非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池研究进展

综述了以p-型共轭聚合物为给体、n-型有机半导体为受体的非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池光伏材料最新研究进展,包括n-型共轭聚合物和可溶液加工小分子n-型有机半导体(n-OS)受体光伏材料,以及与之匹配的p-型共轭聚合物给体光伏材料.介绍的n-型共轭聚合物受体光伏材料包括基于苝酰亚胺(BDI)、萘酰亚胺(NDI)以及新型硼氮键连受体单元的D-A共聚物受体光伏材料,目前基于聚合物给体(J51)和聚合物受体(N2200)的全聚合物太阳电池的能量转换效率最高达到8.26%.n-OS小分子受体光伏材料包括基于BDI和NDI单元的有机分子、基于稠环中心给体单元的A-D-A型窄带隙有机小分子受体材料等.给体光伏材料包括基于齐聚噻吩和苯并二噻吩(BDT)给体单元的D-A共聚物,重点介绍与窄带隙A-D-A结构小分子受体吸收互补的、基于噻吩取代BDT单元的中间带隙二维共轭聚合物给体光伏材料.使用中间带隙的p-型共轭聚合物为给体、窄带隙A-D-A结构有机小分子为受体的非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池能量转换效率已经突破12%,展示了光明的前景.最后对非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池将来的发展进行了展望.     

支链带有富勒烯的聚噻吩和齐聚噻吩及其光伏电池研究进展

可溶性聚噻吩和富勒烯(主要是C60)及其衍生物,是聚合物太阳能电池中被广泛使用的给体和受体材料,它们之间的相容性和富勒烯的聚集效应对于太阳能电池能量转换效率有很大影响。将富勒烯与聚噻吩通过共价键连接在一起,可解决它们的共混膜中的相分离问题,有望提高器件效率,是未来有机和聚合物光伏材料研究的一个重要方向。本文按主链是聚噻吩或齐聚噻吩将这种连有富勒烯的材料分为两类,介绍了这些材料的合成方法、电化学性质及基于这些材料的太阳能电池器件近几年来的研究进展。     

基于苯并二噻吩的D-A型窄带隙共轭聚合物在太阳能电池中的应用

近年来为获得有机聚合物太阳能电池更高的能量转换效率,越来越多的活性层材料被设计合成出来,尤其是给体材料。其中,基于给体单元苯并二噻吩(BDT)的D-A型窄带隙共轭聚合物更是多次刷新了有机聚合物太阳能电池效率的最高记录,目前达10.6%。本文探讨了基于苯并二噻吩的D-A型窄带隙共轭聚合物材料结构及其应用在太阳能电池中的性能参数关系,从提高开路电压、短路电流和填充因子三个方面总结出了提高基于BDT共轭聚合物太阳能电池能量转换效率的方法。     

基于二维共轭结构的苯并二噻吩类聚合物光伏材料

为了不断提高聚合物太阳能电池的光电转化效率,研究人员设计并合成了种类众多的给/受体单元来制备共轭聚合物材料.其中,基于苯并[1.2-b:4,5-b′]二噻吩(BDT)单元的聚合物材料在有机太阳能电池器件中取得了十分突出的光电转化效率,显示了巨大的应用前景.相比于柔性侧基(如烷氧基或烷基)取代的BDT单元而言,基于二维共轭结构BDT的共轭聚合物通常有更好的热稳定性,更宽的吸收光谱,较低的HOMO能级以及更高的空穴迁移率,因而表现出更加优异的光伏性能,最近报道的由二维共轭BDT单元共聚物制备的聚合物太阳能电池可以获得10%以上的光电转化效率.本文首先简要介绍了二维共轭结构BDT单元的合成方法,然后总结了近年来基于二维共轭结构BDT单元的共轭聚合物及其在太阳能电池中的应用.     

高结晶性小分子给体材料应用于全小分子有机太阳能电池中的研究进展

随着新型小分子给体材料和非富勒烯小分子受体材料的开发和应用, 非富勒烯全小分子有机太阳能电池(NF-ASM OSCs)的光电转换效率已经突破15%, 并逐渐接近聚合物太阳能电池的效率. 相比于聚合物电子给体材料, 小分子电子给体材料拥有其独特的优势, 例如合成批次性差异小、分子量明确和易于提纯等; 但是, 对小分子给体材料的结晶性难于精确调控, 使获得合适的纳米级结构的混合膜仍然是一个挑战. 本综述以给体小分子中心共轭单元的扩展为主线, 从分子设计的角度汇总了近年来对苯并二噻吩、萘并二噻吩和二噻并苯并二噻吩类小分子给体材料的结晶性研究, 并为进一步改善电池活性层形貌和获得更高的光伏性能提供了未来发展的建议.     

