究

本文采用KTiOPO4单晶薄片作为离子活性传感膜, 制备了钾离子选择性电极。20℃时, 其线性响应范围为1.2×10^-^5～1.0mol.dm^-^3氯化钾溶液, 平均响应斜率为58mV/-lgak, 对钠离子的电位选择性系数为4.0×10^-^4。该电极的优点是电极斜率受酸度变化影响小, 稳定性和重现性好, 寿命长。     

电聚合卟啉衍生物修饰的碘离子选择性电极

用电化学方法将α,β,γ,δ-四(4-氨基苯基)卟啉单体聚合在铂丝电极上, 可制备化学修饰型I^-选择性电极.质子化卟啉衍生物的立体交联高聚大环与I^- 的作用具有强的主客体效应,使电极对I^-具有高的选择性,并呈现与经典Hofmeister 系列及一般金属卟啉中性载体膜电极不同的阴离子选择性次序:I^-》SCN^-》ClO~4^->NO~2^->Br^->NO~3^->Cl^->SO~4^2^-.电极对1×10^-^1～2.6×10^-^6mol ·dm^-^3呈线性响应,检测下限8.2×10^-^7mol·dm^-^3,斜率61±0.2mV/pI^-(27℃).测试了电极膜的交流阻抗行为.电极具有内阻小,响应快,抗毒化能力强,制备简单等优点     

脂溶性酞菁钴(III)为载体的高选择性亚硝酸根PVC膜电极

以自制的4,4',4',4''-四特丁基酞菁钴(II)为原料合成二氯4,4',4',4''-四特丁基酞菁钴(III)。以此为载体制备PVC膜电极。该电极的电位选择性次序明显不同于Hofmeister次序, 其最佳 响应斜率为-52mV/pNO2^-, 线性范围为3×10^-^5～1×10^-^1mol.dm^-^3NaNO2。通过改变配合物轴向的配位阴离子, 用紫外-可见光谱法对电极的响应机理作了初步探讨。     

脂溶性酞菁钴(III)为载体的高选择性亚硝酸根PVC膜电极

以自制的4,4',4',4''-四特丁基酞菁钴(II)为原料合成二氯4,4',4',4''-四特丁基酞菁钴(III)。以此为载体制备PVC膜电极。该电极的电位选择性次序明显不同于Hofmeister次序, 其最佳 响应斜率为-52mV/pNO2^-, 线性范围为3×10^-^5～1×10^-^1mol.dm^-^3NaNO2。通过改变配合物轴向的配位阴离子, 用紫外-可见光谱法对电极的响应机理作了初步探讨。     

新型五齿Schiff碱为敏感载体的铅(Ⅱ)离子电极的电位响应行为

以含N和O受体原子的新型五齿Schiff碱(HL)为敏感载体成功构建了高选择性铅(Ⅱ)离子电极.实验结果表明,电极在Pb(NO3)2溶液和部分非水介质中对铅(Ⅱ)离子具有选择性电位识别并呈现近Nernst线性响应.在浓度为1.0×10-1～1.5×10-5 mol/L的Pb(NO3)2溶液中,电极响应斜率为31.4 m...     

邻苯二酚紫修饰电极示差脉冲伏安法测定水中铝

利用吸附的方法在热解石墨电极上制得邻苯二酚紫(PCV)修饰电极。在NH~3.H~2O-NH~4Cl底液(pH8.5)中,该电极具有很好的电化学活性,其示差脉冲氧化峰电位为E~p~a=+80mV。对铝进行检测,只是峰电流降低,而峰电位不变,氧化峰电流的降低值与铝浓度在1×10^-^8-1×10^-^7mol.dm^-^3和1×10^-^7-1×10^-^6mol.dm^-^3范围内成正比,检测限为5×10^-^9mol.dm^-^3,标准偏差为5.0%(4×10^-^8mol.dm^-^3Al,n=8),对实际水样进行测定,结果令人满意。对其检测机理进行了研究后认为:(1)PCV修饰电极表面是PCV单分子层吸附,具有很好的电化学活性;(2)铝与PCV在电极表面形成一1:3的配合物,该配合物在修饰电极上本身没有电化学活性,仅覆盖住原有的PCV电活性点,从而使峰电流降低,而峰电位没有变化;因此,在有铝和无铝时,电极过程没有变化,都对应于PCV的电化学行为。我们用电化学方法、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱和X射线荧光光谱法对此进行了证明。     

