原位红外光谱法研究三氯乙烯在TiO2表面的光催化降解

通过原位红外光谱技术在线研究了三氯乙烯的直接光降解以及三氯乙烯在TiO2表面的气相光催化降解. 研究结果表明, UV/TiO2体系比UV体系具有更强的降解能力. 在三氯乙烯的光催化降解过程中, 发现有二氯乙酰氯、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、水、氯化氢和光气等中间产物生成. 根据反应结果, 分析了三氯乙烯在TiO2表面的气相光催化降解机理: 三氯乙烯在羟基自由基等作用下生成中间产物二氯乙酰氯, 二氯乙酰氯进一步发生自由基反应, 最终降解为二氧化碳、一氧化碳、水、氯化氢和光气.     

TiO2/BixTiyOz气相光催化降解苯的动力学模型及反应机理

在密闭不锈钢反应器内考察了TiO2/BixTjyOz催化剂气相光催化降解苯的性能.结果表明,TiO2负载于Bi12TiO20,Bi2Ti2O7和Bi4Ti3O12上制成的催化剂,光催化活性得到很人的提高,TiO2最佳负载量为2.0%;其中,TiO2/Bi12TiO20的光催化活性最高,苯最高转化率是纯TiO2的2倍,催化剂使用寿命也延长了1倍.在本文实验条件下,TiO2/Bi12TiO20上苯气相光催化降解符合Lang-muir-Hinshelwood动力学模型,光催化反应速率常数k和Langmuir吸附常数K分别为0.006 4mg/(L·min)和9.670 2L/mg.采用红外光谱对失活的催化剂进行表征,结果表明催化剂表面出现了羰基与羟基等的振动峰,同时检测到主要的中间产物是2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚,它吸附在催化剂表面活性化上而导致催化剂失活.最后推测了苯在催化剂表面气相光催化降解的反应机理.     

掺氮二氧化钛可见光照射降解微囊藻毒素-LR

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了N掺杂TiO2(N-TiO2)纳米粉体光催化剂,利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外可见反射光谱及透射电镜(TEM)分析测定,对光催化剂N/TiO2进行了结构表征.发现N掺杂TiO2相对纯TiO2禁带宽度变窄,可见光区有明显吸收.在可见光照射下,利用纳米N/TiO2作为光催化剂降解微囊藻毒素(Microcystin-LR,MC-LR),通过高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)跟踪检测降解过程MC-LR浓度变化,液质联用仪(LC-MS)检测MC-LR降解中间产物变化.利用电子自旋共振法(ESR)及过氧化物酶催化氧化方法跟踪定性定量测定光催化过程中氧化物种的种类变化.采用总有机碳(TOC)测定仪测定了MC-LR光催化深度氧化矿化效果.结果表明,可见光(λ420nm)照射可有效激发光催化剂N-TiO2活化分子氧降解MC-LR,在反应条件下,光催化反应14h,MC-LR降解率达到100%,20h矿化率达到59%.其光催化反应体系中氧化物种主要为羟基自由基(·OH).质谱检测到13种降解产物,主要反应机理为光催化反应产生·OH进攻MC-LR结构四个易氧化部位,以及一些氨基酸之间的肽键的水解.     

草酸盐对甲醛光催化氧化降解过程促进作用的研究

采用漫反射红外光谱（DRIFTS）技术和循环伏安法对TiO2光催化剂上甲醛光催化氧化过程中催化剂表面吸附、降解行为进行了考察．研究了草酸盐对甲醛光催化氧化降解行为的影响，结果表明低浓度草酸钠的加入提高了甲醛的降解效率，这个结果归因于草酸根离子的存在能够清除吸附位上积聚的甲酸及类似中间产物．光电化学实验进一步证实了草酸钠对甲醛光催化氧化中间产物的清除作用．     

TiO_2光催化降解胸腺嘧啶的动力学和机理（英文）

考察了用于降解来自嘧啶家族的一种核酸—胸腺嘧啶(C5H6N2O2)的高级氧化过程.结果发现,在光催化剂TiO2作用下,胸腺嘧啶的光降解进行得很快,且在紫外光照射和水溶液中时更为明显.研究了胸腺嘧啶在TiO2催化剂上的吸附、降解动力学、以及pH值对光催化降解胸腺嘧啶性能的影响.另外,考察了胸腺嘧啶降解产物的矿化;比较和讨论了在光催化过程中胸腺嘧啶的消失和矿化速率.同时还研究了氮的矿化,确立了中间产物的识别方法.最后,采用电子密度计算提出了在紫外光照射下TiO2催化剂上胸腺嘧啶降解的可能化学途径.     

