基于浸取pH依赖性的离子吸附型稀土分类及高效浸取方法

研究了稀土及主要杂质离子被硫酸铵浸出的pH依赖性。结果证明稀土和钙镁等离子的浸取率在低酸度范围内随酸度增大有明显提高,继续提高酸度并不会进一步提高浸取率,而铝、铁、钪等易水解金属离子的浸取率随酸度增大而持续增加。据此,基于离子吸附型稀土的定义及浸取所需pH值的范围,将离子吸附型稀土进一步区分为易浸稀土和难浸稀土,其中难浸稀土是需要在弱酸性条件（pH≤4）下才能浸取的被胶体等强吸附剂吸附的稀土离子。由于在不同地区和不同矿层及不同粒级的样品中所含强吸附剂的量以及磨蚀pH（pH_d）和交换pH（pH_t）的不同,这两类离子吸附型稀土的比例不同。对于pH_d和pH_t值较高的矿样,适当提高浸取酸度可以显著提高稀土浸取率。为此,提出了分阶段浸取稀土并增加石灰水护尾工序来保证稀土浸取率和尾矿安全稳定性的原则流程。     

风化壳淋积型稀土矿多级逆流浸取实验研究

风化壳淋积型稀土矿的开采主要通过浸矿剂离子与吸附在黏土矿物表面的稀土离子发生离子交换浸出反应实现。以(NH₄)₂SO₄为浸矿剂,采用多级逆流浸取的方式研究了风化壳淋积型稀土矿的浸矿过程,通过在逐级浸取过程中浸出液组分的变化分析了矿土中稀土离子(RE³⁺)和主要杂质铝离子(Al³⁺)的浸出行为,并基于浸矿剂的消耗规律探讨了浸矿剂离子与RE³⁺和Al³⁺的离子交换反应机制以及原矿土的净吸附量。结果表明,在浸矿液逐级浸取新鲜矿土的过程中,浸出液中的RE³⁺和Al³⁺浓度逐渐增加,铵根离子(NH₄⁺)逐渐消耗,交换进入浸出液中的RE³⁺和Al³⁺逐级减少;同时,浸出液中的硫酸根离子(SO₄^2-)逐级损耗,说明新鲜矿土除因发生离子交换反应消耗NH₄<...     

刚果红和结晶紫在锯末上的吸附性能研究

采用静态吸附法研究了刚果红和结晶紫在锯末上的吸附特性。结果表明,锯末是具有高脱色率的廉价吸附剂,最大脱色率可达96%。在pH4~10范围内,酸度对结晶紫的吸附影响较小,随着pH值增大,脱色率从96.6%缓慢降至91.1%。pH值对刚果红吸附影响较大,pH从4增大到7,脱色率迅速从22.5%增加至96.0%,然后,随pH值升高脱色率缓慢下降至91.4%。两种染料在锯末上的吸附等温线均较好的符合Freundlich方程,吸附动力学可以用拟二级动力学模型描述。计算了相应的吸附等温线参数和吸附动力学参数。     

离子吸附型稀土矿中浸出相稀土元素含量的浸取方法研究

将风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿原矿样品加工至0.149 mm,使用35 g/L硫酸铵溶液(pH为4.0)作为浸取剂,提取浸出相稀土元素. 考察了提取浸出相稀土元素时,样品粒度、浸取剂浓度及用量、浸取剂酸度、浸取方式、浸取时间等条件的影响,确定最佳试验条件,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定样品溶液中浸出相稀土的总量及分量. 试验结果表明:采用静态浸取方式浸取30 min,固液比为1∶10,能有效提取浸出相稀土元素. 各稀土元素的方法检出限为0.006 5~0.160 0 μg/g,测定下限为0.035~0.520 μg/g,精密度为1.34%~5.65%,加标回收率为96.0%~102.0%. 结果准确可靠,方法完全满足矿产地质勘查要求.     

离子吸附型稀土浸矿机制研究现状

离子吸附型稀土是世界、尤其是中国的宝贵资源。为实现该类稀土资源的绿色高效开采,人们对离子吸附型稀土的浸取机制进行了系统而深入的研究,为确定其成矿机制和提取工艺做出了突出贡献。1969～1989年,基于离子型稀土的浸取特征,证明了各种电解质溶液均可浸出稀土,并用简单的离子交换反应和水化理论来说明稀土离子的浸取规律和能力大小,为浸矿剂的选择和提取工艺的提出做出了重大贡献;从1989～2009年,研究重点转移到稀土的吸附、解吸和动力学迁移机制等方面,着力解决堆浸和原地浸矿中的基础问题;从2009～2019年,进一步用双电层理论来重新说明稀土离子浸出的机制,着力于解决环保问题并进一步提高浸取效率,为发展新的浸取体系和工艺指明了方向;本文按照上述三个主要阶段的具体研究成果和贡献进行述评,重点对第三阶段的新进展开展讨论,在此基础上,对离子吸附型稀土浸矿机制的研究方向与趋势进行了展望。     