载体修饰的碳糊钴离子选择性电极的研究

以2,4-二羟基苯乙酮缩氨基硫脲为载体的碳糊钴离子选择性电极被研制出来。该电极对Co2+呈现近Nernst电位响应性能,电极斜率为26.9 mV/decade,线性范围为4.8×10-7～1.0×10-1mol.L-1,检测下限2.0×10-7mol.L-1。电极的pH值应用范围为2.5～5.0,对Co2+具有良好的选择性。电极的响应时间为1min,在使用一个月后其电极电位响应性能未见下降。运用紫外-可见光谱技术初步探讨了电极响应机理。将电极用于实际样品中钴含量的分析检测,其结果令人满意。     

单分子聚苯胺膜电极上抗坏血酸的线性扫描催化氧化波研究

在苯胺浓度为1.0mol.dm^-^3的盐酸溶液中用电化学聚合法制得单分子聚苯胺膜电极。在该修饰电极上, 抗坏血酸在0.01mol.dm^-^3盐酸底液中有一线性扫描催化氧化波, 其峰电位为+0.270V(vs.SCE), 峰电流与抗坏血酸浓度在10^-^2～10^-^5mol.dm^-^3范围内呈线性关系。文中详细地探讨了该波的性质, 证实它是一个不可逆波, 并且测定了αAn, ks, DR值。     

Nitrate-selective membrane electrode based on bis(2-hydroxyanil)acetylacetone lead(II) neutral carrier.

A nitrate-selective electrode based on a recently synthesized bis(2-hydroxyanil)acetylacetone lead(II) complex [(haacac)Pb] has been developed. Among different compositions studied, a membrane containing 30.7% poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), 61.3% dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as a plasticizer, 3% methyltrioctylammonium chloride (MTOAC) as a cationic additive and 5% ionophore (all w/w) exhibited the best potentiometric response toward nitrate ion in aqueous solutions. The potentiometric response of the electrode was linear with a Nernstian slope of -58.8 mV decade(-1) within the NO3- concentration range of 2 x 10(-5)-1 x 10(-1) mol dm(-3). The response time of the electrode was < or =10 s over the entire linear concentration range of the calibration plot. The electrode is suitable for use within the pH range of 5.3-11. The selectivity coefficients for the proposed electrode were improved for some interferences, when compared with those of commercially available nitrate-selective electrodes.     

Potentiometric PVC membrane sensor for the determination of scopolamine in some pharmaceutical formulations.

A novel PVC membrane electrode for the determination of scopolamine ion based on the formation of an ion-association complex of scopolamine with the phosphotungstate counter anion as an electroactive material dispersed in a PVC matrix is described. The sensor shows a fast, stable, near-Nenstian response for 1 x 10(-2) mol dm(-3) to 1 x 10(-6) mol dm(-3) scopolamine at 25 degrees C over the pH range of 3 - 7 with a cationic slope of 54.5 +/- 0.5 mV/decade. The lower detection limit is 8 x 10(-7) mol dm(-3) and the response time is 15 -45 s. The selectivity coefficients for scopolamine relative to the number of interfering substances were investigated. There was negligible interference from the studied cations, anions, and pharmaceutical excipients. The determination of scopolamine in aqueous solution shows an average recovery of 100.0% and a mean relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.5% at 500 microg/cm3. The direct determination of scopolamine in some formulations (scopolamine injection and eye drops) gave results that compare favorably with those obtained by the United State of Pharmacopoeia method. Potentiometric titration of scopolamine with sodium tetraphenylborate and phosphotungstic acid as a titrant was monitored with the developed scopolamine electrode as an end point indicator electrode.     