三氯乙烯预处理的TiO2薄膜上挥发性有机物的光催化反应

 制备了TiO2薄膜催化剂,并用三氯乙烯对其进行了预处理; 采用FT-IR,GC/MS及XPS等技术研究了三氯乙烯预处理的TiO2薄膜上挥发性有机物的光催化反应. 结果表明,三氯乙烯预处理能加快某些挥发性有机物的光催化反应. 这是由于氯作为三氯乙烯气相光催化分解反应的中间产物吸附在催化剂表面,成为反应的活性物种引发挥发性有机物发生游离基反应,从而提高其气相光催化反应速率.     

SnO_2/TiO_2纳米管复合光催化剂的性能及失活再生

基于微波水热法和微乳液法合成SnO2/TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、配有能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)的透射电镜(TEM)和电化学手段对光催化剂进行表征.以甲苯为模型污染物,考察光催化剂在紫外光(UV)和真空远紫外光(VUV)下的性能及失活再生.结果表明,SnO2/TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂形成三元异质结(锐钛矿相TiO2(A-TiO2)/金红石相TiO2(R-TiO2)、A-TiO2/SnO2和R-TiO2/SnO2异质结),促使光生电子-空穴对的有效分离,提高光催化活性.SnO2/TiO2表现出最佳的光催化性能,UV和VUV条件下的甲苯降解率均达100%,CO2生成速率(k2)均为P25的3倍左右.但由于UV光照矿化能力不足,中间产物易在催化剂表面累积.随着UV光照时间的增加,SnO2/TiO2逐渐失活,20 h后k2由138.5 mg·m-3·h-1下降到76.1 mg·m-3·h-1.利用VUV再生失活的SnO2/TiO2,过程中产生的·OH、O2-·、O(1D)、O(3P)、O3等活性物质可氧化吸附于催化剂活性位的难降解中间产物,使催化剂得以再生,12 h后k2恢复到143.6 mg·m-3·h-1.UV和VUV的协同效应使UV降解耦合VUV再生成为一种可持续的光催化降解污染物模式.     

污染物乙醇胺Pt/TiO2光催化制氢

研究了以污染物乙醇胺为电子给体在Pt/TiO2上光催化生成氢的反应.结果表明,三种乙醇胺都能显著地提高光催化放氢效率,且污染物也被很好降解.研究了反应时间、起始浓度、pH值对光催化放氢和污染物降解的影响.制氢和污染物降解都是在弱碱性(pH为8~9左右)时活性最好.三种乙醇胺浓度对放氢反应的影响,表观上符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood关系式.乙醇胺光催化降解最终产物主要是CO2,H2O和NH3,检测到了中间产物一乙醇胺和甲醛.探讨了可能的反应机理.     

偶氮染料刚果红在水中的光催化降解过程

 通过研究在间歇悬浮体系中直接偶氮染料刚果红在水中的光催化降解过程,确定了最佳降解条件. 同时测定了染料溶液的脱色率、COD去除率和矿化率以考察降解过程中脱色与矿化的关系. 另外,对降解过程中溶液pH值的变化及反应的可能中间体进行分析,结果表明: 刚果红染料分子的光催化降解过程分为脱色和矿化两个阶段. 矿化主要发生在脱色结束以后, 并且伴随着脱色溶液的酸化现象. 脱色过程进行较快,完全脱色后形成的中间产物需要较长时间才能被逐步矿化.     

苯在TiO2上的气相光催化氧化反应历程

 以超细TiO2为催化剂,在内循环光反应装置中考察了苯的气相光催化氧化反应．苯的初始质量浓度为50mg／m3时,在0．1g催化剂和0．013m2的光照面积下,460min后苯几乎全部分解完毕;光照面积增大1倍时,反应时间缩短为240min．常温下苯在TiO2表面不易吸附,但反应中间产物有较强的吸附性,能吸附在催化剂表面从而引起催化剂失活．经红外检测可知,反应的中间产物是个六元环醇,据此推测了苯的气相光催化可能的反应历程．通过实验结果并参考有关文献的结论,证明苯的气相光催化氧化在不同的反应条件下遵循不同的反应历程．     

Method for determination of methyl tert-butyl ether in gasoline by gas chromatography

A simple method for the determination of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline has been developed. The separation of MTBE from other analytes was controlled by the use of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in the full scan mode using the characteristic primary, secondary and tertiary ions m/z 73, 57 and 43. The sample mass spectrum did not show any superimposition of other analytes. The separation from the common gasoline component 2-methylpentane was sufficient for reliable quantitation. An application of the developed conditions using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was performed by the analysis of regular, euro super, super premium unleaded and ‘Optimax’ gasoline from petrol stations in the area of Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Regular unleaded gasoline shows an average MTBE content of 0.4% (w/w), whereas the MTBE content in euro super gasoline varies between 0.4 and 4.2% (w/w). The blending of MTBE to super premium has increased from 8.2% (w/w) in 1998 to 9.8% (w/w) on average in 1999. The recently introduced gasoline ‘Optimax’ shows an average MTBE content of 11.9% (w/w). The presented method might also be used for the analysis of other ethers, such as ethyl tert-butyl ether, which requires the use of another internal standard.     