赣南信丰风化壳淋积型稀土矿的吸附特性

风化壳淋积型稀土矿体吸附特性对于提高原地浸矿稀土浸取率具有重要意义。通过筛分获得不同粒径的风化壳淋积型稀土矿样,测试各粒径矿样的离子相稀土品位、比表面积、表面形貌以及矿物成分等,分析稀土离子在矿体中的吸附特性。研究结果表明:赣南信丰类型的稀土矿体中矿物成分有高岭石、钾长石、石英、电气石、白云母等,这5种主要矿物成分的总质量比重达到90.13%,不同矿物成分的粒度有明显的差异,小粒径矿样中高岭石和白云母的含量增加,矿样的稀土离子吸附量与高岭石等黏土矿物的含量成正相关;基于稀土离子在矿体颗粒表面凹坑的单位面积吸附量与孔径和粒径成对数正态分布,建立了稀土离子吸附量与矿体颗粒表面凹坑孔径之间关系的分析模型,运用该模型计算得到赣南信丰类型的有效吸附孔径为2.0~20.0 nm。     

离子吸附型稀土浸取试剂和富集回收技术的演变——从抑杂浸取到强化浸取及分阶段的选择-强化浸取

硫酸铵浸取离子吸附型稀土，碳酸氢铵沉淀法富集回收工艺在工业上已经使用了30多年。其突出优点是浸取效率高，沉淀富集产品质量好，生产成本低。然而，其对环境的影响只有在确保浸出液不外泄，水和溶液都能循环利用的前提下才能得到控制。近10年来，人们着力于研发用非铵试剂来浸矿，以解决氨氮超标问题。尽管在降低氨氮污染方面取得了很好成绩，但是，在以往甚至当前的原地浸矿方式下，收液率很难超过90%，环保问题无法根本解决。本文基于当前该领域与浸取剂，沉淀剂和萃取剂及稀土浸取富集相关的研究成果，客观地分析了各种试剂和方法的优缺点，讨论了浸取策略从抑杂浸取到强化浸取以及分阶段的选择-强化浸取的变迁，这种变迁需要后续富集回收技术的支撑作用以提高效率和产品质量、降低消耗和成本。而试剂本身存在的一些不足可以通过它们之间的相互耦合和后续富集回收流程的优化来克服。据此，对当前存在的问题和未来发展趋势提出了一些基本观点。     

不同风化程度离子型稀土矿赋存特征及浸出规律研究

创新在于对同一风化壳矿体的全风化层、半风化层、微风化层进行对比分析其赋存特征,并进行全风化层、半风化层中稀土的浸出试验,分析了浸取剂pH值、浓度、流速、液固比对稀土离子及杂质铝浸出的影响,并提出如何提高全风化层、半风化层中稀土的浸出率及降低杂质含量。研究结果表明:半风化层、微风化层中稀土矿粗粒级产率高且仍赋存较高含量的稀土;随风化程度降低,石英、黏土矿物含量减少,长石、云母含量增加,离子相稀土比例减小,胶态相与矿物相增加;随粒级减少,离子相稀土比例增加,矿物相稀土反之,而胶态相稀土平均分布于各粒级;对比两层稀土浸出情况,可通过降低浸取剂pH值、增加浓度、降低流速、增加液固比,来提高半风化层稀土浸出效果。     

改性蔗渣纤维对稀土离子吸附特性研究

为了提高甘蔗渣的吸附量,通过均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)改性蔗渣纤维制备PMDA-SCB以提高其吸附回收稀土离子的能力。FTIR和SEM表征分析,蔗渣纤维表面接枝了大量的羧基基团,为吸附目标离子提供大量的活性位点。实验结果表明:pH值对吸附剂吸附效果影响较大,最佳pH值为6。PMDA-SCB对La~(3+),Gd~(3+),Y~(3+)的Langmuir等温吸附量分别为74.85,88.90和43.30 mg·g~(-1),是未改性蔗渣SCB的9.2,9.1和10倍。准二级动力学方程能更好地描述吸附方程,其R2大于0.999。PMDA-SCB经过4次吸附解析循环后,其吸附量降低率比较少,说明PMDA-SCB能有效去除并回收废液中的稀土离子。     

浮石负载壳聚糖吸附去除水中丙溴磷

通过浮石负载壳聚糖制备了吸附剂壳聚糖/浮石复合物,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TGA)、元素分析、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线荧光光谱(XRF)等技术手段表征了吸附剂性质,考察了吸附剂量、吸附时间、溶液pH值、离子强度和温度对该吸附剂吸附去除水中丙溴磷的影响,研究了再生吸附剂的吸附性能。结果表明,负载在浮石上的壳聚糖占吸附剂总量的8.69%;在p H值3.0~7.0内,壳聚糖/浮石对丙溴磷的吸附率大于90%;这种吸附剂对丙溴磷的吸附受溶液离子强度影响较小,随温度升高而稍微减小。在溶液温度25℃、pH=7.0、丙溴磷浓度40 mg/L、壳聚糖/浮石剂量为0.7 g/L和吸附平衡时间为90 min条件下,此吸附剂对丙溴磷最大吸附率为93.3%(最大吸附量为53.4 mg/g)。壳聚糖/浮石连续经过3次吸附/再生循环,每次循环对丙溴磷的吸附率下降约12%。可见壳聚糖/浮石通过吸附可有效地去除水中的农药丙溴磷。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.