Voltammetric determination of niclosamide at a glassy carbon electrode

A very sensitive and selective procedure was developed for the determination of niclosamide based on square-wave voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrochemical reduction of niclosamide at a glassy carbon electrode. Niclosamide was first irreversibly reduced from NO2 to NHOH at -0.659 V in aqueous buffer solution of pH 8.5. Reversible and well defined peaks at -0.164 V and -0.195 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) were obtained that are responsible for two electron peaks between NHOH and NO. Following optimisation of the voltammetric parameters, pH and reproducibility, a linear calibration curve over the range 5 x 10(-8)-1 x 10(-6) mol dm(-3) was achieved. The detection limit was found to be 2.05 x 10(-8) mol dm(-3) niclosamide. For eight successive determinations of 5 x 10(-7) mol dm(-3) niclosamide, a relative standard deviation of 2.4% was obtained. This voltammetric method was applied to the direct determination of niclosamide in tablets. The results of the analysis suggest that the proposed method has promise for the routine determination of niclosamide in the products examined.     

A coated wire-type lead(II) ion-selective electrode based on a phosphorylated calix[4]arene derivative.

The preparation of a lead-selective electrode based on 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetrakis-(diphenylphosphinoylmethoxy)calix[4]arene (1) as an ionophore is reported. The plasticized PVC membrane containing 30% PVC, 57% ortho-nitrophenyloctylether (NPOE), 4% sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) and 9% ionophore 1 was directly coated on a graphite electrode. It exhibits a nearly Nernstian slope of 28.0 +/- 0.2 mV decade(-1) over a concentration range of 1 x 10(-5) - 1 x 10(-2) mol dm(-3) with a detection limit of 1.4 x 10(-6) mol dm(-3). The response time of the electrode was found to be ca. 17 s. The potential of the sensor was independent of the pH variation in the range 3.5 - 5.0. The selectivity of the electrode performance towards lead ions over Th4+, La3+, Sm3+, Dy3+, Y3+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, NH4+ Ag+, Li+, Na+ and K+ ions was investigated. The prepared electrode was used successfully as an indicator electrode for a potentiometric titration of a lead solution using a standard solution of EDTA. The applicability of the sensor for Pb2+ measurements in various synthetic water samples spiked with lead nitrate was also checked.     

Highly selective thiocyanate electrode based on bis-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)salicylaldimino]copper(II) complex as a neutral carrier.

A novel selective thiocyanate electrode of a PVC membrane based on bis-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)salicylaldimino]copper(II) [Cu(II)-BNSDM] as a neutral carrier is reported. The selectivity sequence of this electrode is as follows: SCN- > ClO4- > I- > Sal- > Br- > NO2- > Cl- > NO3- > H2PO4- > SO4(2-), which is an anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian potential linear range to thiocyanate from 1.0 x 10(-1) to 6.0 x 10(-6) mol/L with a detection limit of 2.0 x 10(-6) mol/L and a slope of (-59.0+/-0.2)mV/decade in pH 5.0 of a phosphate buffer solution at 25 degrees C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and UV spectroscopy techniques were performed to understand the response mechanism of the electrode. The electrode had the advantage of simplicity, high selectivity, fast response and low detection limit compared with the other electrode, which had been reported before. The electrode had been applied to wastewater analysis, and the obtained results were satisfactory.     

长寿命高选择性液膜碘离子电极的研究

合成了PVC-双硫腙-Hg(Ⅱ)载体.以该载体物质制备了高选择性碘离子电极,其选择性次序为:I^-》ClO₄^->SCN^->NO₂^-》Sal^-～Br^->NO₃^->Cl^-.电极对碘离子的线性响应范围为1×10^-3～5×10^-7mol/L,检测下限为2×10^-7mol/L,斜率为(59±1)mV/decade(16℃).并研究了电极的响应机理,表明系碘离子与载体中金属汞原子直接作用.将该电极应用于食盐中碘的测定,取得了满意的结果.     

Ion-selective electrodes for anionic surfactants using a cyclam derivative as ionophore