Simultaneous determination of methyl tert.-butyl ether and its degradation products,other gasoline oxygenates and benzene,toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in Catalonian groundwater by purge-and-trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

In Catalonia (northeast Spain), a monitoring program was carried out to determine methyl tert.-butyl ether (MTBE), its main degradation products, tert.-butyl alcohol (TBA), tert.-butyl formate (TBF), and other gasoline additives, the oxygenate dialkyl ethers ethyl tert.-butyl ether, tert.-amyl methyl ether and diisopropyl ether and the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in 21 groundwater wells that were located near different gasoline point sources (a gasoline spill and underground storage tank leakage). Purge-and-trap coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was optimised for the simultaneous determination of the above mentioned compounds and enabled to detect concentrations at ng/l or sub-microg/l concentrations. Special attention was given to the determination of polar MTBE degradation products, TBA and TBF, since not much data on method performance and environmental levels are given on these compounds in groundwater. All samples analysed contained MTBE at levels between 0.3 and 70 microg/l. Seven contaminated hot spots were identified with levels up to US Environmental Protection Agency drinking water advisory (20-40 microg/l) and a maximum concentration of 670 microg/l (doubling the Danish suggested toxicity level of 350 microg/l). Samples with high levels of MTBE contained 0.1-60 microg/l of TBA, indicating (but not proving) in situ degradation of parent compound. In all cases, BTEX was at low concentrations or not detected showing less solubility and persistence than MTBE. This fact confirms the suitability of MTBE as a tracer or indicator of long-term gasoline contamination than the historically used BTEX.     

Method for determination of methyl tert-butyl ether in gasoline by gas chromatography

A simple method for the determination of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline has been developed. The separation of MTBE from other analytes was controlled by the use of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in the full scan mode using the characteristic primary, secondary and tertiary ions m/z 73, 57 and 43. The sample mass spectrum did not show any superimposition of other analytes. The separation from the common gasoline component 2-methylpentane was sufficient for reliable quantitation. An application of the developed conditions using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was performed by the analysis of regular, euro super, super premium unleaded and ‘Optimax’ gasoline from petrol stations in the area of Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Regular unleaded gasoline shows an average MTBE content of 0.4% (w/w), whereas the MTBE content in euro super gasoline varies between 0.4 and 4.2% (w/w). The blending of MTBE to super premium has increased from 8.2% (w/w) in 1998 to 9.8% (w/w) on average in 1999. The recently introduced gasoline ‘Optimax’ shows an average MTBE content of 11.9% (w/w). The presented method might also be used for the analysis of other ethers, such as ethyl tert-butyl ether, which requires the use of another internal standard.     

The impact of ultraviolet light on bacterial adhesion to glass and metal oxide-coated surface

Biofouling of glass and quartz surfaces can be reduced when the surface is coated with photocatalytically active metal oxides, such as TiO2 (anatase form) or SnO2. We measured the attachment of eight strains of bacteria to these two metal oxides (TiO2 and SnO2), and to an uncoated glass (control; designated Si-m) before and after exposure to UV light at wavelengths of 254 nm (UVC) or 340 nm UV (UVA). TiO2-coated surfaces were photocatalytically active at both 254 and 340 nm as evidenced by a decrease in the water contact angle of the surface from 59 degrees +/-2 to <5 degrees. The water contact angle of the SnO2 surface was reduced only at 254 nm, while contact angle of the Si-m glass surface was not altered by light of either wavelength. Bacterial adhesion decreased by 10-50% to photocatalyzed glass surfaces. In all cases, bacteria exposed to the UV light were completely killed due to a combination of exposure to UV light and the photocatalytic activity of the glass surfaces. These results show that UV light irradiation of TiO2-coated surfaces can be an effective method of reducing bacterial adhesion.     