苯并三氮唑类有机光伏材料研究进展

数十年来, 有机太阳能电池(organic solar cells, OSCs)的相关研究进展迅速, 其能量转换效率从2000年的不足5%, 发展至今已经超过18%, 而这主要得益于给体和非富勒烯受体有机光伏材料的不断推陈出新. 苯并三氮唑(benzotriazoles, BTA)作为一种经典的缺电子型杂环单元, 伴随着有机光伏领域的兴起与发展, 由BTA单元构筑的聚合物给体、小分子给体、非富勒烯小分子受体以及聚合物受体材料被不断地设计合成出来, 特别是J系列聚合物给体材料和Y系列非富勒烯受体材料. 伴随着材料体系的不断优化, 相关的分子设计策略也得到更新与完善, 以期从多角度对OSCs的性能有针对性的进行调控. 本综述旨在通过介绍基于BTA单元的有机光伏材料的相关研究进展以及与之相关的分子设计策略, 回顾BTA类光伏材料数十年来的发展历程, 并展望其未来的发展前景.     

聚合物太阳电池光伏材料

聚合物太阳电池由共轭聚合物给体和可溶性富勒烯衍生物受体的共混膜夹在ITO透光电极和金属电极之间所组成,具有结构简单、成本低、重量轻和可制成柔性器件等突出优点,近年来受到广泛关注。聚合物太阳电池中的给体和受体光伏材料是决定器件性能的关键。本文综述了共轭聚合物给体和富勒烯受体光伏材料的最新研究进展,对共轭聚合物受体材料和给体-受体双缆型共轭聚合物光伏材料的研究进展也进行了简要介绍。在共轭聚合物给体材料中对聚噻吩衍生物以及含有苯并噻二唑的窄带隙D-A共聚物进行了重点介绍。     

基于一种新型聚噻吩衍生物为给体的非富勒烯聚合物太阳能电池（英文）

在各种共轭聚合物给体材料中,以聚3-己基噻吩为代表的聚噻吩衍生物因其结构简单、易制备以及良好的空穴传输性能,在富勒烯衍生物为受体材料的聚合物太阳能电池体系中一直是研究重点之一。但是在近年来发展迅速的稠环小分子非富勒烯体系中的相关研究较少。在本工作中,我们通过在噻吩侧链引入烷硫基和氟取代基,设计合成了一种新型的聚噻吩衍生物给体PBSBT-2F;并对其吸收光谱、分子能级、传输性能以及光伏性能进行研究。基于PBSBT-2F:ITIC的聚合物太阳能电池取得6.7%的能量转换效率,其中开路电压为0.75 V,短路电流为13.5 mA·cm~(-2),填充因子为66.6%。结果表明:PBSBT-2F在非富勒烯体系中有很大的应用潜力。     

苯并[1,2-b:4,5-b']二噻吩的结构修饰及在有机光伏材料中的应用

近年来,苯并[1,2-b:4,5-b']二噻吩(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene,BDT)作为构筑给体-受体结构有机半导体材料的优良电子给体,受到越来越多的重视,已广泛应用于场效应晶体管和有机光伏电池等领域。BDT类有机共轭材料具有优良的能级结构,同时又具有较高的载流子迁移率,目前报道的基于BDT的有机共轭聚合物的最高光电转换效率达到9.2%(单节光伏器件的最高效率),显示了其在有机太阳能电池领域巨大的应用前景。本文从BDT的结构修饰出发,系统地综述了基于BDT的有机光伏材料的最新研究进展,重点讨论BDT类光伏材料能级结构和聚集态形貌对光电性能的影响。     

主链含噻唑单元的新型聚噻吩衍生物的合成与光伏性能

聚噻吩(PT)衍生物由于简单易合成和较好的光电性能,被广泛运用于有机太阳能电池(OSCs)中,但PT较高的能级限制了其在非富勒烯类OSCs的应用。为了降低PT的能级结构,本研究将噻唑单元引入到聚噻吩主链中,设计并合成了新型聚合物给体材料PBTzCl-T。通过紫外-可见吸收光谱、电化学循环伏安法及密度泛函理论(DFT)计算等对聚合物的结构、光学和电学性能进行了表征,并对制备的光伏器件进行了光电性质研究。结果表明：噻唑的引入能够有效降低聚合物的HOMO和LUMO能级,从而提高光伏器件的开路电压。PBTzCl-T在不同溶剂中表现出不同的预聚集行为,进而影响聚合物给受体界面处的电荷转移能力和活性层形貌,导致光伏器件的短路电流和填充因子变化。     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.