The cyclam derivative 1,4,8,11-tetra(n-octyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (L) has been used as carrier for the preparation of PVC-based membrane ion-selective electrodes for anionic surfactants. Different membranes were prepared using L as ionophore, tetra-n-octylammonium bromide (TOAB) as cationic additive and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) or o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) as plasticizers. The final used electrode contained a membrane of the following composition: 56% DBP, 3.4% ionophore, 3.8% TOAB and 36.8% PVC. This electrode displays a Nernstian slope of -60.0+/-0.9 mV/decade in a 2.0 x 10(-3) to 7.9 x 10(-6) mol dm(-3) concentration range and a limit of detection of 4.0 x 10(-6) mol dm(-3). The electrode can be used for 144 days without showing significant changes in the value of slope or working range. The electrode shows a selective response to dodecyl sulfate (DS-) and a poor response to common inorganic cations and anions. The selective sequence found was DS->ClO4->HCO3->SCN->NO3- approximately CH3COO- approximately I->Cl->Br->IO3- approximately NO2- approximately SO3(2-)>HPO4(2-)>C2O4(2-)>SO4(2-), i.e. basically following the Hoffmeister series except for the hydrophilic anion bicarbonate. Most of the potentiometric coefficients determined are relatively low indicating that common anions would not interfere in the DS- determination. A complete study of the response of the electrode to a family of surfactant was also carried out. The electrode showed a clear anionic response to DS- and to Na-LAS and a much poorer response to other anionic surfactants and to non-ionic surfactants. Also the electrode shows certain non-linear cationic response in the presence of cationic and zwitterionic surfactants. The electrode was used for the determination of anionic surfactants in several mixtures, and the results obtained were compared to those found using a commercially available sensor.     

Polarographic study of acrolein and its determination by flow injection with amperometric detection at a mercury electrode

A study of the electrochemical behavior of acrolein at a dropping mercury electrode using different polarographic techniques is described. Theoretical studies of the reversibility of the wave of acrolein were carried out using two different polarographic techniques: direct current tast and differential pulse. Differential pulse polarography may be used to determine acrolein concentration in a Britton-Robinson buffer solution of pH 10 in the ranges 2 x 10(-7)10(-8) and 5 x 10(-8)-10(-4) mol dm(-3) and a coefficient of variation of 1.7% for a concentration of 10(-5)mol dm(-3). A flow injection method with amperometric detection at a potential of -1.4V using a mercury electrode is also described. Before each injection, any drop hanging from the tip of the capillary needs to be dislodged and a new electrode drop dispensed; three different drop sizes were tested. A linear relationship between peak intensity and acrolein concentration was obtained in the range 10(-5)-10(-7) mol dm(-3), with a detection limit of 9.8 x 10(-8) mol dm(-) 3 and a coefficient of variation of 2.9% for a 2 x 10(-7) mol dm(-3) concentration. Several organic and inorganic species were tested in order to ascertain whether they interfered with the signal for acrolein. The proposed methods were applied to the determination of acrolein in seawater samples.     

Clavulanate-selective electrodes - application to pharmaceutical formulations

The construction and assessment of a clavulanate anion-selective electrode and its application to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations by direct potentiometry are described. The electrode, prepared without inner reference solution, was fabricated by use of a PVC membrane, with bis(triphenyl-phosphoranylidene)ammonium clavulanate as ion-exchanger dissolved in 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether as intermediate solvent and p-t-octylphenol as additive. The response of the electrode was linearly dependent on concentration within the range 2.4 x 10(-3)-1 x 10(-1) mol dm(-3) (ionic strength adjusted to 0.1 mol dm(-3)); the slope of the calibration plot was -59.4+/-0.9 mV decade(-1) and the reproducibility +/-0.6 mV day(-1). The response time was less than 20 s. Relative errors were <3.5% when results from analysis by direct potentiometry were compared with those from the reference method.     

Potentiometric performance of silver ion-selective electrodes based on tridentate Schiff base derivatives.

To examine the directivity for improving the silver ion discrimination ability of a Schiff base, three kinds of tridentate ligands were synthesized and compared with the similar quadridentate ligand as the silver ionophore. Among the Schiff base derivatives tested, 3-(2-pyridylethylimino)-2-butanoneoxime, having one oxime and a pyridine substituent, was found to be the best ionophore for a silver-ion electrode. The electrode based on this derivative exhibited good silver-ion selectivity, -log Kpot(Ag+,K+) = 3.8, comparable to that of a quadridentate Schiff base, N,N'-bis(2'-hydroxyimino-1'-phenylpropyleden)-1,3-propanediamine, reported previously, except for a pseudo Nernstian response (35.6 mV decade(-1)) with a wide silver-ion activity change in the activity change from 5.0 x 10(-7) to 7.9 x 10(-2) mol dm(-3).