The photooxidation of methyl tertiary butyl ether

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) has been proposed and is being used as an additive to increase the octane of gasoline without the use of tetraethyl lead and alkylbenzenes. The present experiments have been performed to examine the kinetics and mechanisms of the atmospheric removal of MTBE. The kinetics of the reaction of OH with MTBE was examined by using a relative rate technique in which photolysis of methyl nitrite was used as the source of OH. With n-butane as the reference compound a value of (2.99 ± 0.12) × 10^?12 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1 at a temperature of 298 K was obtained for the rate constant. The products (and product yields) for the OH reaction with MTBE in the presence of NO_x were also determined and found to be t-butyl formate (0.68 ± 0.05), methyl acetate (0.14 ± 0.02), acetone (0.026 ± 0.003), t-butanol (0.062 ± 0.009), and formaldehyde (0.48 ± 0.05) in mols/mol MTBE converted. The OH rate constant for the major product formed, t-butyl formate was also measured and found to be (7.37 ± 0.05) × 10^?13 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1. Mechanisms to rationalize the formation of the products are presented.     

Fast detection of methyl tert-butyl ether from water using solid phase microextraction and ion mobility spectrometry

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is commonly used as chemical additive to increase oxygen content and octane rating of reformulated gasoline. Despite its impact on enhancing cleaner combustion of gasoline, MTBE poses a threat to surface and ground water when gasoline is released into the environment. Methods for onsite analysis of MTBE in water samples are also needed. A less common technique for MTBE detection from water is ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). We describe a method for fast sampling and screening of MTBE from water by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and IMS. MTBE is adsorbed from the head space of a sample to the coating of SPME fiber. The interface containing a heated sample chamber, which couples SPME and IMS, was constructed and the SPME fiber was introduced into the sample chamber for thermal desorption and IMS detection of MTBE vapors. The demonstrated SPME-IMS method proved to be a straightforward method for the detection of trace quantities of MTBE from waters including surface and ground water. We determined the relative standard deviation of 8.3% and detection limit of 5 mg L⁻¹ for MTBE. Because of short sampling, desorption, and detection times, the described configuration of combined SPME and IMS is a feasible method for the detection of hazardous substances from environmental matrices.     

Photocatalytic decomposition of oil films floating on water using TiO_2 supported on hollow glass microbeads by sunlight

The feasibility of photocatalytic decomposition of oil films floating on water using TiO2 supported on hollow glass microbeads was studied.The results showed that 100% of ethylbenzene and 78% of dodecane can be photocatalytically removed after 8 h illumination with sunlight.The TiO2 supported on the hollow glass microbeads was not easily detached from the beads.After 150 h illumination there was no significant loss of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 Some intermediate products of photocatalytic decomposition of dodecane were detected.     

异丁烯二聚反应

由于甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)对水源的污染,它作为汽油添加剂的应用受到环保限制,并对其生产和应用前景带来消极影响。MTBE经裂解、二聚和加氢生产异辛烷成为国外现有MTBE装置转产的主要途径。本文对异丁烯二聚催化剂、反应活性位、机理及动力学研究成果进行了综述,试图解释在异丁烯二聚时,加入的叔丁醇对二聚反应选择性提高的作用机理,为今后二聚反应的研究提供参考。     

Determination of MTBE in drinking water using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry

Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) is an organic compound which is used as a gasoline additive. Contamination of ground and surface water can occur due to large scale use of MTBE and its high solubility in water. According to United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), MTBE is a possible human carcinogen at high doses and its detection and measurement in the water is important as concerned about human health. In this work, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) equipped with a corona discharge ionization source was used for determination of MTBE in drinking water. Both pure and aqueous solutions of MTBE were studied and their ion mobility spectra were obtained at different temperatures. Using a calibration curve for detection of MTBE in drinking water, a detection limit (LOD) of 1 mg/L was obtained by IMS. This work proved that, IMS with corona discharge can be used for fast and direct detection of MTBE in water sample without any sample preparation.     

染料敏化TiO_2可见光光催化降解罗丹明B

苝二酰亚胺(PTCDI)是一种n型半导体材料,在可见光区有很强的吸收,广泛用于有机光伏器件领域的研究.以PTCDI为光敏剂制备TiO2可见光光催化剂用以降解环境污染物的研究还鲜有报道.本文采用水热法制备苝二酰亚胺(PTCDI)和四磺酸酞菁铜(CuPcTs)敏化的TiO2复合样品.利用XRD、TEM、UV-Vis和荧光光谱对复合样品进行表面形貌和结构表征,以可见光光催化降解罗丹明B为模型反应.研究结果表明,染料敏化能够有效地拓宽样品的吸收光谱范围,提高可见光光催化活性;电子收集型的共敏化复合样品体现出了优于单一染料敏化样品的光催化活性.应用能带结构理论,阐明了单一染料敏化和共敏化样品的光生电子转移机制.